脊柱椎管损伤模型的生物力学实验研究*

目的：通过逐步增量法试验比较椎管创伤后所产生的不同变化和各自的特点,构建一种精确模拟椎体骨折的测试模型,为临床手术提供科学依据。方法：应用冲击试验机测试人脊椎标本, 分别测量不同冲击力时椎管直径的试验参数,进行线性回归(最小二乘法)、方差分析、t检验分析。结果：冲击后发生最小的脊柱椎管骨折时,冲击力变量和椎管骨质破裂应变有交互作用（R2=0.85,P<0.05)。结论：逐步增量法是构建脊柱外伤的一种可靠的方法。     

Incremental and single trauma produce equivalent subfailure soft tissue injury of the cervical spine

BACKGROUND: Automotive collision simulations have been performed using either incremental or single trauma. In single trauma, a single impact is performed, while in incremental trauma, a series of impacts of increasing severity are executed. Equivalency of incremental and single trauma for soft tissue injury severity due to the final impact has not been established. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether incremental and single trauma produced similar cervical spine subfailure injury severity due to simulated frontal impacts. METHODS: Porcine cervical spine specimens (C2-T1) of the incremental trauma group were subjected to five frontal impacts (2, 3.5, 5, 6.5, 8 g), while single trauma specimens were subjected to a single impact (8 g). Flexibility tests were performed on specimens while intact and following each impact. Intact and post 8 g flexibility parameters were compared within incremental and single trauma groups and between groups. FINDINGS: No significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between incremental and single trauma groups when either intact or post 8 g flexibility parameters were compared. Significant increases in flexibility parameters from intact to post 8 g were observed in both groups, indicating soft tissue injury. INTERPRETATION: Incremental and single trauma produced equivalent subfailure cervical spine injury in simulated impacts, for the experimental conditions studied. This study may facilitate greater use of the incremental trauma protocol in future experimental designs.     

脊柱爆裂骨折的CT与X线平片诊断对照分析(附105例报告)

目的：进一步提高CT和X线平片对脊柱爆裂骨折诊断价值的认识。方法：收集经CT检查确诊为脊柱爆裂骨折而线平片诊断为单纯压缩性骨折或未见骨折者共105例进行对照分析。结果；因X线平片无典型征象而误诊33例，由于对典型征象缺乏认识而误诊53例，由于投照因素漏诊19例。结论：X线平片对脊柱爆裂骨折的误诊、漏诊率较高，提高认识水平和投照质量可减少误、漏诊，CT能提高脊柱爆裂骨折的诊断准确率并显示椎管的狭窄程度，有利于临床及时正确的处理。     

Differences in mechanical response between fractured and non-fractured spines under high-speed impact

Objective. The differences in mechanical response between fractured and non-fractured spines were investigated using a porcine spine impact model.

Design. Ten three-vertebrae segments (C3–C5) of porcine spine were subjected to a single impact to study the trauma mechanism. Small steel balls glued to the vertebra and a high-speed camera were used to observe the deformation of vertebral body and disc during impact. After trauma, the episodes of fractured specimens were compared with those of non-fractured specimens.

Background. Experimental trauma models using the spines of mature animals have rarely been evaluated. Finding a well-controlled, reproducible protocol based on an easily accessible specimen was therefore important. These models will be promising if clinical fractures can be produced.

Methods. All of the specimens were subjected to high-speed flexion-compression loading. The impact to the load cell and the operation of the high-speed camera were synchronized. The force-time sequence and disc deformation curve were recorded. The results from fractured and non-fractured spines were then compared.

Results. There were three burst fractures, four pedicle fractures, one facet joint fracture, one compression fracture and one fracture-dislocation. All of these fractures were similar to clinical fractures. Compared to non-fractured specimens, the fractured specimens had lower maximal force and longer reaction time. The characteristic steep decline in the middle region of the force-time curve was also consistently noted in the fractured spines.

Conclusions. Spinal fractures similar to those found clinically were successfully produced in porcine spines. The characteristics of the mechanical responses observed should be helpful in the interpretation of events which occur during impact.     

