阴道毛滴虫Rac1蛋白的cDNA克隆和序列分析

目的　获得阴道毛滴虫Rac1蛋白的cDNA克隆,研究其在细胞周期中的调解作用。　方法　提取阴道毛滴虫总RNA,构建cDNA表达文库,随机分离cDNA克隆并测序。用在线生物分析软件NCBIBLAST、ClustalW以及Treeview等程序进行序列分析。　结果　获得一株有714bp的cDNA克隆。序列分析表明,该克隆开放阅读框具600bp,推测肽链具200个氨基酸。该肽链与Rho家族中Rac1鸟苷三磷酸(GTP)酶同源性最高(>60 %),并具多种RhoGTP酶的保守基序,如GTP结合部位、GTP酶激活蛋白作用基序、GTP分离抑制因子作用基序、鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子作用基序等。进化树分析显示该克隆属于Rac亚家族GTP酶,与原虫Rac1蛋白最接近。　结论　该克隆属RhoGTP酶的Rac亚家族,很可能是阴道毛滴虫的Rac1蛋白。     

阴道毛滴虫RRas同源基因的克隆和序列分析

目的 克隆和分析阴道毛滴虫RRas同源基因，以探讨其在细胞内信号传导通路中的功能。 方法 从已构建的阴道毛滴虫cDNA表达文库中分离得到一个与人类RRas同源的cDNA克隆，用PCR扩增该cDNA克隆TvRRas相对应的基因组DNA，并对cDNA克隆及其对应的基因组DNA进行测序。利用BLASTP，RPS-BLAST和ClustalW等工具进行序列分析。 结果 TvRRas cDNA序列全长705对碱基，读码框含615对碱基，推测蛋白质序列具205个氨基酸。序列分析显示该基因的基因组DNA序列含有5′端ATG起始密码子和3′端的终止密码子，与cDNA序列完全一致，提示该基因无内含子；进一步分析表明该基因系RRas亚家族的同源基因，其氨基酸序列与人类和小鼠的RRas同源性最高（两者的一致性均为51%，相似性均为70%），同时拥有人类RRas基因高度保守的结合GTP的结构域和完全一致的效应结构域。进化树分析表明该基因与人类的RAS原癌蛋白基因分支及RRas分支聚类。 结论 获得了阴道毛滴虫RRas同源基因。     

阴道毛滴虫ap33基因克隆及其表达载体的构建

目的 研究阴道毛滴虫粘附蛋白AP33的基因结构特点并构建其表达载体。方法 提取阴道毛滴虫mRNA,逆转录合成cDNA,PCR得到阳性克隆,将其亚克隆到pLICm-T载体中进行PCR、酶切及测序分析,并与CenBank中核苷酸序列进行同源性分析。再将亚克隆与表达载体分别酶切并连接。结果 阳性克隆经酶切鉴定,目的基因片段长度为927bp,,ap33与国外已报道的3株T.vaginalis的ap33基因分别具99％、97％、94％的同源性。结论 成功克隆出阴道毛滴虫ap33基因序列,与已公布的ap33序列有很高的同源性。构建获得PET-32a(+)-ap33重组质粒,可在原核中进一步表达特异性蛋白。     

阴道毛滴虫铁氧还蛋白基因真核表达质粒的构建

作者用螯合树脂(Chelex-100)提取阴道毛滴虫基因组DNA,PCR扩增出阴道毛滴虫铁氧还蛋白(ferredoxin,Fd)基因,克隆入pMD-18T载体,亚克隆至pcDNA3.1(+)真核表达质粒。经PCR及酶切鉴定,Fd基因体外扩增产物为306bp,与已知序列吻合。成功构建了Fd基因的真核表达质粒。     

阴道毛滴虫AP65基因克隆与序列分析

目的对阴道毛滴虫黏附蛋白AP65基因的克隆与序列分析。方法提取阴道毛滴虫总RNA为模板，根据GenBank中发表的阴道毛滴虫黏附蛋白AP65序列设计一对引物，经RT-PCR得到与预计大小相一致的PCR特异性产物，将其克隆到pMD-18T载体后测序，并与GenBank中核苷酸序列进行同源性搜索与分析。结果目的基因片段长度为1704bp，其序列与阴道毛滴虫黏附蛋白AP65-3、阴道毛滴虫黏附蛋白AP65-2、阴道毛滴虫黏附蛋白AP65-1的同源性分别为97．2％、94．4％和86．7％。结论成功克隆出阴道毛滴虫AP65基因，与已发表的AP65-3序列的同源性最高，本研究为进一步研究阴道毛滴虫的致病机理，寻求更好的阴道毛滴虫病防治方法奠定基础。     

阴道毛滴虫铁氧还蛋白基因的克隆和序列分析

目的　构建阴道毛滴虫铁氧还蛋白 (ferredoxin ,Fd)基因重组质粒 ,并进行克隆及序列分析。　方法　根据Fd基因已知序列 ,设计合成 1对引物 ,应用螯合树脂 (Chelex-100 )提取基因组DNA ,用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)扩增出Fd基因 ,克隆入pMD-18T载体 ,转化大肠埃希菌JM109感受态细胞 ,经PCR及酶切鉴定、测序。　结果　Fd基因体外扩增产物长度为 306 bp ,重组质粒经PCR及酶切鉴定结果表明获得正确重组子 ,测序结果表明其片段与已知序列吻合。　结论　克隆出阴道毛滴虫Fd基因。     

