胰岛素泵在2型糖尿病胰岛素治疗中的应用及护理

目的比较不同胰岛素给药方法对2型糖尿病的治疗效果。方法对86例需胰岛素治疗的2型糖尿病住院患者进行了2种胰岛素强化治疗:胰岛素泵持续皮下治疗组(CSII组)42例和多次皮下注射胰岛素组(MSII组)44例。比较两组治疗前后血糖变化、血糖达标时间、血糖达标时每日胰岛素的使用总量及低血糖的发生率。结果两组患者最终均达到了目标血糖值,平均高血糖控制天数有显著性差异,CSII组:(7.84±4.13)d,MSII组:(10.26±3.26)d,(P<0.01),胰岛素用量CSII组:(37.57±7.86)U/d,MSII组:(40.26±6.25)U/d,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。而CSII组低血糖发生率低于MSII组,CSII组:(0.13±0.03)次/(人.d),MSII组:(0.24±0.06)次/(人.d),(P<0.01)。结论CSII组较MSII组更快更有效地控制高血糖,并减少低血糖的发生。     

胰岛素泵治疗初诊2型糖尿病的疗效评价

目的:观察胰岛素泵对初诊2型糖尿病的疗效。方法:选取80例初诊2型糖尿病随机分为短期持续皮下注射胰岛素泵(CSII)组及皮下注射胰岛素(MSII)组。结果:提示CSII组及MSII组治疗均可有效降低血糖,但前者显著优于MSII组(P<0.01),两组均可改善初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能,减轻胰岛素抵抗,CSII组较MSII组效果好(P<0.01)。结论:胰岛素泵可迅速有效使初诊2型糖尿病患者血糖达标,消除高血糖的毒性作用,缩短血糖达标天数,减少胰岛素用量,降低低血糖发生率,可延缓胰岛β细胞功能的衰退。     

胰岛素泵治疗糖尿病的临床观察

目的观察比较短期胰岛素泵(CSII)和多次皮下注射胰岛素(MSII)强化治疗糖尿病患者高血糖的疗效及低血糖发生率。方法对空腹血糖≥11.1mmol/L的(122例)糖尿病患者随机分成CSII治疗组(52例)和MSII治疗组(70例),分析比较两组治疗前后血糖的变化,控制血糖达标的天数,低血糖发生率。结果胰岛素泵治疗组显示出快速稳定的降血糖效果,仅需(2.9±0.6)d即达到预期强化控制水平,且每个时段的血糖控制均较MSII组理想;而MSII组需(9.2±1.7)d才达到预期水平。二者有显著差异。低血糖发生率CSII组有9例次,而MSII组有21例次,二组差异显著(P<0.01)。结论对糖尿病高血糖的治疗显示:CSII控制血糖更为迅速、理想,低血糖发生率更低。     

胰岛素泵与多次胰岛素皮下注射强化治疗2型糖尿病疗效比较

目的:比较胰岛素泵与多次胰岛素皮下注射两种强化治疗方案控制血糖的有效性和安全性。方法:选取需要强化治疗2型糖尿病患者67例,随机分为2组。胰岛素泵组(CSII组)29例,多次胰岛素皮下注射组(MSII组)38例。对2组病例均行三餐前后及睡前指血血糖监测情况并进行分析,比较2组治疗后7点血糖、血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量及低血糖的发生率。结果:2组治疗后7点血糖均有显著下降,但CSII组空腹血糖及三餐后血糖下降幅度优于MSII组(P0.05)。CSII组达标时间是(4.68±1.28)d,显著短于MSII组;CSII组在达标时胰岛素剂量为(30.09±10.09)U/d,显著少于MSII组。轻度低血糖发作次数,CSII组显著少于MSII组(p0.05)。结论:两种胰岛素强化治疗方案均能够有效控制T2DM患者的血糖,促进短期血糖达标。CSII治疗在降低血糖方面更显著,并能够缩短血糖达标时间,减少胰岛素用量和降低低血糖的发生率。     

持续注射胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病的疗效观察及护理

目的探讨胰岛素泵持续注射胰岛素(CSII)与多次皮下注射胰岛素(MSII)对2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的疗效与护理.方法将70例需要胰岛素强化治疗的2型糖尿病患者随机分为两组:CSII组35例,胰岛素泵持续皮下输注胰岛素;MSII组35例,多次皮下注射胰岛素治疗.比较两组患者治疗达标的时间、胰岛素使用的总量及低血糖的发生率.结果 CSII组与MSII组相比,CSII组血糖控制时间缩短,胰岛素使用总量减少,且低血糖发生率明显减少.结论 CSII组与MSII组相比,降糖达标更快,胰岛素用量更少,并减少低血糖的发生,有效地提高了生活质量.     