胸腰段椎体爆裂骨折伴脊髓损伤的治疗

目的：探讨胸腰椎爆裂骨折伴脊髓损伤的最佳治疗。方法：分析56例外伤性胸腰段爆裂骨折伴脊髓损伤的临床资料。结果：术后疗效观察显示，50例脊髓神经功能有不同程度改善，术后椎体高度恢复，Z-plate 93.3,RF 92.6%、Dick 76.2%、Seffee 73.5%。结论：胸腰段椎体骨折复位Z－Plate、RF均较Dick、Steffee内固定效果好，RF操作方便、创伤小、风险少、费用低，适合绝大多数病人使用。脊髓损伤治疗强调在争取手术时间、整复脊柱骨折和椎管减压的同时，积极综合治疗。     

MSCT及MRI在胸腰椎爆裂型骨折的临床应用价值分析

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）及磁共振成像（MRI）在胸腰椎爆裂型骨折中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析52例胸腰椎爆裂型骨折临床、影像学资料,所有患者均行MSCT及MRI检查,比较两者诊断结果,分析骨折合并脊髓、韧带及椎间盘损伤等情况MSCT、MRI表现.结果 52例中,椎管内骨折片的显示MSCT优于MRI（49个比40个,P＜0.05）;韧带、脊髓及椎间盘等软组织损伤的显示MRI均优于MSCT,MRI发现韧带损伤15例,MSCT 1例（P＜0.01）;脊髓损伤CT检出6例,MRI 25例（P＜0.01）;椎间盘损伤MSCT检出5例,MRI 39例（P＜0.01）.结论 脊柱损伤应常规行MSCT检查,MRI应作为韧带、脊髓损伤的首选检查.胸腰椎爆裂型骨折尤其存在不稳定骨折者,应同时选用MSCT和MRI检查.     

Missed lumbar transverse process fractures in a high school football player

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the case of a football player who had suffered a transverse process fracture of the lumbar spine that was overlooked on initial chiropractic and medical examination. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 17-year-old male football player had been speared in the back by another player. He reported severe initial pain that caused him to fall to the ground, and there was a moderate degree of pain at the time of his chiropractic examination 1 week after injury. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: Initial chiropractic treatment consisted of spinal manipulation to the lumbar spine. Follow-up care consisted of lumbar spine radiographs that showed evidence of a lumbar transverse process fracture at 2 levels. The boy was referred to his medical doctor, who was not convinced of the presence of a fracture and returned him to play. A computed tomography scan was subsequently performed; this confirmed fractures of the transverse processes of L2 and L3. The patient was precluded from contact sports for 4 weeks. Chiropractic care 3 weeks after injury included physiotherapy and drop table mobilization to the sacroiliac joints. The patient returned to play 4 weeks after the injury. CONCLUSION: Transverse process fractures commonly occur secondary to blunt trauma in contact sports such as football. With high-force direct trauma, radiographs should be performed to rule out fracture before returning the athlete to play or commencing spinal manipulation.     

无神经症状单节段胸腰椎爆裂型骨折行后路短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定置入186例

背景:胸腰椎骨折治疗方法众多,但是对于无神经症状的爆裂型骨折,采用简单的手术方法治疗,是否在减少创伤的同时能够取得较好的疗效,从而避免手术的扩大化尚不清楚.目的:观察采用单纯后路短节段椎弓根螺钉系统置入治疗无神经症状的单节段胸腰椎爆裂型骨折的疗效.方法:选择2003-09/2008 01苏州大学附属第一医院骨科收治的无神经症状单节段胸腰椎爆裂型骨折患者186例,男152例,女34例,年龄18-65岁.均采用单纯后路短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定置入治疗,椎管内骨块占位采用间接复位.于置入前、置入后及置入后1年余取内固定前摄以伤椎为中心的X射线正侧位片和CT,对X射线平片和CT进行测量,统计伤椎前缘高度、伤椎横截面积内骨块的占有率.结果与结论:伤椎前缘置入前高度平均为正常的42%,术后为98%,内固定取出术前伤椎前缘高度为正常高度的98%.伤椎横截面积内骨块占有率,术前平均为34%,术后平均为13%,内固定取出术前为8%.提示应用后路短节段椎弓根螺钉系统治疗无神经症状的胸腰椎爆裂型骨折,能够提供脊柱足够的稳定性,有效恢复椎体高度、生理弧度和椎管容积.     

