Relationship between cardiovascular disease morbidity,risk factors,and stress in a law enforcement cohort

It is unclear to what extent law enforcement officers (LEOs) experience increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD; defined as coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, angina, or stroke) and, if so, whether perceived stress affects this relationship. First, self-reported CVD risk factors among currently employed male LEOs from 9 states (n = 2818) were compared to CVD risk factors among similarly-aged males with similar incomes in the same states (n = 8046). Second, CVD prevalence was compared among LEOs (n = 1791) and similarly-aged males with similar incomes (n = 2575) from four of these states. Finally, among the LEOs only, the possible effect of perceived stress on the relationship between CVD prevalence and CVD risk factors was assessed. LEOs reported higher prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, tobacco use, and elevated body mass index. CVD prevalence did not differ significantly between the LEO group and the general population (2.3% +/- 15% versus 3.1% +/- 17%; P = 0.095). In the LEO-only group, the best predictors of CVD were: time in the profession (OR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.03-1.11), perceived stress (OR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.00-1.10), and hypertension (OR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.18-0.62). In the LEO-only group, perceived stress was associated with CVD (P = 0.008), and three CVD risk factors were significantly affected by perceived stress: cholesterol, hypertension, and physical activity. Perceived stress was affected by duration of time in the profession (P = 0.004), independent of an age effect (P = 0.353). Among susceptible officers, perceived stress may contribute to CVD directly and through potentiating several CVD risk factors.     

静息心率与心血管病高危的关系

  目的   探讨江苏省居民静息心率（resting heart rate,RHR）与心血管病高危风险的关系,为心血管病防治提供科学依据。   方法   2015―2018年在江苏省6个项目点进行以社区人群为基础的心血管病高危人群筛查,共有95 210名初筛对象纳入本次研究,依据RHR测量值将初筛对象分为RHR < 68.5次/min、68.5~次/min、74~次/min、81~次/min和>90次/min共5组,采用非条件Logistic回归分析模型分析RHR与心血管病高危风险的关系。   结果   心血管病高危人群检出率为25.10%（23 897/95 348）。与RHR≤68.5次/min组相比,68.5~次/min组（OR=0.90,95% CI:0.86~0.94）心血管病高危风险降低,81~次/min组（OR=1.11,95% CI:1.06~1.17）、>90次/min组（OR=1.52,95% CI:1.43~1.61）心血管病高危风险增加。男性RHR>90次/min组心血管病高危风险的OR值为1.65,高于女性（OR=1.35）,35~45岁人群RHR>90次/min组心血管病高危风险的OR值最高,为2.03。   结论   江苏省35~75岁人群RHR过快（>90次/min）增加心血管病高危风险,男性及35~45岁人群风险更高。     

Development of a cardiovascular risk score for use in low- and middle-income countries

Summary measures of cardiovascular risk have long been used in public health, but few include nutritional predictors despite extensive evidence linking diet and heart disease. Study objectives were to develop and validate a novel risk score in a case-control study of myocardial infarction (MI) conducted in Costa Rica during 1994-2004. After restricting the data set to healthy participants (n = 1678), conditional logistic regression analyses modeled associations of lifestyle factors (unhealthy diet, decreased physical activity, smoking, waist:hip ratio, low or high alcohol intake, and low socioeconomic status) with risk for MI. Using the estimated coefficients as weights for each component, a regression model was fit to assess score performance. The score was subsequently validated in participants with a history of chronic disease. Higher risk score values were associated with a significantly increased risk of MI [OR = 2.72 (95% CI = 2.28-3.24)]. The findings were replicated in a model (n = 1392) that included the best covariate measures available in the study [OR = 2.71 (95% CI = 2.26-3.26)]. Performance of the score in different subsets of the study population showed c-statistics ranging from 0.63 to 0.67. The new score presents a quantitative summary of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in the study population.     

