骨性关节炎患者人工膝关节假体旋转定位标志研究

目的探讨对合并内、外翻畸形的膝关节骨性关节炎行人工全膝关节置换术，以股骨内外上髁外科轴（surgical epicondylar axis，SEA）作为股骨假体旋转参考轴，以胫骨结节内1／3作为胫骨假体旋转定位的骨性标志，判断股骨假体和胫骨假体的旋转对线情况。方法2004年7月～2005年1月，对32例（62膝）拟行人工全膝关节置换术的膝关节骨性关节炎患者（病例组），男2例，女30例；年龄58～80岁，平均68．9岁；内翻畸形55膝，胫股角平均内翻-8．23°；外翻畸形7膝，胫股角平均外翻＋15．48°。于术前行伸膝旋转中立位CT扫描，测量膝关节股骨后髁角（posterior condylar angle，PCA），并以10个正常膝关节作为对照组，测量SEA中点C与髌腱内1／3连线（BC）和经SEA中点C的垂线（AC）之间的夹角，即α角。结果病例组80％以上膝关节CT图像显示股骨内上髁陷凹；PCA中位数为＋2．36°（0～＋7．5°）；对照组膝关节α角为＋6．45±3．68°（0～＋11．8°）；病例组内翻畸形患者膝关节α角为＋10．85±10．47°（0～＋28．1°），与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），病例组外翻畸形患者膝关节α角为＋11．6±7．3°（-6．5～＋26．8°），与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论以胫骨结节内1／3作为胫骨假体旋转参考轴线，胫骨假体相对于股骨假体处于轻度外旋位；合并内、外翻畸形患者的胫骨假体外旋角度明显增大，容易使股骨假体和胫骨假体间出现旋转对线不良。     

高屈曲度假体与全髁型假体早期临床疗效比较

目的 对比高屈曲度假体与传统全髁型假体全膝关节表面置换术后早期临床效果的差异。方法 选取2004年10月至2005年10月间50例（67个膝关节）接受全膝关节表面置换术的膝骨关节炎患者，随机分为A组（高屈曲度假体组，使用LPS—Flex假体）和B组（全髁型假体组／TTC组，使用PFC∑及GⅡ假体）。A组包括26例患者（32个膝关节），男5例，女21例，平均年龄（65．29±5．96）岁。B组包括24例患者（35个膝关节）。男4例，女20例，平均年龄（64．32±8．32）岁。平均随访时间为1年8个月（1～2年）。结果 术前HSS评分为A组（58．61±11．40）分，B组（55．73±13．42）分，两组间无显著差异；术前膝关节活动度为A组（92±12．6）。（-15°～110°），B组（95±11．8）。（-15°～115°），两组间无显著差异。术后末次随访时HSS评分为A组（91．42±6．1）分，B组（92．67±6．33）分，两组间无显著差异；膝关节活动度为A组（124．68±10．32）。（-5°～137°），B组（102．56±15．44）。（-5°～118°），两组间有显著差异，A组患者膝关节屈曲功能明显优于B组。术后并发症包括：A组1例双膝全膝关节置换患者术后3个月时右膝关节感染，1例患者术后深静脉血栓形成；B组1例单膝全膝关节置换患者术后2周伤口脂肪液化，2例患者术后发生深静脉血栓。结论 全膝关节置换术中使用高屈曲度假体与使用传统全髁型假体相比，在改善患者疼痛、恢复行走功能以及手术并发症率方面无显著差别，但术后所能达到的屈曲度有显著差异。     