汶川地震脊柱损伤CT诊断及其价值

目的：分析四川汶川地震脊柱损伤患者CT表现及其价值。方法：对地震发生后近2个月内先后送至四川大学华西医院治疗的148名脊柱外伤伤员,进行脊柱骨折特点CT分析。结果：148例伤员共有341个椎骨骨折,其中颈椎骨折49个,胸椎骨折110个,腰椎骨折179个,骶椎骨折3个。压缩骨折43个,爆裂骨折41个,后柱断裂149个,压缩骨折合并后柱断裂6个,爆裂骨折合并后柱断裂102个,骨折脱位18个。148例脊柱伤员有84例伴发椎管狭窄。结论：CT能准确、快速地对地震脊柱损伤患者进行诊断,为临床治疗起到指导作用。     

Development of an experimental model of burst fracture with damage characterization of the vertebral bodies under dynamic conditions

BackgroundBurst fractures represent a significant proportion of fractures of the thoracolumbar junction. The recent advent of minimally invasive techniques has revolutionized the surgical treatment of this type of fracture. However mechanical behaviour and primary stability offered by these solutions have to be proved from experimental validation tests on cadaveric specimens. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an original and reproducible model of burst fracture under dynamic impact.MethodsExperimental tests were performed on 24 cadaveric spine segments (T11-L3). A system of dynamic loading was developed using a modified Charpy pendulum. The mechanical response of the segments (strain measurement on vertebrae and discs) was obtained during the impact by using an optical method with a high-speed camera. The production of burst fracture was validated by an analysis of the segments by X-ray tomography.FindingsBurst fracture was systematically produced on L1 for each specimen. Strain analysis during impact highlighted the large deformation of L1 due to the fracture and small strains in adjacent vertebrae. The mean reduction of the vertebral body of L1 assessed for all the specimens was around 15%. No damage was observed in adjacent discs or vertebrae.InterpretationWith this new, reliable and replicable procedure for production and biomechanical analysis of burst fractures, comparison of different types of stabilization systems can be envisaged. The loading system was designed so as to be able to produce loads leading to other types of fractures and to provide data to validate finite element modelling.     

Subaxial cervical spine trauma

Subaxial cervical spine trauma is common and an often missed diagnosis. Accurate and efficient diagnosis and management is necessary to avoid devastating complications such as spinal cord injury. Several classification schemes have been devised to help categorize fractures of the subaxial spine and define treatment algorithms. The Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury Classification System (SLIC) is widely used and evaluates not only fracture morphology but also considers ligamentous injury and neurological status in surgical decision making. However, interobserver reliability is poor, which proves to be the defining pitfall of this tool. More modern classification systems have been developed, which aim to improve the interobserver reliability; however, further large-scale studies are needed for more definitive evaluation. Overall, treatment of subaxial cervical spine injuries should include a protocol with initial trauma evaluation, leading to expedient operative intervention if indicated. Surgical techniques include both anterior and posterior approaches to the cervical spine depending on fracture classification.     

198例四川地震中脊柱脊髓损伤的临床分析

目的分析四川地震脊柱脊髓损伤类型构成情况及临床特点。方法将198例伤员按照年龄段分为4组,收集骨折类型、神经损害程度、复合伤及多个部位脊柱骨折的数据,分析其临床特点。结果骨折类型以压缩骨折最多见(占49.3%),其次是爆裂骨折(占45.9%)。198例伤员中,脊髓损伤105例,ASIA分级：A级20例,B级18例,C级25例,D级42例。发生复合伤41例。发生多个椎体损伤的部位以T₁₂、L₁、L₂最多见。结论四川地震脊柱损伤类型以压缩骨折和爆裂骨折为主,主要集中在18～65岁年龄段,脊髓损伤占脊柱损伤的53.03%。     

Thoracolumbar burst fracture: Evaluating stability

The burst fracture is an injury characterized by anterior vertebral body height loss and retropulsion of the posterior aspect of the vertebral body into the spinal canal. The vertebral body injury frequently is associated with fractures through the neural arch. Using a three-column concept of spinal stability, the division of these fractures into stable and unstable injuries is difficult. Radiographic signs of instability include widening of the interspinous and interlaminar distance, translation of more than 2 mm, kyphosis of more than 20 degrees, dislocation, height loss of more than 50%, and articular process fractures. However, fractures may be unstable in the absence of these signs. Unrecognized supraspinous ligament disruption contributes to this instability. This structure is best evaluated by MR examination. Confirmation of posterior ligamentous disruption occurring in conjunction with the burst fracture leads to reevaluation of the presumed mechanism of injury. This article discusses the many issues surrounding the division of burst fractures into stable and unstable injuries and reexamines the common classification systems of thoracolumbar spine injuries.     