阴道毛滴虫重组蛋白AP33的制备、鉴定和初步应用

目的 克隆阴道毛滴虫(T.v)重组蛋白AP33的基因(ap33基因),构建其原核表达系统,鉴定重组融合蛋白AP33的抗原性和免疫原性。方法 从阴道毛滴虫临床分离虫株Tv317抽提总RNA,经mRNA纯化试剂盒纯化后逆转录合成cDNA。以cDNA为模板扩增ap33基因,T-A克隆后测序,构建pET32a(+)的ap33基因表达载体,转化入大肠埃希菌(E.coli)BL21DE3株,用不同浓度的异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达。用抗阴道毛滴虫全虫抗体蛋白质印迹法(Western blotting)鉴定重组融合蛋白AP33的抗原性,用兔抗重组融合蛋白AP33血清的免疫双扩散试验鉴定重组融合蛋白AP33的免疫原性,用阴道毛滴虫临床分离虫株全虫抗原包被的ELISA鉴定重组蛋白AP33的免疫原性。ELISA检测滴虫性阴道炎患者血清抗AP33蛋白抗体。结果 克隆的ap33基因与已报道的相应核苷酸序列同源性及氨基酸序列同源性均较高。重组融合蛋白AP33表达量较大,能与抗阴道毛滴虫全虫抗体发生结合反应,免疫家兔能获得高效价抗AP33蛋白抗体。T.v临床分离虫株重组蛋白AP33表达率高,能刺激机体产生抗体。ELISA检测50例滴虫性阴道炎患者血清抗AP33蛋白抗体,阳性率为78.0%(39/50)。结论 构建了阴道毛滴虫ap33基因原核表达系统,重组融合蛋白AP33具有良好的抗原性和免疫原性。     

阴道毛滴虫病毒RDRP基因的克隆与分析

目的对阴道毛滴虫病毒RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RDRP)基因的克隆,以便探讨其功能。方法提取阴道毛滴虫总核酸为模板,根据所克隆的阴道毛滴虫病毒部分序列和GenBank中发表的阴道毛滴虫病毒TVV-T1序列设计一对引物,经RT-PCR得到与预计大小一致的PCR特异性产物,将其克隆到pMD-18T载体后测序,并与GenBank中核苷酸序列进行同源性搜索与分析。结果目的基因片段长度为2271bp,与阴道毛滴虫病毒T1株(U08999)的同源性最高为85.2%。结论国内首次成功克隆出阴道毛滴虫病毒RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RDRP)基因序列。     

阴道毛滴虫病毒衣壳蛋白基因cap2037的克隆与表达

目的对阴道毛滴虫病毒衣壳蛋白基因的克隆与原核表达。方法提取阴道毛滴虫总核酸为模板，根据所克隆的阴道毛滴虫病毒部分序列和GenBank中发表的阴道毛滴虫病毒TvV—T1序列设计一对引物，经RT—PCR得到与预计大小一致的PCR特异性产物，将其克隆到pMD-18T载体后测序，并与GenBank中核苷酸序列进行同源性搜索与分析，再将其克隆至表达载体pET28a。并以异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导表达。结果目的基因片段长度为2037bp，与阴道毛滴虫病毒T1株（U08999）的同源性最高为82．9％，构建原核表达载体pET—Cap2037；IPTG诱导后，SDS—PAGE显示表达产物的大小约75kDa。结论成功克隆出阴道毛滴虫病毒衣壳蛋白基因序列，与TVV—T1株序列有82．9％的同源性，经IPTG诱导，SDS-PAGE分析表明，75kDa蛋白基因在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中得到高效表达。     

中华按蚊水通道蛋白(AsAQP)cDNA克隆与序列分析

目的克隆中华按蚊水通道蛋白(AsAQP)基因的cDNA全长序列,分析其基因序列特征,为研究AsAQP的生物学功能提供分子基础。方法根据已报道的昆虫水通道蛋白(AQP)氨基酸序列的保守区域,采用兼并引物从中华按蚊cDNA中获取AsAQP基因片段,在此基础上利用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术克隆该基因cDNA全长序列,并用生物信息学方法对获取的序列进行分析。结果利用兼并引物从中华按蚊成蚊cDNA中分离到AsAQP基因片段,利用RACE技术克隆到该基因的全长cDNA。序列分析表明,该基因cDNA全长762 bp,编码253个氨基酸,蛋白分子量约为63.2 kD。生物信息学分析表明,AsAQP具有典型的6个跨膜区结构和2个天冬酰胺酸脯氨酸丙氨酸(NPA)结构,该结构是主要内在蛋白(MIP)家族典型的结构特征。AsAQP与致倦库蚊(Culex quinquefasciatus)AQP及埃及伊蚊(Aedes aegypti)AQP蛋白的同源性分别为76%和78%。氨基酸序列聚类分析表明,AsAQP与其他蚊种的水通道蛋白遗传距离较近。结论利用兼并引物结合RACR技术首次获得了编码AsAQP基因的cDNA全长序列,该基因属于MIP蛋白家族成员,具有典型的功能域,为进一步研究该蛋白的功能奠定了基础。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.