微创全膝关节置换术的早期临床疗效分析

目的比较不干扰股四头肌（QS）微创全膝置换术与标准全膝关节置换术的早期临床结果。方法2005年3月至2006年3月,采用QS微创全膝置换术完成26例单侧全膝关节置换术（QS组）,观察切口长度、手术时间、出血量、关节屈曲活动度,视觉模拟（VAS）疼痛评分、膝关节协会评分（KSS）、下肢胫股角和直腿抬高时间等,并与同期33例标准髌旁内侧入路TKA比较（标准组）。结果术后平均随访17个月（12～23个月）。平均切口长度QS组为（9．5±1．5）cm,标准组为（14．0±2．3）cm（P〈0．05）。止血带时间QS组为（83±16）min,标准组为（55±11）min（P〈0．05）。平均胫股角QS组为外翻（5．7±1．5）°,标准组为（6．0±1．4）°（P〉0．05）。VAS评分术后1、3和7dQS组明显低于标准组,术后6周VAS评分无差异。膝关节主动屈曲活动度术后1周QS组可达到（107±12）°,标准组为（95±11）°（P〈0．05）,术后6周和3个月组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,术后12个月平均屈曲度组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。直腿抬高术后1周QS组为23例（88％）,而标准组为21例（64％）（P〈0．05）。术后6周膝关节评分QS组为78±15,标准组为71±20（P〈0．05）。QS组1例出现有症状的深静脉血栓,标准组3例;QS组1例伤口愈合不良。所有病例未发现深部感染,神经血管损伤等并发症。结论采用QS微创全膝置换,术后疼痛轻,有利于早期伸膝功能和活动度的恢复,但手术技术要求高,应严格掌握手术适应证。     

微创技术在人工全膝关节置换术中的应用

目的 探讨微创人工全膝关节置换术的优点及手术风险。方法 2005年2月至2006年4月，对54例患者（70膝）行小切口人工全膝关节置换术，女48例（63膝），男6例（7膝）。年龄43-75岁，平均62．4岁。切口长度9—13cm，平均10．5cm。所有患者均诊断为膝关节骨关节炎，术前关节活动度为伸0°～25°（平均-10．5°），屈80°-135°（平均100°）。手术采用膝正中切口，髌旁内侧入路。不翻转髌骨，利用皮肤的可移动性和膝关节屈伸活动的特点，采用特殊手术器械，完成股骨和胫骨的截骨。通过改变手术操作顺序以尽快创造出操作空间，尽可能减少对髌上囊和后关节囊等软组织的切除和剥离。结果所有患者均未出现皮肤坏死或伤口感染等并发症，手术时间平均为70min（55-150min）。手术切口长度平均为10．5cm（9～13cm）。前35膝术后平均引流530ml（200-800m1），后35膝引流为380ml（200-460ml），平均输血500ml（0-1000m1）。术后第2天即开始进行主动股四头肌功能锻炼，患者术后平均下床时间为5．6d（4-8d），术后9-14d出院，出院时关节活动度平均为100°（90°～120°）。术后末次随访，关节活动度为伸5°-5°（平均0°），屈95°～125°（平均115°）。术前膝关节学会评分为46～69分[平均（51±7）分]，术后为82-98分[平均（91±5）分]。结论 微创人工全膝关节置换术最主要的优势在于股四头肌损伤小，膝关节主动活动的时间较早，术后膝关节功能恢复相对较快，且不增加手术风险。     

人工全膝关节置换术治疗膝关节伸直位强直畸形

目的探讨膝关节伸直位强直畸形患者行人工全膝关节置换术的手术要点和术后效果。方法1996年1月至2006年6月,对8例（9膝）膝关节伸直位强直畸形患者行人工全膝关节置换术。术前膝关节活动度均为0°,KSS膝关节评分平均为44分（10～68分）,功能评分平均为17分（-10～55分）。结果8例患者（9膝）围手术期出现的并发症包括髌腱止点撕脱1膝,髌骨下极部分撕脱骨折1膝,术后早期关节血肿1膝,皮肤浅表性感染1膝,经对症治疗后所有患者均治愈出院。术后平均随访40．4个月（7．0～120．0个月）,术后膝关节平均活动度89°（50°～120°）,术后KSS膝关节评分平均为81分（55～93分）,功能评分平均为79分（50～90分）。2例2膝分别存在5°和25°的伸展滞缺。1例1膝因为关节不稳于术后1年行翻修术,更换加厚的胫骨平台垫片。结论膝关节伸直位强直畸形患者行人工全膝关节置换术难度大,并发症发生率较高,但如能恰当处理,仍可以取得较满意的临床效果。术中膝关节的充分暴露,保留足够的髌骨床厚度,保护髌腱和膝关节的血液供应以及正确的软组织平衡技术是手术的关键。     

