儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (obstructivesleepapneasyndrome ,OSAS)是一种“以持续性的部分上呼吸道阻塞和(或 )间歇性的完全阻塞 (阻塞性呼吸暂停 )打乱正常睡眠通气和睡眠方式为特征的睡眠呼吸疾病”[1] 。其主要临床表现是习惯性打鼾、睡眠障碍、白日嗜睡、行为障碍等。它能够导致患儿出现行为认知障碍、生长迟缓、夜间遗尿 ,甚至出现系统性高血压、肺源性心脏病。目前在我国该病正逐步引起广泛重视。现对该疾病的诊断和治疗进展进行综述。一、流行病学儿童OSAS可以发生在从新生儿到青春期的各个年龄段 ,而在 2～ 6岁出现发病的…     

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children

Partial or complete repetitive obstructions of the upper airway during sleep give rise to clinical symptoms associated with heavy, chronic snoring. The number of obstructive sleep apneas during the night may be less important than the repetitive inspiratory increases in upper airway resistance, even if these are associated only with a partial airway collapse. Oxygen saturation may not be severely affected by partial occlusion during nocturnal recording, although clinical symptoms may occur. Esophageal pressure measurements and breathing frequency during sleep are key features in the polygraphic evaluation of prepubertal children. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy may be helpful in treating children with small upper airway during sleep. The marked interaction between upper airway adequacy and craniofacial morphology make it critical to evaluate the impact of partial or complete airway occlusion during sleep on facial prognathism. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure is a safe treatment for persistent, partial or complete upper airway occlusion during sleep, but it does not address the mandibular deficiency often seen in symptomatic children. Orthodontic evaluation and treatment may make maxillomandibular surgery unnecessary during the pubertal years.     

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in infants and children]

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by prolonged, generally partial, upper airway obstruction associated with hypoxemia and/or hypercapnia. Main etiological factors include hypertrophy of the tonsils and adenoids, craniofacial abnormalities with reduction in the upper airway caliber, abnormality of neural upper airway control, or a combination of these factors. Symptoms depend on age, but they always include snoring and breathing difficulties during sleep. Diagnosis of OSAS must be established early in order to prevent complications. It is suspected on history, physical examination and investigative confrontation such as nasofibroscopy and imaging. Polysomnography is the gold standard for diagnosis, scoring of the obstruction and distinction between primary snoring and obstructive breathing. Adenotonsillectomy is an effective therapy. For selected patients, craniofacial surgery may be helpful. Some children require continuous positive airway pressure or the nasopharyngeal tube. Tracheotomy is rarely indicated.     

Obstructive sleep apnea in children with Down syndrome.

Children with Down syndrome have many predisposing factors for the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), yet the type and severity of OSAS in this population has not been characterized. Fifty-three subjects with Down syndrome (mean age 7.4 +/- 1.2 [SE] years; range 2 weeks to 51 years) were studied. Chest wall movement, heart rate, electroculogram, end-tidal PO2 and PCO2, transcutaneous PO2 and PCO2, and arterial oxygen saturation were measured during a daytime nap polysomnogram. Sixteen of these children also underwent overnight polysomnography. Nap polysomnograms were abnormal in 77% of children; 45% had obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 4% had central apnea, and 6% had mixed apneas; 66% had hypoventilation (end-tidal PCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg) and 32% desaturation (arterial oxygen saturation less than 90%). Overnight studies were abnormal in 100% of children, with OSA in 63%, hypoventilation in 81%, and desaturation in 56%. Nap studies significantly underestimated the presence of abnormalities when compared to overnight polysomnograms. Seventeen (32%) of the children were referred for testing because OSAS was clinically suspected, but there was no clinical suspicion of OSAS in 36 (68%) children. Neither age, obesity, nor the presence of congenital heart disease affected the incidence of OSA, desaturation, or hypoventilation. Polysomnograms improved in all 8 children who underwent tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, but they normalized in only 3. It is concluded that children with Down syndrome frequently in have OSAS, with OSA, hypoxemia, and hypoventilation. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is seen frequently in those children in whom it is not clinically suspected. It is speculated that OSAS may contribute to the unexplained pulmonary hypertension seen in children with Down syndrome.     