围手术期糖尿病患者应用胰岛素泵与多次皮下注射胰岛素的效果比较

目的:观察围手术期糖尿病患者应用胰岛素泵与多次皮下注射胰岛素治疗的效果比较.方法:将观察对象分为胰岛素泵治疗组(CSII组)20例和多次皮下胰岛素注射组(MSII组)22例,CSII组按糖尿病围手术期血糖控制目标行胰岛素泵持续皮下胰岛素注射,MSII组以(多次)皮下胰岛素注射调整血糖.比较两种治疗方法在控制血糖、血糖达标时间、术前准备时间、住院时间、低血糖发生率方面的差异.结果:CSII组血糖达标时间、术前准备时间、住院时间明显优于MSII组(P＜0.01),低血糖发生率也低于MSII组(P＜0.05).结论:胰岛素泵的应用能使糖尿病患者围手术期血糖迅速、平稳控制,且安全性高.     

短期应用胰岛素泵与多次皮下注射胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病疗效比较

目的比较多次皮下注射胰岛素与胰岛素泵强化治疗血糖控制欠佳的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的疗效。方法观察对象分为胰岛素泵治疗组(CSII组)40例和多次皮下胰岛素注射组(MSII组)40例,CSII组采用胰岛素泵持续皮下注射短效胰岛素,MSII组采用三餐前皮下注射短效,夜间10点注射甘精胰岛素,应用剂量根据监测血糖来调整。比较两种治疗方法在控制血糖有效率、血糖达标时间、胰岛素均日用量及低血糖发生率等的不同。结果两组降糖方案均有效,空腹血糖、餐后血糖均较治疗前明显下降,但CSII组血糖达标时间、血糖的稳定性均优于MSII组(P<0.01),平均日胰岛素使用量低于MSII组(P<0.05),低血糖发生率无明显差别(P>0.05)。结论胰岛素泵治疗的患者血糖可更快地较稳地达到预期目标,且安全性较好。     

应用胰岛素泵治疗糖尿病的临床观察

目的比较采用胰岛素泵连续皮下注入胰岛素方法 ( CSII)与每日多次皮下注射胰岛素方法 ( MSII)对糖尿病患者进行强化治疗。方法两组各 3 0例 ,CSII组采用诺和灵 R胰岛素放置于美国 Mini Med5 0 7型胰岛素泵内 ,将胰岛素缓慢注入体内 ,MSII组采用诺和灵 R与诺和灵 N胰岛素装入普通注射器内 ,于三餐前及 10 pm时皮下注射。结果两种方法均可使血糖达标。 CSII组血糖达标优于 MSII组 ( P<0 .0 0 1) ,CSII组血糖达标所用天数少于 MSII组 ( P<0 .0 0 1) ,CSII组的胰岛素用量及低血糖发生的次数均低于 MSII组 ( P<0 .0 5 )。结论 CSII组疗效好 ,安全性好。     

胰岛素泵治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒的临床观察

目的:比较胰岛素泵连续皮下输注(CSII)与静脉连续输注(CVII)治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒的疗效。方法:30例糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者分为胰岛素泵连续皮下输注(CSII)组与静脉连续输注(CVII)组各15例。结果:两组治疗后血糖均明显下降,CSII组优于CVII组,差异有显著性(P<0.01);CSII组平均胰岛素用量为(0.67±0.14)U/(kg.d)明显少于CVII(0.82±0.16)U/(kg.d)(P<0.05);CSII组尿酮体转阴时间(17.5±7.4)h明显短于CVII组的(41.2±12.1)h(P<0.01);CSII组低血糖发生率(0.52±0.22)次/人,显著低于CVII组的(0.75±0.26)次/人(P<0.05)。结论:CSII能更快、更有效地控制糖尿病酮症酸中毒高血糖。     

胰岛素泵治疗2型糖尿病的临床观察

目的：观察胰岛素泵治疗2型糖尿病的临床效果。方法：对56例2型糖尿病患者随机分成2组,胰岛素泵持续皮下胰岛素输注（CSII）组28例,多次皮下注射胰岛素（MSII）组28例,比较治疗前后血糖控制情况,胰岛素用量,低血糖发生率。结果：两组均能控制血糖,但CSII组控制血糖优于MSII组,需要的达标血糖时间,胰岛素用量及低血糖发生率明显减少。结论：胰岛素泵强化治疗能较好的模拟胰岛素分泌的生理节律,在减少血糖控制达标所需时间及胰岛素用量方面优于常规多次皮下胰岛素注射治疗,更能有效控制高血糖,减少低血糖的发生。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.