计算机导航辅助下微创人工全膝关节置换的初步经验

目的探讨计算机导航辅助下微创人工全膝关节置换手术的经验和初步临床结果。方法对40例入组患者随机分成两组进行前瞻性对照研究。对照组采用标准全膝关节置换手术,导航微创组采用计算机导航下经股内侧肌入路人工全膝关节置换术。比较两组病例的切口大小、术后引流量、手术时间、术后6周KSS评分,并采用影像学评价下肢力线和假体位置。结果对照组与导航微创组的切口长度分别为(18±4.2)cm和(11.8±2.8)cm;术后24h引流量为(410.5±130.2)ml和(280.7±121.6)ml;6周KSS评分为(141±24)分和(153±14)分;手术时间为(85.4±21.6)min和(118.4±18.3)min。统计学分析显示以上几项指标导航微创组与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后对照组与导航微创组的mFTA分别为1.81°±1.42°和0.95°±0.99°,两者比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.22,P=0.023)。在导航组中,股骨和胫骨假体安装位置满意率达到95%和100%。结论计算机导航辅助下微创人工全膝关节置换具有切口小、不干扰股骨髓腔、出血少、下肢功能恢复快等优点,同时能够恢复下肢的机械轴线,假体位置安装正确,使操作具有高的准确性和可重复性。     

全膝关节置换术中髌骨置换与髌骨成形对膝关节功能的影响

 目的 探讨髌骨置换与髌骨成形对全膝关节置换术后膝关节功能的影响。方法 对2010年8月至11月拟行全膝关节置换术的48例(69膝)膝关节骨关节炎患者进行随机分组,髌骨置换组24例(35膝)、髌骨成形组24例(34膝)。两组患者年龄、体重、身高、体重指数、美国膝关节协会(Knee Society Score,KSS)膝评分及功能评分、髌骨评分的差异均无统计学意义。比较两组术后6周、3个月、6个月、12个月、24个月的KSS膝评分及功能评分、髌骨评分、术后膝前痛发生率及影像学表现。结果 髌骨置换组20例(30膝)与髌骨成形组20例(29膝)获得随访。术后各时点两组KSS膝评分的差异无统计学意义;6个月以后髌骨置换组KSS功能评分高于髌骨成形组,12个月以后髌骨置换组髌骨评分高于髌骨成形组,差异有统计学意义。术后各时点髌骨置换组膝前痛发生率与髌骨成形组的差异有统计学意义。术后24个月髌骨置换组与髌骨成形组术后胫股角(174.25°±0.97°与173.63°±0.48°)、髌韧带比值(1.01±0.09与1.09±0.07)、髌骨倾斜角(4.58°±0.18°与4.41°±0.19°)、髌骨适合角(2.69°±4.15°与2.56°±3.72°)、髌骨移位距离[(1.53±1.34) mm与(1.68±1.23) mm]的差异均无统计学意义。结论 全膝关节置换术中行髌骨置换可以改善膝关节和髌骨功能,降低术后膝前痛的发生率。     

