顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定药用辅料羧甲基淀粉钠中的溶剂残留量

目的:建立顶空气相色谱法测定药用辅料羧甲基淀粉钠中乙醇、异丙醇残留量的方法。方法:采用顶空气相色谱法,以水为溶解介质,色谱柱为DB-1301石英毛细管柱,柱温80℃,检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器,检测器温度为250℃,进样口温度为150℃。结果:乙醇、异丙醇的检测浓度的线性范围分别为0.025～2.0mg·mL-1(r=0.9999)和0.025～2.0mg·mL-1(r=0.9999);平均回收率分别为99.5%(RSD=0.9%)和99.2%(RSD=1.2%);定量限分别为4.85、2.95μg·mL-1;3批样品中乙醇和异丙醇残留量均符合《中国药典》要求。结论:本方法简单、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于羧甲基淀粉钠中有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定α-酮缬氨酸钙原料药中的有机溶剂残留量

目的:建立测定α-酮缬氨酸钙原料药中有机溶剂乙醇、乙醚、丙酮、乙酸乙酯残留量的方法。方法:采用顶空气相色谱法。色谱柱为DB-624石英毛细管柱,柱温采用程序升温,氢火焰离子化检测器,检测器温度为250℃,进样口温度为150℃,以水为溶剂。结果:乙醇、乙醚、丙酮、乙酸乙酯检测浓度的线性范围均为0.01～2.0mg·mL-(1r均为0.9999);平均回收率为98.6%～99.7%(RSD=1.0%～1.5%);定量限为0.51～5.04μg·mL-1;3批样品中4种有机溶剂残留量均符合《中国药典》要求。结论:本方法简单、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于该药物中有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

顶空气相色谱法测定制剂包衣中乙醇和二氯甲烷残留量

目的建立顶空气相色谱法测定制剂包衣中乙醇和二氯甲烷残留量。方法采用顶空气相色谱法,FID检测器,HP-5色谱柱(30m×0.32mm,0.25μm);柱温为40℃;载气为N2;进样口温度200℃;样品瓶温度:80℃;平衡时间:15min;顶空定量环:1mL。结果乙醇、二氯甲烷最低检测限分别为14.67和11.73mg·mL-1;线性范围分别为70～1000mg·mL-1(r=0.9995)和50～800mg·mL-1(r=9992);两者精密度RSD均<3%;平均回收率分别为105.1%和102.9%,RSD为2.3%和3.5%。结论该方法操作简便,结果准确,可用于监测制剂开发过程中所用溶剂乙醇和二氯甲烷的残留量。     

西咪替丁原料药中有机溶剂残留量的测定

目的:建立顶空气相色谱法测定西咪替丁原料药中环己烷、丙酮、甲醇、乙醇4种溶剂残留量的方法。方法:色谱柱为键合聚乙二醇毛细管柱;载气为氮气,程序升温;进样口温度为150℃,检测器温度为220℃;分流比为1∶1;流速为5.0mL·min-1;顶空进样,以外标法计算残留溶剂含量。结果:环己烷、丙酮、甲醇、乙醇的检测浓度线性范围分别为0.1488～2.381、0.1826～3.287、0.1496～2.693、0.1448～2.317mg·mL-1,最低检测限分别为0.05～1.2μg;平均回收率在99%以上(RSD≤1.0%,n=5)。结论:该方法灵敏、可靠,重复性好,结果准确,可用于西咪替丁原料药中有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

顶空气相色谱法测定枸橼酸托瑞米芬原料药中溶剂残留量

目的:建立测定枸橼酸托瑞米芬原料药中4种溶剂(丙酮、四氢呋喃、乙酸乙酯和甲苯)残留量的方法。方法:采用顶空气相色谱法。以二甲亚砜为溶剂,苯为内标物,色谱柱为HP-INNOWAX毛细管柱,程序升温,氢火焰离子化检测器,顶空平衡温度90℃、顶空平衡时间20min、进样时间1.0min。结果:丙酮、四氢呋喃、乙酸乙酯、甲苯检测浓度线性范围分别为1.264～31.59、0.8886～22.22、1.621～40.52、1.732～43.30μg·mL-1(r均>0.9994);回收率分别为98.74%～102.0%、99.22%～100.6%、98.86%～100.8%、98.72%～101.9%;RSD分别为1.9%、2.3%、1.7%、1.9%(n=7);检出限分别为0.1154、0.3550、0.1054、0.1303μg·mL-1,样品中4种溶剂残留量均符合《中国药典》规定。结论:所建立的方法可用于枸橼酸托瑞米芬原料药中溶剂残留量的测定。     