Food intake patterns may explain the high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among Iranian women

Some cardiovascular risk factors are more prevalent in Middle Eastern countries than in other parts of the world. Lifestyle-related factors, including diet, might account for this discrepancy. We aimed to identify the association between food intake patterns and cardiovascular risk factors among Iranian adult women. We studied 486 apparently healthy Iranian women aged 40-60 y. We used a Willett-format FFQ for collecting dietary data. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentrations, lipid profiles, and blood pressure were measured. Diabetes was defined as FPG > or = 6.93 mmol/L; dyslipidemia was based on Adult Treatment Panel III and hypertension on Joint National Committee VI recommendations. The presence of at least 1 risk factor and at least 2 risk factors of the 3 major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes) was also evaluated. We identified 3 major eating patterns (healthy, Western, and Iranian). After controlling for potential confounders, subjects in the top quintile of the healthy dietary pattern were less likely to have dyslipidemia [odds ratio (OR), 0.36; 95% CI, 0.19-0.53], hypertension (OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.17-0.60), at least 1 (OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.18-0.58), and at least 2 risk factors (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.20-0.77) compared with the lowest quintile. In contrast, those with greater adherence to the Western dietary pattern had greater odds for cardiovascular risk factors (OR, 2.59-3.11; P < 0.05). The Iranian dietary pattern was significantly associated with dyslipidemia (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.02-2.99) and at least 1 risk factor (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.05-3.20). The major dietary patterns and diabetes were not associated. Eating patterns of this Middle Eastern population might explain the higher prevalence of some cardiovascular risk factors in this region. However, our findings need to be confirmed in other Middle Eastern countries.     

吉林省居民心血管病高危人群流行病学特征及其影响因素

  目的  了解吉林省居民心血管病高危人群流行病学特征,对心血管病相关影响因素进行分析,为全省心血管病防控策略提供参考依据。  方法  本研究于2017―2018年采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,选定吉林省6个项目地区,以社区或村为单位开展筛查。心血管病相关影响因素分析采用单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析模型,回归方法采用进入法,效应值用OR值及其95% CI值来表示。  结果  2017―2018年吉林省心血管病高危检出率为24.3%,标化后高危检出率为21.6%。其中,城市居民较农村居民具有较高的心血管病高危检出风险(OR=1.16, 95% CI:1.029~1.306, P=0.015);55~岁年龄组高危检出风险是35~岁年龄组的3.237倍(95% CI: 2.760~3.797, P < 0.001);高中和中专、大专及以上文化程度者更易成为心血管病高危人群(OR=1.499, 95% CI:1.283~1.753, P < 0.001; OR=1.539, 95% CI:1.240~1.910, P < 0.001);职业为行政人员者较农民更不易发展为心血管病高危人群(OR=0.656, 95% CI:0.502~0.858, P=0.002);10 000~、25 000~元家庭年收入水平者较 < 10 000元收入水平者易成为心血管病的高危人群;吸烟者、饮酒者心血管病高危检出风险是非吸烟者、非饮酒者的1.822、1.303倍(OR=1.822, 95% CI:1.617~2.053, P < 0.001; OR=1.303, 95% CI:1.090~1.559, P=0.004);随体重指数(body mass index, BMI)分级指数升高,心血管病的高危检出风险随之升高。  结论  应重点关注城市居民、高年龄组、文化程度较高者、中低等水平收入者、吸烟者、饮酒者、超重者、肥胖者,应重点加强对心血管病的一级预防及二级预防,降低心血管病发病率和所带来的疾病负担。     

Childhood migration and cardiovascular risk

BACKGROUND: Childhood living conditions have been hypothesized to be associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus in adult life. METHODS: We analysed, using logistic regression, the risk of self-reported diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and ischaemic heart disease in a population-based sample of 3643 Chinese men and 3778 Chinese women some of whom had experienced a change to more favourable economic conditions at different life stages through migration from mainland China to Hong Kong. RESULTS: Adjusting for socio-economic status, risk behaviours, and family history, the development of diabetes was associated with migration from China to Hong Kong in the first two decades of life, albeit with a decreasing intensity of effect (OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.18, 3.45, OR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.27, 2.66, and OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.45 for migration at ages 0-7, 8-17, and 18-24, respectively). The development of hypertension was mostly susceptible to environmental change during the growth spurt and puberty (migration at ages 8-17 OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.22, 1.99). The development of heart disease was associated with a sex-specific critical period in early childhood for men (migration at ages 0-7 OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.70, 5.91). CONCLUSION: Environmental change by migration throughout the first two decades of life can affect the development of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and ischaemic heart disease, although adverse childhood conditions alone may not be a risk factor. Our results suggest that specific life course pathways may pre-dispose to these conditions and could be relevant to their aetiology in populations undergoing rapid development.     