全膝关节置换术中胫骨近端骨缺损的处理

目的探讨初次人工全膝关节置换术中胫骨近端骨缺损的植骨方法和疗效。方法2001年10月至2006年3月，在23例（42膝）初次人工全膝关节置换术中采用自体或异体骨移植修复胫骨近端骨缺损，男5例（9膝），女18例（33膝）。骨关节炎19例（35膝），类风湿性关节炎2例（4膝），大骨节病1例（2膝），关节结核1例（1膝）。非包容型骨缺损22例40膝，包容型骨缺损1例2膝。参照Engh ＆ Parks分类法，T1级5膝，T2级33膝，B级4膝。自体髂骨2例3膝，1例2膝为类风湿性关节炎，包容型，为T2级，骨移植起填充作用；另1例1膝为左膝骨关节炎，非包容型，为T3级。异体冷冻骨1例1膝为膝关节结核，同时股骨外髁和胫骨内侧平台骨缺损，为T3级，行大块骨移植，螺钉固定。自体股骨内髁加异体冻于骨移植修复胫骨内侧平台骨缺损1例1膝，为T3级。其余19例37膝均为自体股骨内髁或胫骨外侧平台修整后移植，修复胫骨内侧平台骨缺损，其中螺钉固定14膝。结果术后随访38．2（3-56）个月。所有患者术前均有内或外翻畸形和屈曲挛缩畸形，术后畸形得到矫正，疼痛消失；3个月后均可弃拐行走，生活可以自理。膝关节HSS评分由术前15.3（10-26）分提高到术后86（79-95）分。膝关节活动范围由术前74．4°（0°--90°）提高到术后109．4°80°-135°）。1例于术后3年死于心肺功能衰竭。术后X线复查1年以上者20例（39膝），胫股角为5°-7°，平均6．4°。结论骨移植尤其是自体骨移植在初次人工全膝关节置换术中可以恢复胫骨近端的完整性，为胫骨假体提供初始稳定性，具有简便、实用、经济实惠等优点；可以保留足够的骨量，为以后的翻修提供良好的基础。     

影响全膝人工关节置换术后疗效的相关因素分析

目的分析后稳定型全膝人工关节置换（total knee replacement，TKR）术后疗效和并发症发生情况，探讨影响TKR术后疗效的相关因素。方法1998年1月～2004年8月，应用后稳定型膝关节假体对60例（74膝）骨性关节炎患者行TKR手术。以术后膝关节HSS（hospitl for special surgery）评分和各单项评分的改善率评定TKR术后疗效；比较有并发症和无并发症患者之间疗效优良率的差异；采用Pearson相关分析对TKR术后HSS评分与术前患者自身的有关因素进行相关性分析。结果60例患者获随访24～94个月，平均42．5个月。术后膝关节HSS评分、疼痛、功能、关节活动度、肌力、屈曲畸形及稳定性评分分别为84．2±14．2、25．7±6．9、17．9±4．3、13．1±2．0、9．2±0．8、8．1±0．4和9．3±0．1，较术前均有不同程度改善，尤以疼痛缓解最为明显，且差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。疗效评定优良率为90．5％。10膝发生局部并发症，其中腓总神经损伤1膝，伤口愈合不良2膝，伤口感染、关节内感染及关节僵硬各1膝，症状性下肢深静脉血栓形成2膝，髌-股关节并发症2膝。有并发症患者膝关节优良率（60．0％）明显低于无并发症患者（95．3％），且差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。相关分析显示TKR术后HSS评分与膝关节术前HSS评分、疼痛和功能评分呈正相关，相关系数分别为0．523、0．431和0．418（P〈0．01）；而与患者术前关节活动度、肌力、屈曲畸形、稳定性、年龄、体重和体重指数等无相关（P〉0．05）。结论采用后稳定型TKR是治疗重症膝关节骨性关节炎的有效方法。术后疗效与术前膝关节HSS评分、疼痛和功能评分呈正相关；并发症的发生对术后疗效有明显负面影响。     

