高效液相色谱法测定金刚藤片中薯蓣皂苷元含量

目的建立金刚藤片中薯蓣皂苷元含量的测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC法),色谱柱为Diamonsil~(TM)(钻石)C_(18)柱(250mm×4．6mm,5μm),柱温为室温,流速为1．0mL/min；ELSD漂移管温度为60℃,空气流速为1．6L/min。结果薯蓣皂苷元进样量在0．1085～2．170μg范围内与峰面积有良好的线性关系,r=0．9998,平均回收率为98．2%,RSD为0．92%。结论HPLC法操作简单、快速,测定结果准确可靠,适用于金刚藤片的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定金刚藤分散片中薯蓣皂苷元的含量

目的建立一种快速、准确、方便的检测金刚藤分散片中薯蓣皂苷元含量的方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱：依利特C18-A（200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相：乙腈-水（85∶15）;流速：1.0 mL.min-1;检测波长：203 nm。结果薯蓣皂苷元在0.052~0.468μg与峰面积具有良好的线性关系（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为96.48%,RSD为1.10%（n=5）。结论该方法能够快速、准确、方便的检测金刚藤中薯蓣皂苷元的含量,可作为金刚藤分散片质量评价的依据。     

HPLC测定金刚藤颗粒中薯蓣皂苷元的含量

目的采用高效液相色谱法测定金刚藤颗粒中薯蓣皂苷元的含量。方法色谱柱为Kromasil-100C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(90∶10),紫外检测波长为203nm,流速为1.0mL/min,柱温35℃。结果在1.928～9.640μg范围内,薯蓣皂苷元的进样量与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.9998),加样回收率为99.8%,RSD为1.1%(n=5)。结论此法简便、可靠,可用于金刚藤颗粒中的薯蓣皂苷元的含量测定。     

金刚藤胶囊中薯蓣皂苷元的含量测定

目的 建立金刚藤胶囊中薯蓣皂苷元含量测定方法. 方法采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法,色谱柱：Kromasil 100 5 C18 (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm);检测波长：203 nm;流动相：乙腈-水(90：10);柱温：35 ℃;流速：1.0 mL•min-1. 结果 薯蓣皂苷元在0.518～3.108 μg范围内具有良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9);平均回收率99.88%,RSD = 1.59% (n= 6) . 结论 该方法操作简便,准确性好,可以作为金刚藤胶囊剂中薯蓣皂苷元含量测定方法.     

RP—HPLC测定不同产地盾叶薯蓣中3种甾体皂苷的含量

目的：建立反相高效液相色谱法测定鲜盾叶薯蓣根茎中盾叶皂苷G（zingibereninG）、盾叶皂苷A（zingibereninA）和纤细皂苷（gracillin）的含量。方法：采用PhenoxentLuna C18（2）色谱柱（5μm，250mm×4．6mm），以乙腈-水为流动相梯度洗脱[0～10min，乙腈从25％→35％；10～15min，乙腈为35％；15～25min，乙腈从35％→55％；25～35min，乙腈为55％]，流速1．0mL·min^-1，柱温30℃，检测波长206nm。结果：样品中各待测组分均能良好分离。盾叶皂苷G、盾叶皂苷A和纤细皂苷的线性范围均为1．0～12．5μg（相关系数为0．9998～0．9999）。平均回收率（n=6）分别为98．1％，99．4％，98．7％；RSD分别为1．0％，1．8％，0．7％。结论：本方法简便易行、准确可靠，可用于盾叶薯蓣中皂苷的测定和质量控制。     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法测定穿山龙中薯蓣皂苷的含量

目的：利用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法对穿山龙中薯蓣皂苷进行分离分析，测定穿山龙中薯蓣皂苷的含量。方法：色谱柱YWG C18（250min×4．6mm，10μm），流动相：乙腈-水（55：45），流速：1．0mL·min^-1,载气流速：2．4mL·min^-1，雾化温度：90．3℃左右，柱温：室温。结果：薯蓣皂苷的线性范围为80-600mg·L^-1（r=0．9998）。平均回收率为，99.88％。RSD为1．25％（n=9）。结论：本方法简便、准确、重复性好，可作为中药穿山龙的质量控制方法。     

RP—HPLC法测定通光藤中11α—O-顺芷酰基-12β—O-乙酰基-通光藤苷元B的含量

摘要目的：建立RP—HPLC法测定通光藤药材中11α-O-顺芷酰基-12β-O-乙酰基-通光藤苷元B的含量。方法：采用酸水解法降解通光藤C21甾体苷，以反相高效液相色谱法测定11α-O-顺芷酰基-12β-O-乙酰基-通光藤苷元B含量，色谱柱为Diamonsil ODS（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）；柱温为16℃；流动相为乙腈-水（45：55）；流速为0．8mL·min^-1；检测波长为220nm。结果：11α-O-顺芷酰基-12β-O-乙酰基-通光藤苷元B进样量在1．016～5．080μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系，r=0．9999（n=5）；平均回收率（n=6）为98．8％，RSD：1．9％。结论：方法简便、快速、准确，为通光藤药材的质量评价和新药开发提供科学依据。     

穿龙薯蓣总皂苷中薯蓣皂苷元含量的毛细管气相色谱法研究

目的：建立毛细管气相色谱法测定穿龙薯蓣总皂苷中蓣皂苷元的含量。方法：采用HP－1（Methyl siloxane)不锈钢毛细管柱,柱温度270℃,柱头压123．7kPa,汽化室温度330℃,检测器温度310℃,载气（N2）流速2．0mL.min^-1,分流比40：1,对穿龙薯蓣总苷中薯蓣皂元含量进行测定。结果：能将薯蓣皂苷元及其主要杂质进行分离,薯蓣皂苷元在352－1758ng范围内峰面积与其浓度线性关系良好（r＝0．9996）,样品平均回收率为95．65％,精密度RSD为1．0％（n＝5）。结论：该法测定定样品无需衍生化,分离效果好,分析快速准确。     

高效液相色谱法测定接骨丹片中人参皂苷Rg1含量

目的建立接骨丹片中人参皂苷Rg1含量测定的高效液相色谱（HPLC）法。方法色谱柱为Hypersil C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,10μm）,流动相为乙腈-水（19：81）,检测波长为203nm,流速为1．0mL／min。结果人参皂苷Rg1进样量在0．8432～5．9024μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系,回归方程为Y=360291X-19582,r=0．9996（n=7）,平均回收率为101．08％,RSD为1．60％（n=6）。结论该方法简便,快速,灵敏,准确,重现性好,可用于接骨丹片中人参皂苷Rg1的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定解郁安神片中栀子苷的含量

目的：本文建立测定解郁安神片中栀子苷含量的高效液相色谱法，以评价其制剂的质量。方法：采用C18柱（SHISEIDOCAPCELL，4．6mm×150mm）；以乙腈-水（15：85）为流动相；检测波长为238nm。结果：栀子苷在6．172—61．72mg·L^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9999，n=5），平均回收率为100．7％（RSD=1．0％，n=6）。10批解郁安神片样品中栀子苷的含量为1．428—1．498mg／片。结论：该方法操作简便，测定结果准确，重现性好，可用于解郁安神片中栀子苷的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.