Family history as a risk factor for stroke in young women

BACKGROUND: Family history of stroke (FHS) is associated with risk of stroke in middle-aged to elderly populations. However, few studies have examined this association in younger women or by stroke type. A population-based, case-control study was conducted to examine the association of FHS and risk of stroke in young women, and to determine whether the association is independent of other stroke risk factors. METHODS: Cases were women aged 18 to 44 years, with first, nonfatal ischemic (n =49) and hemorrhagic (n = 63) strokes in western Washington State in 1991 to 1995. Demographically similar community controls (n = 446) were identified through random-digit telephone dialing. Information on FHS in first-degree relatives (parents and siblings) and other risk factors was obtained through an interview. Person-years (P-Y) at risk of stroke for relatives of each subject were included in polytomous logistic regression models to adjust for family size. The analysis was conducted between 1999 and 2000. RESULTS: After adjustment for age and P-Y, FHS in first-degree relatives was significantly associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic (odds ratio [OR]=2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.5-4.3) and ischemic stroke (OR=2.1, 95% CI=1.2-3.9). FHS remained associated with risk of hemorrhagic stroke (OR=2.4, 95% CI=1.4-4.1) and ischemic stroke (OR=1.8, 95%CI=0.9-3.5) after further adjustment for diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, body mass index, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, and family history of myocardial infarction. Findings were similar when associations with parental and sibling FHS were examined separately. CONCLUSIONS: Family history of stroke is a risk factor for both hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes among young women.     

Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Catalonia (Spain)

Cardiovascular disease is one of the most important public health problems in developed countries. We have studied the epidemiology of the following cardiovascular disease risk factors in a random sample (n = 704) of the adult population of Catalonia (Spain): hypercholesterolemia ( 6.1 mmol/1 or 240 mg/dl), hypertension (SBP 160 and/or DBP 95 mmHg), low HDL-cholesterol concentrations (< 0.9 mmol/l or 35 mg/C), hypertriglyceridemia (> 2.8 mmol/1 or 250 mg/dl), obesity (BMI > 30), smoking and history of diabetes and coronary heart disease.Two percent of participants had hypertriglyceridemia, 3% had a history of coronary heart disease, 4% a history of diabetes, 6% low HDL-cholesterol concentrations, 12% were obese, 20% had hypertension, 24% had hypercholesterolemia and 36% were smokers. 58% of hypertensive individuals had been previously detected, 46% were currently on treatment, and 21% had their blood pressure controlled (SBP < 160 and DBP < 95 mmHg).Correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the association between cardiovascular risk factors. Multiple linear regression analysis showed independent correlations between risk factors. Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, obesity and diabetes was higher and prevalence of smoking was lower in hypertensives than normotensives. The odds ratio was 3.68 (95% CI = 2.07–6.54) for hypercholesterolemia, 3.26 (95% CI = 1.52–7.02) for obesity, 3.81 (95% CI = 1.09–7.02) for diabetes and 0.40 (95% CI = 0.22–0.70) for smoking. The adjusted odds ratio was statistically significant for hypercholesterolemia (OR = 2.74, 95% CI = 1.01–3.75).The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was similar to that observed in other Mediterranean communities. The association between cardiovascular risk factors shows that there are biological interrelations between risk factors that influence the development of arteriosclerosis.     

江苏省不同血糖水平人群心血管病危险因素聚集分析

  目的  了解江苏省社区不同血糖水平人群主要心血管病危险因素的聚集状况。  方法  2015-2017年在江苏省6个项目点开展以社区人群为基础的筛查项目,共有83 522名35~75岁常住居民纳入本次研究。计算我省中老年人群高血压、肥胖、血脂异常和吸烟4类心血管危险因素的流行率及聚集性,采用非条件Logistic回归分析不同血糖水平与心血管病危险因素聚集风险之间的关系。  结果  江苏省35~75岁居民糖尿病患病率18.9%,其中知晓患病的比例为41.4%。在未知患病人群中,空腹血糖受损和高血糖人群心血管病危险因素聚集的风险分别是正常人群的1.29倍（OR=1.29,95% CI:1.24~1.36,P < 0.001）和1.99倍（OR=1.99,95% CI:1.89~2.08,P < 0.001）。在已知患病人群中,血糖控制率为15.5%,血糖控制与心血管病危险因素聚集并无关联。  结论  高血糖和空腹血糖受损增加成人心血管病危险因素聚集风险,应及时对糖尿病高危人群采取综合干预措施控制血糖。     

Eosinophilia and positive skin tests predict cardiovascular mortality in a general population sample followed for 30 years.