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in childhood

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a well-known clinical entity in adults but until now it has been less well studied in children. Several studies have shown that the prevalence of pediatric OSAS is high (between 1% and 3%) and its consequences can be serious. Major risk factors for OSAS in children include adeno-tonsillar hypertrophy, neuromuscular disease and syndromes such as Down's or Pierre-Robin's syndrome. Definitive diagnosis is by nocturnal polysomnography while other methods such as cardiorespiratory records and nocturnal pulse oximetry are undoubtedly useful. Adenotonsillectomy plays a major role in the treatment of OSAS. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure is an alternative in children who show poor response to surgical treatment or in those with craniofacial alterations. In a few cases, nocturnal oxygen administration can be useful.     

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: controversies in diagnosis and treatment

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common, under-recognized condition in childhood with significant morbidities if undiagnosed and untreated. The American Academy of Pediatrics recently issued a clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of childhood OSAS. It was accompanied by a comprehensive evidence-based technical report that summarized the available literature supporting the guideline. The current review highlights areas of controversy and uncertainty that limit the development of more definitive standards of practice, updates the reader to several newer publications relevant to diagnosis and treatment of childhood OSAS, and identifies future directions for clinical research.     

Obstructive sleep apnea in children: an update

The diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in children requires clinical suspicion supplemented with the use of specific diagnostic tests. Polysomnography remains the key to diagnosis, and helps to assess the need for treatment, the risk for perioperative respiratory compromise, and the likelihood of persistent OSAS after treatment. Adenotonsillectomy is the mainstay of treatment, although children with complex medical conditions that affect upper airway anatomy and tone may require additional treatment.     

Obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep disorders and apnea are commonly seen in children of all ages. The obstruction usually causes snoring and varying periods of interrupted breathing during sleep. Obstructive sleep disorders cause multiple physiologic disturbances and should be treated before they become severe.     

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hypertrophic tonsils in infants]

BACKGROUND: Even if failure to thrive in infants suffering from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) due to hypertrophic tonsils is well documented in the literature, the surgical act is often delayed due to the lack of diagnostic evidence. CASE REPORTS: We report three cases which share the common characteristic of age of onset, tonsillar hypertrophy, growth retardation and growth catch-up after tonsillectomy. Authors emphasize the importance of clinical diagnosis as a sufficient tool in making the decision of surgery, thus avoiding unnecessary and expensive investigations. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of OSAS in infants and children is essentially clinical, depending mainly on a history provided by the parents, laying stress on nocturnal symptoms and clinical examination. Growth retardation is frequent in this syndrome and should be systematically sought. Tonsillectomy, which is effective in relieving respiratory manifestations, also allows growth recovery.     

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in a child with trisomy 21

Pulmonary hypertension without any cardiovascular malformation was diagnosed by heart catheterization in a 4 year old girl with trisomy 21. A suspected obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was confirmed by polysomnography which revealed numerous obstructive apneas and hypopneas (apnea-index 23/h) with marked oxygen desaturation and a disturbed sleep pattern. Three months after adenotonsillectomy the mother reported her daughter having a quiet sleep without snoring. Polysomnography did not show any apnea nor any oxygen desaturation below 90%. A decrease of the pulmonary artery pressure was documented. Facial dysmorphias and muscle hypotonia predispose patients with trisomy 21 to obstructive sleep apnea, especially if hypertrophy of tonsills and adenoids coexist. Frequent arousals and hypoxia during sleep can result in failure to thrive and pulmonary hypertension. These consequences can be prevented by early diagnosis and treatment.     

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目前在儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)的因及诊断、治疗方面尚未形成统一看法。2002年美国儿协会在儿童OSAS的诊断和治疗的临床指引中提出如下点:(1)所有儿童都应接受是否有鼾声的筛查;(2)具有种高危因素的患儿应接受专业人士的指导;(3)具有心功能障碍的患儿不应再等待一些无关紧要的检查的评(4)诊断性评估在区别单纯鼾症和OSAS方面较有帮(5)扁桃体腺样体切除术对大部分患儿是一线治疗,对能接受手术治疗或手术治疗效果不好的患儿而言,气道续正压通气是另一选择;(6)具有高危因素的患儿术后应接受进一步的随访;(7)应对术后的患儿再…     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征儿童睡眠结构的改变