正常成人股骨远端后髁角的测量及其临床意义

目的测量正常成人股骨远端后髁角,为国人行全膝关节置换术时的旋转对线提供参考数据。方法118例(186膝)膝关节无疾病、无畸形的苏皖地区成年人,男67例103膝,女51例83膝。年龄18～69岁,平均39.7岁。按年龄分成三组,A组18￣39岁(85膝),B组40￣59岁(73膝),C组≥60岁(28膝)。用CT扫描技术对股骨远端垂直于膝关节的机械轴进行薄层扫描,选取通过内、外上髁的CT扫描影像测定后髁角。结果男103膝,左侧57膝,右侧46膝;股骨远端后髁角:左侧5.9°±1.6°,右侧5.6°±2.6°,平均5.8°±2.2°。女83膝,左侧38膝,右侧45膝;股骨远端后髁角:左侧5.5°±2.5°,右侧5.2°±1.5°,平均5.3°±1.9°。各年龄组股骨远端后髁角:A组平均5.5°±1.9°,B组平均5.7°±1.8°,C组平均5.5°±2.7°。统计学分析表明,股骨远端后髁角在不同性别、侧别和年龄间比较,差异无统计学意义。结论苏皖地区成人正常股骨远端后髁角平均为5.6°±2.1°,明显大于西方人,且男女无差异。在对中国人进行全膝关节置换术时,依据股骨远端后髁线,参照欧美外旋3°的标准进行旋转对线可能会导致膝关节对线不良。     

维生素D受体在糖尿病肾病足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用

目的探讨维生素D受体(VDR)在糖尿病肾病(DKD)足细胞中的表达水平及在足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用。方法(1)本研究纳入了65例诊断患有2型糖尿病(伴或不伴蛋白尿)的患者,并纳入了25例年龄和性别相匹配的健康体检者为对照组。根据白蛋白/肌酐(ACR)的尿排泄比例对2型糖尿病患者进行分组,分别为无蛋白尿(ACR<30 mg/g,n=24)、微量白蛋白尿(ACR 30~300 mg/g,n=18)和临床蛋白尿(ACR>300 mg/g,n=23)。另选择25例经肾活检确诊的DKD患者作为DKD组。正常肾脏组织标本均取自泌尿外科同一时期肾脏肿瘤切除患者10例。将各组检测指标进行对比,同时采用实时定量PCR、ELISA法和免疫组化法检测VDR在各组患者的血液、尿液样本和肾脏组织中的表达情况,以及使用Pearson相关分析分析VDR与尿蛋白的相关性。(2)在2型糖尿病肾病小鼠模型中对上述结果进行验证,将遗传背景均为C57BLKs/J的雄性db/db小鼠及同窝出生的db/m小鼠,随机分为正常对照组(A组)、DKD对照组(B组)、DKD二甲基亚砜处理组(C组)、DKD帕立骨化醇(VDR激动剂)处理组(D组),C、D组连续腹腔注射处理8周,对照组不做任何处理。小鼠10周龄时开始连续干预8周,在小鼠22周龄(开始干预后12周)检测各组小鼠体重、血、尿生化指标对比;Western印迹法检测β⁃catenin、VDR的变化;免疫荧光观察足细胞标志蛋白podocin及足细胞损伤蛋白α⁃SMA的表达变化。结果(1)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者相比,微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05)。(2)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿糖尿病组和DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿糖尿病组患者相比,DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平亦较低(均P<0.05)。(3)免疫组化结果显示,DKD组肾组织中VDR的表达明显少于正常对照组。(4)DKD患者血浆中VDR mRNA相对水平与ACR呈负相关(r=-0.342,P<0.05)。(5)各组尿液上清液中VDR的水平与血浆中的水平呈相反趋势。(6)Western印迹结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞β⁃catenin蛋白表达高于D组(均P<0.05),VDR蛋白的表达低于D组(均P<0.05);免疫荧光结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞podocin的表达低于D组(均P<0.05),α⁃SMA的表达高于D组(均P<0.05)。结论VDR高表达缓解DKD足细胞损伤及蛋白尿。     

Comparison of University of Wisconsin and University of Pittsburgh solutions for heart transplantation