The authors investigated whether two objective allergy markers, peripheral blood eosinophilia and skin tests for common aeroallergens, were associated with cardiovascular death. Of 5,382 subjects in the Vlagtwedde-Vlaardingen Study (the Netherlands) with data on allergy markers in 1965-1972, 507 subjects died from cardiovascular disease during 30 years of follow-up. Subjects with eosinophilia had an increased risk of cardiovascular death (relative risk (RR) = 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4, 2.2), including ischemic heart disease death (RR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2, 2.2) and cerebrovascular death (RR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.4, 3.8), independent of major risk factors. This association was limited to subjects with a percentage of the predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 % predicted) of <100%. Positive skin tests were associated with a significantly reduced cardiovascular mortality in subjects with normal lung function and weight who did not smoke (RR = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.46). Conversely, when subjects with positive skin tests had a body mass index of > or =25 kg/m2, had an FEV1 % predicted of <80%, or smoked, they had an increased risk for cardiovascular mortality. These results were not restricted to asthmatics. Our data suggest a possible link between eosinophilia and positive skin tests and cardiovascular mortality, especially in combination with other risk factors associated with its mortality.     

Benefits of leisure-time physical activity on the cardiovascular risk profile at older age.

BACKGROUND: Intensity, frequency and duration of physical activity may contribute in different ways to the maintenance of cardiovascular health. Their relative importance may also change at different stages in life and this should be taken into account for activity recommendations. METHODS: The relationship of frequency and duration of leisure-time physical activities with cardiovascular risk factors was studied in 4942 male and 5885 female participants aged 50-69, of the German Cardiovascular Prevention Study (1984-1991). RESULTS: After adjustment for several possible confounders, women with modest levels (2-12 times per month, 0.5-2 h per week) of moderate-to-vigorous activity (> or =5 kcal/kg/h) had significantly lower systolic blood pressure (-1.8%), resting heart rate (-3.1%) and body mass index (-3.2%) values than sedentary women. Beneficial differences increased with frequency and duration of activity. Light activities (3-4.5 kcal/kg/h), conducted > or =5 times a week, were significantly associated with favourable lower diastolic blood pressure (-1.4%), resting heart rate (-2.3%) among women, and body mass index (women -2.9%, men -2.2%) among both genders. Recommended activity levels (> or =5 times, > or =3.5 h weekly) were associated with a lower prevalence of multiple risk factors (odds ratio [OR] = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.41-0.75 for men and OR = 0.44 95% CI: 0.31-0.63 for women). CONCLUSIONS: For sedentary elderly, even less physical activity than currently recommended, is likely to improve the cardiovascular risk profile.     

急性脑卒中住院患者深静脉血栓形成危险因素分析

目的前瞻性病例对照研究分析急性脑卒中住院患者深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的危险因素.方法连续调查了2001年12月至2002年12月收住北京朝阳医院神经内科及神经外科的脑卒中患者,经CT或MRI检查证实符合脑卒中诊断,共计488例;调查步骤(1)在入院次日清晨空腹抽每位入选患者血,进行D-二聚体(D-dimer)、血栓调节蛋白(TM)和抗凝血酶-Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)检测;(2)于发病7～10天行双下肢血管超声检查,在超声检查当日或次日复查D-dimer和AT-Ⅲ;(3)高度可疑DVT的患者一周后重复超声检查;(4)研究结束前记录脑卒中的治疗情况.通过比较脑卒中并发DVT与脑卒中无DVT的患者,筛选脑卒中发生DVT的危险因素.结果脑卒中患者DVT的发生率为21.7%;多因素logistic分析显示,年龄(≥65岁)(OR=1.655,95% CI1.005～2.725)、女性(OR=1.993,95%CI1.221～3.253)、卧床(OR=3.275,95%CI1.653～6.486)和DVT危险性评分≥2(OR=5.019,95%CI2.685～9.381)是总体脑卒中患者DVT的独立危险因素;女性(OR=2.828,95%CI1.242～6.438)、白细胞计数＞10.0×109/L(OR=2.032,95%CI0.897～4.602)和DVT危险性评分≥2(OR=8.809,95%CI3.081～25.188)是出血性脑卒中患者DVT的独立危险因素;年龄(≥65岁)(OR=2.167,95%CI1.072～4.381)、卧床(OR=3.008,95%CI1.435～6.307)和DVT危险性评分≥2(OR=2.600,95%CI1.077～6.278)是缺血性脑卒中患者DVT的独立危险因素.结论急性脑卒中住院患者是DVT的高危人群,DVT的独立危险因素是,年龄(≥65岁)、卧床、女性和DVT危险性评分≥2,对该类人群进行DVT监测和预防干预是十分必要的.     