顶空气相色谱法限量检测紫杉醇中残留的甲醇、丙酮和正己烷

目的建立紫杉醇中残留的甲醇、丙酮和正己烷的限量检测方法。方法DB-624毛细管柱(30m×0.53mm×3.0μm);氮气为载气,流速2.0mL·min-1;柱温:60℃保持15分钟,以30℃·min-1的速率升温至180℃,保持5分钟;进样口温度:180℃,分流比5:1;检测器:FID,200℃。顶空进样器:顶空瓶温度85℃,平衡时间30分钟;传输管温度110℃;定量管温度105℃;加压时间0.5min;进样时间1min。结果甲醇、丙酮和正己烷的线性范围分别为:12.00～180.1μg·mL-1(r=0.9996)、1.996～299.5μg·mL-1(r=0.9999)和0.2314～17.36μg·mL-1(r=0.9995);最低检测限分别为2.4μg·mL-1、0.57μg·mL-1和0.048μg·mL-1。结论本方法适合于限量检测紫杉醇中残留的甲醇、丙酮和正己烷。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定替卡西林钠原料药中的有机溶剂残留量

目的:建立测定替卡西林钠原料药中甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、甲苯6种有机溶剂残留量的方法。方法:采用顶空气相色谱法。色谱柱为DB-624石英毛细管柱,柱温采用程序升温,检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器,检测器温度为250℃,进样口温度为150℃,以水为溶解介质。结果:甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、甲苯的检测浓度的线性范围分别为12.0～1200(r=0.9999)、10.0～1000(r=0.9998)、10.0～1000(r=0.9999)、1.20～120(r=0.9997)、10.0～1000(r=0.9998)、1.78～178μg·mL-1(r=0.9996);平均回收率为98.5%～99.6%(RSD=0.6%～2.0%);定量限为0.20～11.80μg·mL-1;3批样品中6种有机溶剂残留量均符合《中国药典》要求。结论:本方法简单、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于该原料药中有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

用HPLC法测定复方对乙酰氨基酚胶囊4组分的含量

目的 :采用HPLC法同时测定复方对乙酰氨基酚胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸伪麻黄碱、咖啡因、和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量。方法 :色谱柱为ODSC18,15 0mm× 4 .6mm ;流动相 :甲醇 - 0 .0 5mol/L磷酸二氢钾 三乙胺 (15∶85∶0 .0 2 ) ,用磷酸调pH至 3.4 ,检测波长 2 15nm。结果 :线性范围分别为 :对乙酰氨基酚 5 0～ 35 0 μg·mL-1(r =0 .9997)、盐酸伪麻黄碱 6 .0～ 4 2μg·mL-1(r=0 .9938)、咖啡因 6 .0～ 4 2 μg·mL-1(r =0 .9998)、马来酸氯苯那敏 0 .6～ 4 .2 μg·mL-1(r =0 .9999)。平均回收率分别为 :对乙酰氨基酚 10 2 .3%、盐酸伪麻黄碱 10 0 .9%、咖啡因 10 1.8%、马来酸氯苯那敏 10 1.5 %。结论 :本法分离度好 ,快速 ,简便 ,可同时测定该胶囊中的四组分。     

HPLC法测定咖普苯片中咖啡因、盐酸普萘洛尔、苯妥英钠3组分的含量

目的 :建立同时测定咖普苯片中咖啡因、盐酸普萘洛尔、苯妥英钠 3组分含量的高效液相色谱法。方法 :采用In ertsil-ODS柱 ,流动相为甲醇 -水 - 0 2mol·mL-1磷酸二氢钾溶液 (5 0∶43∶2 ) ,流速 1 0mL·min-1,检测波长 2 30nm ,外标法计算。结果 :线性范围分别是 :咖啡因 2 0～ 16 0 μg·mL-1,r =0 9998;盐酸普萘洛尔 3～ 2 4μg·mL-1,r =0 9995 ;苯妥英钠 35～ 2 80 μg·mL-1,r =0 9999。回收率 :咖啡因 10 0 3 % ;盐酸普萘洛尔 10 0 7% ;苯妥英钠98 6 %。结论 :本方法分离效果好 ,辅料无干扰 ,快速、简便 ,适用于该制剂 3组分的同时测定     

顶空气相色谱法测定左乙拉西坦中有机溶剂残留量

目的建立左乙拉西坦中有机溶剂残留量的顶空气相色谱分析方法.方法选用大口径HP-快速GC残留溶剂柱为分离柱,FID检测器,外标法进行定量,并对分离条件、顶空平衡温度、平衡时间对残留有机溶剂测定的影响进行了研究.结果二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、甲苯的线性范围分别为0.133～1.326 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 7),4.330～43.296 μg·mL-1(r=1.000 0),0.009～0.087 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 7);平均回收率范围99.70%～102.46%,精密度RSD(n=6)为1.79%～3.05%;检测限分别为0.008,0.005,0.001 μg·mL-1.结论该方法快速、灵敏、准确.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.