The effectiveness of University of Wisconsin (UW) and University of Pittsburgh (UP) solutions for the preservation of rat hearts was compared. Lewis rat hearts were preserved with UW (group A, n=45) or UP (group B, n=45) solution for 0 or 24 h and then transplanted heterotopically into the recipients' abdomen. Ten recipients in each group were observed to obtain 1-week graft survival rates. Tissue water content and tissue content of adenine nucleotides were measured 2 h after transplantation in six grafts from each group. Six hearts preserved for 0 h and seven hearts preserved for 24 h were taken from each group 24 h after grafting for histopathology. The 1-week graft survival rates of groups A24 and B24 were 60% and 10%, respectively. In the 24-h preserved grafts, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and energy charge [(ATP+adenosine diphosphate/2)/(ATP+adenosine diphosphate+adenosine monophosphate)] of groups A and B were 0.972±0.165 and 0.200±0.123 mg/g wet tissue (P<0.05) and 74.4% and 61.1% (P<0.05), respectively. The tissue water content of group A24 was 71.7%, whereas that of group B24 was 74.1% (P<0.05). Histopathology revealed more severe muscle edema and necrosis and infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells in group B24 than in group A24. We conclude that UW solution is more appropriate for rat heart preservation than UP solution.     

Role of Conventional and Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Spinal Treatment Protocol for Hydatid Disease

Objective:

To demonstrate the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in determining the treatment protocol for hydatid disease of the spine.

Design:

Case report; literature review.

Findings:

Diffusion-weighted MRI can help differentiate complicated infected hydatidosis from abscesses, epidermoid cysts from arachnoid cysts, and benign from malignant vertebral compression fractures. It is also helpful in differentiating between abscesses and necrotic tumors.

Conclusion:

Diffusion-weighted MRI can help differentiate between infections requiring immediate surgery and those that can be treated medically with antihelmintic treatment.     

罗伊适应模式对腹股沟疝无张力疝修补术后恢复情况的影响

目的探讨罗伊适应模式对患者腹股沟疝无张力疝修补术后恢复情况的影响。 方法将2016年1月至2019年5月在秦皇岛市第二医院择期进行无张力修补术治疗的120例腹股沟疝患者，按照随机数字法分为对照组和观察组，每组各60例。对照组采用常规护理治疗，观察组在对照组的基础上采用罗伊适应模式。比较2组患者的术后临床指标、心理状态、围手术期并发症发生情况及满意度。 结果术后观察组患者的首次排气时间、恢复正常饮食时间、离床活动时间和术后住院时间均低于对照组（P<0.05）；术后观察组患者的抑郁自评量表（SDS）和焦虑自评量表（SAS）评分显著低于对照组（P<0.05）；术后2组患者均无切口感染发生，2组患者尿潴留、急性疼痛、认知功能障碍、发热、血肿等发生率相比无统计学差异（P>0.05）；术后观察组患者护理满意度为96.67%，显著高于对照组的83.33%（P<0.05）。 结论在常规护理的基础上，罗伊适应模式用于患者腹股沟疝无张力修补围手术期，能有效改善术后患者的焦虑/抑郁情绪，不增加围手术期并发症，促进术后患者的恢复及提高治疗满意度。     

Long-term follow-up of callotasis lengthening of the capitate after resection of the lunate for the treatment of stage III lunate necrosis

The callotasis lengthening technique was used to gradually lengthen the capitate after resection of the lunate in stage IIIa necrosis in 23 patients. Results of ten patients with a follow-up of at least 5 years showed rapid and sufficient callus formation in every patient regardless of age. The callotasis lengthening modification of the Graner II operation provides all advantages and avoids the major inconvenience of the traditional Graner II operation. There was no increased rate of disturbed fracture healing. Results of the DTPA-gadolinium MRI study did not show any significant impairment of vascularization within the region of the capitate bone. With the “intrinsic bone formation,” contrary to every other intercarpal arthrodesis at the wrist, there is no need for an additional bone graft.     