广州市35～75岁社区居民心血管病主要危险因素聚集情况分析

目的 分析广州市社区居民心血管病主要危险因素的分布及聚集情况。方法 本研究基于“国家心血管病高危人群早期筛查与综合干预”项目,于2017年5 - 12月针对广州市某社区35～75岁常住居民开展横断面调查,内容包括问卷调查、身体测量和实验室检测3部分,对3 821例调查对象的心血管病主要危险因素流行水平进行描述并采用有序多分类logistic回归模型进行多因素分析。采用第六次全国人口普查广州市数据的年龄、性别结构对率进行校正。结果 本研究人群高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、超重/肥胖暴露率及现在吸烟率的校正率分别为31.14%、12.52%、58.18%、46.97%、25.36%;具有≥1个、≥2个、≥3个主要危险因素的暴露率的校正率为82.98%、53.39%、27.44%;多因素分析显示,男性的危险因素聚集程度高于女性,OR（95%CI）为2.11(1.86～2.39);随着年龄的增长,心血管病危险因素聚集呈上升的趋势,以35～44岁年龄组为参照,45～54岁、55～64岁、65～75岁年龄组OR（95%CI）分别为1.89(1.44～2.47)、3.03(2.34～3.92)、3.92(2.99～5.15);随着文化水平的提升,危险因素聚集呈下降趋势,以小学及以下组为参照,初中组、高中及中专组、大专及以上组OR（95%CI）分别为0.81(0.65～0.997)、0.70(0.57～0.87)、0.55(0.42～0.71);家庭年收入5.1～ 10万元组危险因素聚集程度高于≤5万元组,OR（95%CI）为1.14(1.01～1.30)。结论 广州市社区居民心血管病危险因素流行水平较高,随着年龄增加,心血管病危险因素聚集增加,尤其应以较低文化水平的老年男性群体作为干预的重点,降低心血管病发生风险。     

Family history of coronary heart disease, a strong risk factor for myocardial infarction interacting with other cardiovascular risk factors: results from the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP)

We explored the relation between family history of coronary heart disease and the risk of myocardial infarction in a case-control study of subjects, 45 to 70 years of age, living in Stockholm, Sweden. Our cases comprised 1091 male and 531 female first-time acute myocardial infarction patients who had survived at least 28 days after their infarction. Referents were randomly selected from the population from which the cases were derived. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of myocardial infarction was 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6-2.6) for men reporting > or = 1 affected parent or sibling, compared with men with no family history of coronary heart disease, and 3.4 (95% CI = 2.1-5.9) for those reporting > or = 2 affected parents or siblings. The corresponding OR for women were 2.1 (95% CI = 1.5-3.0) and 4.4 (95% CI = 2.4-8.1). We found evidence for synergistic interactions in women exposed to family history of coronary heart disease in combination with current smoking and with a high quotient between low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (>4.0), respectively, which yielded adjusted synergy index scores of 2.9 (95% CI = 1.2-7.2) and 3.8 (95% CI = 1.5-9.7), respectively. Similarly, in men we found evidence for interaction for the co-exposure of family history of coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus. Our study shows that family history of coronary heart disease is not only a strong risk factor for myocardial infarction in both sexes, but that its effect is synergistic with other cardiovascular risk factors as well.     

Adult height and the risk of cardiovascular disease among middle aged men and women in Japan

An inverse association between height and risk of cardiovascular disease has been reported, but the evidence is limited for stroke subtypes, in particular in Asian populations. Further, few studies have examined how socioeconomic status in adulthood influence the relationship between height and risk of cardiovascular disease. This study examined the association between height and risks of stroke and coronary heart disease, and whether education level, an indicator of adult socioeconomic status, modify the effect of height on those risks, within a cohort of the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study (JPHC Study). The hazard ratios for the incidence of cardiovascular disease associated with height were calculated by a 16-year follow-up of 15,564 Japanese men and women, aged 40–59. The hazard ratios were adjusted for age, gender, area, education, occupation and cardiovascular risk factors. Height was inversely associated with risks of total stroke, either hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke but not with coronary heart disease. The adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval (CI)) of total stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and ischemic stroke for a 1 SD height increments were 0.82 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.90), 0.80 (95% CI: 0.70, 0.92), and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.95), respectively. No multiplicative interaction was observed between height and education level on stroke risk. Short stature was associated with increased risk of total stroke, either hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke, independent of adult socioeconomic status and cardiovascular risk factors, but not with risk of coronary heart disease in Japanese men and women.     