Injuries significantly associated with thoracic spine fractures: A case–control study

Objective: To determine injuries significantly associated with traumatic thoracic spine (T‐spine) fractures Methods: This was a case–control study undertaken in an adult trauma centre. Cases were patients admitted with a traumatic T‐spine fracture between January 1999 and August 2007. Each case had two controls matched for sex, age (±5 years) and injury severity classification (major/minor). Data were collected from patient medical records and the trauma service database. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine injuries significantly associated with T‐spine fracture. Results: Two hundred and sixty‐one cases and 512 controls were enrolled. In both groups, mean age was 41 years and 70% of patients were male. Univariate analysis revealed a range of injuries that were significantly more common among the cases, especially cervical and lumbar spine injuries, sternal/scapular/clavicular/rib fractures, pneumo/haemothorax and pulmonary contusions (P < 0.01). Skull fractures and lower limb injuries were significantly more common among the controls (P < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis revealed that only cervical and lumbar spine injuries and rib fractures were positively associated with T‐spine fracture (P < 0.001). Skull fractures and lower limb injuries were negatively associated with T‐spine injury (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Cervical and lumbar spine injuries and rib fractures are significantly associated with T‐spine fracture. The presence of these injuries should raise suspicion of concomitant T‐spine injury.     

螺旋CT三维和多平面重建在胸腰椎骨折中的临床应用

目的：探讨螺旋CT三维和多平面重建在胸腰椎骨折中临床应用价值。材料和方法：回顾性分析23例胸腰椎骨折和螺旋CT扫描及三维和多平面重建资料。重点观察椎体骨折的部位、椎体序列、椎体高度、骨折线、椎体附件和旋转／脱位等的CT表现。结果：23例中轴位CT显示27个椎体骨折，25个横突骨折，3个棘突骨折，3个椎弓根骨折，15个椎板骨折，4个椎间关节脱位，0个椎体脱位，1个椎体旋转，25个椎管狭窄。三维重建显示分别为27、15、3、2、7、2、4、1、25个；多平面重建显示上述结构骨折分别为27、5、3、2、5、2、4、0、25个。三维和多平面重建显示椎体骨折效果好，但对附件的显示相对较差。在显示椎体的脱位和／或旋转方面三维重建最为直观。结论：胸腰椎骨折的螺旋CT三维和多平面重建，是辅位CT扫描有价值的补充手段。进行三维和多平面重建规范化操作流程，可提高其诊断效果。     

Lumbar burst fracture associated with bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction: case study.

Lumbar burst fractures occur when unusual force and flexion are placed on the spine, causing the vertebral body to rupture and possibly protrude into the spinal canal. A resulting conus medullaris injury is possible, but not common. In this case presentation, a young man suffered bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction after a 25-foot fall that caused a burst fracture of the first lumbar vertebra. The presentation's primary focus is the nursing education needed to care for patients who experience the unusual side effect of conus medullaris injury. The psychosocial aspects attributable to age, developmental stage, and stigma for a young man with these dysfunctions also are explored.     

经后路椎管侧前方潜行减压椎体内植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的探讨对不稳定性爆裂型、骨折片侵及椎管容积〉50％的胸腰椎脊柱脊髓损伤患者,经后路椎管侧前方潜行减压椎体内植骨内固定治疗的可行性及临床效果．总结技术要点。方法对39例不稳定性爆裂型、骨折片侵及椎管容积〉50％的胸腰椎骨折伴脊髓损伤患者行后路椎管侧前方潜行减压、椎体内及后外侧植骨、椎弓根螺钉内固定术。结果39例患者均获随访,随访7—41月,平均（14．22&#177;7．41）月。椎体前缘高度与原高度比由术前平均（48．42&#177;5．38）％恢复到术后平均（92．23&#177;2．49）％;椎体后缘高度与原高度比由术前平均（74．31&#177;3．56）％恢复到术后平均（97．76&#177;1．06）％;Cobb角由术前平均（19．47&#177;3．94）。矫正到术后平均（3．96&#177;1．87）&#176;．手术治疗前后比较均有明显好转,差异均有统计学意义（t分别=48．62、39．40、22．24,P均〈0．05）。神经功能根据Frankel分级评定,术后较术前有0～3级的恢复。其椎体高度无明显丢失,植骨全部融合,术后39例CT复查显示椎管矢状径得到有效扩大．脊髓压迫解除。结论经后路椎管侧前方潜行减压椎体内植骨内固定治疗不稳定性爆裂型、骨折片侵及椎管容积〉50％的胸腰椎骨折是可行的。     

Undetected hangman's fracture in a patient referred for physical therapy for the treatment of neck pain following trauma