Safety and tolerability of single intravenous doses of sugammadex administered simultaneously with rocuronium or vecuronium in healthy volunteers

BACKGROUND: Sugammadex rapidly reverses rocuronium- and vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block. To investigate the effect of combination of sugammadex and rocuronium or vecuronium on QT interval, it would be preferable to avoid the interference of anaesthesia. Therefore, this pilot study was performed to investigate the safety, tolerability, and plasma pharmacokinetics of single i.v. doses of sugammadex administered simultaneously with rocuronium or vecuronium to anaesthetized and non-anaesthetized healthy volunteers. METHODS: In this phase I study, 12 subjects were anaesthetized with propofol/remifentanil and received sugammadex 16, 20, or 32 mg kg(-1) combined with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1); four subjects were not anaesthetized and received sugammadex 32 mg kg(-1) with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1) (n=2 per treatment). Neuromuscular function was assessed by TOF-Watch SX monitoring in anaesthetized subjects and by clinical tests in non-anaesthetized volunteers. Sugammadex, rocuronium, and vecuronium plasma concentrations were measured at several time points. RESULTS: No serious adverse events (AEs) were reported. Fourteen subjects reported 23 AEs after study drug administration. Episodes of mild headache, tiredness, cold feeling (application site), dry mouth, oral discomfort, nausea, increased aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, and moderate injection site irritation were considered as possibly related to the study drug. The ECG and vital signs showed no clinically relevant changes. Rocuronium/vecuronium plasma concentrations declined faster than those of sugammadex. CONCLUSIONS: Single-dose administration of sugammadex 16, 20, or 32 mg kg(-1) in combination with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1) was well tolerated with no clinical evidence of residual neuromuscular block, confirming that these combinations can safely be administered simultaneously to non-anaesthetized subjects. Rocuronium and vecuronium plasma concentrations decreased faster than those of sugammadex, reducing the theoretical risk of neuromuscular block developing over time.     

Magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of rejection of a kindney allograft in the rat

Orthotopic DA (RT1^a) into Lewis (RT1¹) rat kidney allografts and control Lewis-into-Lewis grafts were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and perfusion measurement after intravenous injection of a superparamagnetic contrast agent. MRI anatomical scores (range 1–6) and perfusion rates were compared with graft histology (rank of rejection score 1–6). Not only acute rejection, but also chronic events were monitored after acute rejection was prevented by daily cyclosporine (Sandimmune) treatment during the first 2 weeks after transplantation. In acute allograft rejection (n=11), MRI scores reached the maximum value of 6 and perfusion rates were severely reduced within 5 days after transplantation; histology showed severe acute rejection (histologic score 5–6). In the chronic phase (100–130 days after transplantation), allografts (n=5) manifested rejection (in histology cellular rejection and vessel changes), accompanied by MRI scores of around 2–3 and reduced perfusion rates. Both in the acute and chronic phases, the MRI anatomical score correlated significantly with the histological score (Spearman rank correlation coefficient r _s 0.89, n=30, P<0.01), and perfusion rates correlated significantly with the MRI score or histological score (r _s values between-0.60 and -0.87, n=23, P<0.01). It is concluded that MRI represents an interesting tool for assessing the anatomical and hemodynamical status of a kidney allograft in the acute and chronic phases after transplantation.     

Cost-effectiveness of three combinations of antiemetics in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting

Background. This study compares the cost-effectiveness of threecombinations of antiemetics in the prevention of postoperativenausea and vomiting (PONV). Methods. We conducted a prospective, double-blind study. NinetyASA I–II females, 18–65 yr, undergoing general anaesthesiafor major gynaecological surgery, with standardized postoperativeanalgesia (intrathecal 0.2 mg plus i.v. PCA morphine), wererandomly assigned to receive: ondansetron 4 mg plus droperidol1.25 mg after induction and droperidol 1.25 mg 12 h later (Group1); dexamethasone 8 mg plus droperidol 1.25 mg after inductionand droperidol 1.25 mg 12 h later (Group 2); ondansetron 4 mgplus dexamethasone 8 mg after induction and placebo 12 h later(Group 3). A decision analysis tree was used to divide eachgroup into nine mutually exclusive subgroups, depending on theincidence of PONV, need for rescue therapy, side effects andtheir treatment. Direct cost and probabilities were calculatedfor each subgroup, then a cost-effectiveness analysis was conductedfrom the hospital point of view. Results. Groups 1 and 3 were more effective (80 and 70%) thanGroup 2 (40%, P=0.004) in preventing PONV but also more expensive.Compared with Group 2, the incremental cost per extra patientwithout PONV was €6.99 (95% CI, –1.26 to 36.57) forGroup 1 and €13.55 (95% CI, 0.89–132.90) for Group3. Conclusion. Ondansetron+droperidol is cheaper and at least aseffective as ondansetron+ dexamethasone, and it is more effectivethan dexamethasone+droperidol with a reasonable extra cost. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91: 589–92     