中山市高尿酸血症的流行概况及其危险因素分析

目的 分析中山市高尿酸血症的流行情况以及其危险因素,并进一步探讨预测高尿酸血症发生的可能的指标因素。方法 于2016年在广东省中山市应用多阶段随机抽样的方法进行现况调查,实际抽取7 174名居民进行问卷调查、体格检查及实验室检测,并采用多因素logistic回归分析各影响因素。结果 中山市总体高尿酸血症患病率为31.91%。多因素logistic回归分析表明,男性(OR = 1.783, 95%CI :1.544～2.059)、偶尔饮酒(OR = 1.198, 95%CI :1.030～1.394)、经常饮酒(OR = 1.388, 95%CI:1.186～1.623)、患高胆固醇血症(OR = 1.267, 95%CI :1.054～1.521)、超重/肥胖(OR = 1.901, 95%CI :1.657～2.181)、患中心性肥胖(OR = 1.311, 95%CI :1.139～1.509)、血压高(OR = 1.321, 95%CI :1.170～1.491)、空腹TG含量≥1.7 mmol/L(OR = 2.016, 95%CI:1.772～2.295)、空腹HDL - C含量＜1.0mmol/L(OR = 1.439, 95%CI: 1.088 ～1.903)等是中山市常住居民患高尿酸血症的独立危险因素。结论 中山市成年居民高尿酸血症患病率已经达到较高水平,应对其危险因素进行干预,减少中山市高尿酸血症发生的风险。     

Risk factors for urothelial carcinoma: drinking measures, smoking and other life style-related risk factors--results of the Berlin Urothelial Study (BUS)

With the exception of smoking and several occupational exposures there is little knowledge about risk factors for urothelial cancer. A case control study in the area of former West Berlin was performed from 1990-1995 to investigate the role of several lifestyle risk factors, such as smoking, drinking behaviour and regular intake of analgesics and laxatives. The study includes 647 hospital-based incident cases with bladder cancer (n = 571), renal pelvis cancer (n = 51), and ureter cancer (n = 25), and 647 population-based controls which were matched individually by sex and age. Data analyses were carried out using standard methods for case control studies (conditional multiple logistic regression analysis). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were applied as effect parameter. Statistically significantly increased odds ratios were observed for current smoking (OR: 3.46, 95% CI: 2.50-4.78), previous but now abandoned smoking (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.09-2.81), and for regular intake of laxatives (OR: 2.52, 95% CI: 1.56-4.09). Furthermore, an increased risk for urothelial cancer was observed for daily consumption of three and more litres of cold drinks (OR: 2.65 95% CI: 1.12-6.24). The results underline that lifestyle factors other than smoking may contribute to a higher risk of urothelial cancer.     

The EPICARDIAN project, a cohort study on cardiovascular diseases and risk factors among the elderly in Spain: methodological aspects and major demographic findings

BACKGROUND: Despite a greater incidence of ischemic heart disease among individuals over age 65, most cardiovascular research has been focused on the middle-aged adult population. To date no cohort study on this population have been made in Spain. This study is aimed as reviewing the role and methodology of cohort studies as an epidemiological tool absolutely essential for researching the prevalence and incidence of angina, AMI, stroke and the major cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: Cohort study in three areas of Spain (Lista district in Madrid), Arevalo (Avila) and Begonte (Lugo). Age and sex stratified random sample by based on the municipal censuses of each area and municipality (n = 5.079). Two-stage initial cohort assessment: home survey structured for the screening ischemic heart disease and classic risk factors (hypertension, dyslipemia, diabetes and smoking habit) and clinical assessment for case confirmation. In the follow-up phase the MONICA project "cold pursuit" method modified for pinpointing and investigating indicent cases was used, employing all of the hospital and primary care clinical records for confirming the cardiovascular event. Data was also requested from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics as to the cause and date of death of the deceased individuals in the cohort. RESULTS: The overall AMI prevalence was 4% (95% CI: 3.4%, 4.5%); definite plus probable AMI being 6.2% (95% CI: 5.5-6.9). The definite AMI prevalence was higher among the mean 6.7% (95% CI: 5.63-7.79) than among the women, 2% (95% CI: 1.51-2.55) (p < 0.001). Hypertension prevalence according to JNCV1 criteria was 68%, hypercholesterolemia 26.4% according to NCEP criteria, diabetes prevalence 13.4% according to WHO criteria, and 11.3% were smokers. The cumulative incidence for a 3.2-year period for nonfatal definite AMI was 1.4% (95% CI: 1.1-1.8); 1.1% (95% CI: 0.74-1.37) probable AMI: 1.17 (IC95%: 0.824-1.48) for fatal definite AMI or death due to AMI and 1.13% (IC 95%: 0.824-1.48) for sudden death. CONCLUSIONS: The elderly population included in this study shows a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, as well as ischemic heart disease incidence rates three times higher than those of the middle-aged adult population in Spain. The risk profile for women is significantly worse than for men, which may be due to the higher death rate at earlier ages among men.     