目的　研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征对儿童睡眠结构的影响。方法　对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患儿进行多导睡眠监测 ,并与同年龄组儿童睡眠结构正常值进行比较。结果　与正常值相比 ,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征组的睡眠结构存在如下异常 :睡眠I期 :阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征组 ( 4 5 .8± 2 .0 ) % ,正常值 ( 2 .3± 1.1) % (t=2 2 .4 6 ,P <0 .0 1) ;睡眠Ⅱ期 :阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征组 ( 2 3.9±l.7) % ,正常值 ( 4 7.9士 4 .4 ) % (t =- 14 .18,P <0 .0 1) ;慢波睡眠 :阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征组 ( 15 .6± 1.8) % ,正常值 ( 2 1.1± 5 .0 ) % (t=- 3.12 3,P <0 .0 1) ;快动眼睡眠 :阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征组 ( 14 .7± 1.5 ) % ,正常值 ( 2 8.2± 4 .1) % (f =- 8.92 3,P <0 .0 1) ;差异均有显著性。结论　阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征可引起儿童睡眠结构的紊乱 ,主要表现为睡眠时频繁唤醒 ,睡眠片段化 ,浅睡眠增加 ,深睡眠和快动眼睡眠减少 ,导致患儿学习困难 ,智力下降 ,生长停滞。     

小儿睡眠呼吸暂停综合征围手术期处理

目的：探讨提高儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)围手术期安全性和有效治疗。方法：回顾分析该院60例OSAS患儿的诊断、手术方法及围手术期处理。结果：经治疗的患儿全部康复出院,客观检查结果明显较术前好转,术中术后并发症少。结论：手术是治疗该病的重要措施。手术成功的基础是完善的术前准备,掌握好手术时机,谨慎地选择麻醉和手术方式,对术中、术后可能出现的意外情况应有相应对策。     

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阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructivesleepapnea syndrome,OSAS),也称阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructivesleepapneahypoventilationsyndrome,OSAHS),是指以呼吸暂停或低通气为特征的睡眠呼吸疾病,其是以睡眠中间断性上呼吸道部分或完全梗阻为特点的睡眠性呼吸紊乱。OSAS是睡眠医学研究的一个重要领域,有2/3的睡眠疾病患者涉及OSAS。20世纪60年代起,OSAS逐渐受到重视和研究。1965年Gastaut、Jung和Kuhlo等[1]通过对1例诊断为Pickwickian综合征的患者进行电生理研究,发现其睡眠中反复出现呼吸暂停。随后Lugaresi和Guil…     

小儿阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的临床及睡眠呼吸特征

目的　探讨小儿阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征 (OSAS)的临床特点 ,观察多导联睡眠监护仪对儿童OSAS的临床应用价值。方法　分析 60例OSAS患儿临床资料 ,应用睡眠呼吸监护仪 ,对 60例患儿术前及其中 40例扁桃体摘除术加 (或 )腺样体刮除术后患儿于夜间睡眠时做持续 7h以上记录 ,观察最长呼吸暂停时间、最长低通气时间、呼吸暂停和低通气次数及呼吸紊乱指数、睡眠期最低血氧饱和度、鼾声指数等 11项指标 ,并分组进行比较。结果　 60例术前均有扁桃体和 (或 )增殖体肿大 ,睡眠时伴粗大鼾声、憋气等症状。睡眠监测结果 :最长呼吸暂停时间为 5 3 ( 8～ 178)s;呼吸暂停总时间为 3 11( 2 6～ 5 2 60 )s;呼吸暂停次数为 2 6( 3～ 2 40 )次 ;最长低通气时间为 41( 5～ 94)s ;低通气总时间170 ( 5～ 2 860 )s;低通气次数为 10 ( 1～ 85 )次 ;呼吸暂停指数为 4 1( 0 5～ 2 5 9) ;低通气指数为 1 4( 0～16 1) ;呼吸紊乱指数为 6 8( 0 5～ 3 8 2 ) ;鼾声指数为 81 7( 1 3～ 414 8) ;最低血氧饱和度 0 78( 0 2 5～0 93 )。在 2～ 7岁组和 7岁以上组之间比较 ,以上指标差异无显著意义。手术后 :患儿临床症状明显缓解 ,最长呼吸暂停时间、呼吸暂停总时间、最长低通气时间、低通气总时间较术前明显缩短 ,呼吸暂停次数、