不同尿钙水平的Gitelman综合征患者临床特点比较

目的观察不同尿钙水平Gitelman综合征(GS)患者的临床特点,探讨尿钙在GS疾病临床分型中的价值。方法收集2016—2018年来自中国国家罕见病注册系统(NRSC)、在北京协和医院行SLC12A3基因检测诊断为GS患者的临床资料,分析其尿钙特点,比较不同尿钙水平患者的临床和实验室检查指标。氢氯噻嗪试验按照标准操作流程进行,测定患者基线和用药后3 h内氯离子排泄分数改变量的最大值(ΔFECl)。结果共有83例GS患者被纳入研究,其中低尿钙患者53例(63.86%)。低尿钙组尿钙/肌酐比明显低于非低尿钙组[(0.085±0.058)mmol/mmol比(0.471±0.284)mmol/mmol,t=7.349,P<0.001]。两组患者在年龄、性别、估算肾小球滤过率、血压、血尿电解质水平、代谢性碱中毒方面差异均无统计学意义。低尿钙组患者乏力(χ2=4.595,P=0.032)及多尿(χ2=5.778,P=0.016)发生比例低于非低尿钙组,两组患者在其他临床症状方面差异无统计学意义。低尿钙和非低尿钙组各有16例患者行氢氯噻嗪试验,中位ΔFECl结果分别为0.539%(0.430%,1.283%)和0.829%(0.119%,1.298%),均提示对氢氯噻嗪无反应,组间差异无统计学意义(U=130.000,P=0.956)。结论GS患者中低尿钙比例为63.86%,尿钙水平与疾病临床表型、NCC功能损伤严重程度之间均无明确相关性。     

Fibrinogen-thrombin collagen patch reinforcement of highrisk colonic anastomoses in rats

AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of human fibrinogenthrombin collagen patch(TachoSil~?) in the reinforcement of high-risk colon anastomoses.METHODS A quasi-experimental study was conducted in Wistar rats(n = 56) that all underwent high-risk anastomoses(anastomosis with only two sutures) after colectomies. The rats were divided into two randomized groups: Control group(24 rats) and treatment group(24 rats). In the treatment group, high-risk anastomosis was reinforced with TachoSil~? (a piece of Tacho Sil? was applied over this high-risk anastomosis, covering the gap). Leak incidence, overall survival, intra-abdominal adhesions, and histologic healing of anastomoses were analyzed. Survivors were divided into two subgroups and euthanized at 15 and 30 d after intervention in order to analyze the adhesions and histologic changes. RESULTS Overall survival was 71.4% and 57.14% in the TachoSil~? group and control group, respectively(P = 0.29); four rats died from other causes and six rats in the treatment group and 10 in the control group experienced colonic leakage(P 0.05). The intra-abdominal adhesion score was similar in both groups, with no differences between subgroups. We found non-significant differences in the healing process according to the histologic score used in both groups(P = 0.066).CONCLUSION In our study, the use of TachoSil~? was associated with a non-statistically significant reduction in the rate of leakage in high-risk anastomoses. TachoSil~? has been shown to be a safe product because it does not affect the histologic healing process or increase intra-abdominal adhesions.