Prevalence and risk factors associated with dyslipidaemia in children and adolescents among ethnic groups in Taiwan

BACKGROUND: The mortality rates of cerebral and cardiovascular diseases are higher for aborigines than non-aborigines in Taiwan. Hypertriglyceridaemia and hypercholestolaemia are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of dyslipidaemia and its associated risk factors in aborigine (Atayal, Paiwan and Bunun tribes) and non-aborigine (Fukein and Hakka Chinese) children and adolescents in Taiwan. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. METHODS: In total, 718 males and 721 females, below 20 years of age, were recruited. Our study defined dyslipidaemia as serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels greater than 200 and 240 mg/dl, respectively. RESULTS: The serum triglyceride level and the prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia were similar in both aborigines and non-aborigines and both sexes, but the Bunun and Paiwan tribes had the highest prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia in males (11.8-29.4%) and females (10.9-22.8%) compared with other aboriginal tribes (5.1-10.8% for males and 7.8-9.2% for females). Serum cholesterol concentrations and the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia were lower in the aborigines than non-aborigines for both sexes (P<0.05), with the Atayal tribe having the lowest prevalence in males (1.1%) and females (2.1%) compared with other aboriginal tribes (2.4-4.5% for males and 5.7-8.0% for females). Using multivariate-adjusted logistic regression modelling, hypertriglyceridaemia was significantly associated with the Bunun tribe (odds ratio (OR)=3.2, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.6-6.1), hyperuricaemia (OR=1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.6), hypercholesterolaemia (OR=3.3, 95% CI 1.7-6.4) and alcohol use (OR=2.8, 95% CI 1.2-6.6). Hypercholesterolaemia, after controlling for age and sex, was significantly associated with the Atayal tribe (OR=0.2, 95% CI 0.1-0.5), hypertriglyceridaemia (OR=3.5, 95% CI 1.8-6.7) and hyperuricaemia (OR=3.2, 95% CI=1.7-6.0). CONCLUSIONS: For the young people of Taiwan, hypertriglyceridaemia is associated with hyperuricaemia, hypercholesterolaemia and alcohol use, and hypercholesterolaemia is associated with hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperuricaemia. Compared with non-aborigines, the young aborigines of some tribes have a higher prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia and a lower serum cholesterol level.     

Cardiovascular disease risk factor knowledge in young adults and 10-year change in risk factors: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

This study's objective was assessment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor knowledge in young adults, its association with 10-year changes in risk factor levels, and variables related to risk factor knowledge. A total of 4,193 healthy persons (55% female, 48% Black; mean age=30 years) from four urban US communities were queried about risk factor knowledge in 1990-1991 and were reexamined in 2000-2001. Of six risk factors considered (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, overweight, sedentary lifestyle, and unhealthy diet), participants mentioned a mean of two; more than 65% were not aware of any risk factors, and less than 35% recognized being overweight as a risk factor. After adjustment, variables associated with mentioning more than two CVD risk factors versus one or fewer were Black race (OR=0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.44, 0.61), having a high school education or less (OR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.80, 0.95), having one or two (vs. zero) risk factors (OR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.53), and having three or more (vs. zero) risk factors (OR=1.79, 95% CI: 1.35, 2.38). More knowledge was marginally associated with less increase in body mass index 10 years later (p=0.06) but was unrelated to other risk factor changes. Knowledge of CVD risk factors was very low in these young adults but increased with the presence of risk factors. Knowledge alone did not predict 10-year changes in risk factors.