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This case report describes a patient referred for physical therapy treatment of neck pain who had an underlying hangman's fracture that precluded physical therapy intervention. CASE DESCRIPTION: This case involved a 61-year-old man who had a sudden onset of neck pain after a motor vehicle accident 8 weeks before his initial physical therapy visit. Conventional radiographs of his cervical spine taken on the day of the accident did not reveal any abnormalities. Based on the findings at his initial physical therapy visit, the physical therapist ordered conventional radiographs of the cervical spine to rule out the possibility of an undetected fracture. OUTCOMES: The radiographs revealed bilateral C2 pars interarticularis defects consistent with a hangman's fracture. The patient was referred to a neurosurgeon for immediate review. Based on a normal neurological examination, a relatively low level of pain, and the results of radiographic flexion and extension views of the cervical spine (which revealed no evidence of instability), the neurosurgeon recommended that the patient continue with nonsurgical management. DISCUSSION: In patients with neck pain caused by trauma, physical therapists should be alert for the presence of cervical spine fractures. Even if the initial radiographs are negative for a fracture, additional diagnostic imaging may be necessary for a small number of patients, because they may have undetected injuries that would necessitate medical referral and preclude physical therapy intervention.     

椎弓根螺钉内固定联合椎体成形修复单节段胸腰椎骨质疏松性爆裂性骨折

背景：对于椎管内有骨块占位的骨质疏松性胸腰椎爆裂性骨折,单纯椎体成形术难以解除椎管内占位及纠正脊柱后凸畸形,且骨水泥渗漏发生率高,使其成为其应用的相对禁忌证,而传统椎弓根螺钉系统固定存在手术创伤大、螺钉松动及椎体高度丢失等问题。 目的：观察经肌间隙入路短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定联合椎体成形治疗单节段胸腰椎骨质疏松性爆裂性骨折的疗效。 方法：回顾分析经肌间隙入路短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定联合椎体成形治疗单节段胸腰椎骨质疏松性爆裂性骨折患者31例。内固定后通过疼痛目测类比评分评估腰背部疼痛情况、ODI评分评估腰背部功能情况、SF-36健康调查评分表评估生活质量、胸腰椎正侧位片评估伤椎椎体前缘高度比值、伤椎Cobb角改善情况、Frankel评分评估神经功能情况及并发症。 结果与结论：内固定置入过程均顺利完成,未发生脊髓神经损伤。所有患者随访12-36个月,平均24.5个月,伤椎均达满意复位,平均伤椎椎体前缘高度及 Cobb 角得到明显改善,腰背部疼痛明显缓解,腰背部功能明显改善,生活质量明显提高,以上所有指标治疗后均显著改善,与治疗前比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）,内固定后1周和内固定后1年比较差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。内固定后2例患者出现骨水泥渗漏,其中椎体前缘及椎间隙处少量骨水泥渗漏各1例,但均无临床症状。随访期间,无内固定松动、断裂等,无新发骨折。说明联合应用后路经肌间隙入路短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定及伤椎椎体成形,不仅能有效恢复并维持伤椎椎体高度及强度,重建脊柱稳定性,明显缓解腰背部疼痛,还可以使患者获得满意的腰背部功能,显著提高生存质量,是治疗伴椎管内占位的骨质疏松性胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的有效方法。     

下颈椎前路内固定联合后路经关节金属螺钉置入固定的生物力学稳定性

背景:对退变性颈椎管狭窄单纯采用前路椎体次全切除或椎间盘切除或单纯后路单开门椎管扩大成行均不能彻底完成脊髓减压和脊柱三柱稳定。目的:探讨下颈椎前路固定联合后路经关节螺钉固定的生物力学稳定性。方法:正常成人尸体颈椎标本,每具分别制作以下两种模型:①经后路C3～C7单开门和下颈椎前路C5椎体次全切除钛网支撑植骨、ORION内固定模型(对照组)。②经后路C3～C7单开门和经关节螺钉内固定及下颈椎前路C5椎体次全切除钛网内植骨、ORION内固定模型(实验组)。结果与结论:实验组在前屈、后伸、左、右侧屈及左、右旋转移位角度均小于对照组(P<0.001)。提示:①在生物力学实验中,下颈椎前路固定联合后路经关突节螺钉固定的生物力学性能优良,对抗前屈、后伸、左、右旋转的作用力更强,颈椎可获得更可靠的稳定性。②下颈椎前路固定联合后路经关节螺钉固定在对抗颈椎前屈运动时力学稳定性更为强大。