Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is a common condition affecting young infants; despite its frequency, it has been recognized only for a little over a century, and its etiology remains unknown. Nevertheless, understanding of the condition and of effective treatment have undergone a remarkable evolution in the 20th century, reducing the mortality rate from over 50% to nearly 0%. The lesion is characterized by gastric outlet obstruction and multiple anatomic abnormalities of the pyloric antrum. The antropyloric muscle is abnormally thickened and innervated, and the intervening lumen is obstructed by crowded and redundant mucosa. Recognition of the obstructive role of the mucosa led to discovery of effective surgical treatment. Accurate clinical diagnosis in patients in whom a thickened antropyloric muscle is not readily palpable can be difficult, resulting in delayed diagnosis and can lead to emaciation and electrolyte imbalance, making the patient a suboptimal surgical candidate. Current imaging techniques, particularly sonography, are noninvasive and accurate for identification of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Successful imaging requires understanding of anatomic changes that occur in patients with this condition and plays an integral role in patient care. Accurate, rapid, noninvasive imaging techniques facilitate rapid referral of vomiting infants and prompt surgical treatment of more suitable surgical candidates.     

Antropyloric muscle thickness at US in infants: what is normal?

The authors reviewed the ultrasonographic (US) images and medical records of 145 consecutive infants who were seen for evaluation of the upper gastrointestinal tract because of chronic vomiting and/or regurgitation. At US, the antropyloric muscle of each patient was measured in the midlongitudinal plane. On the basis of this measurement, the patients were divided into the following categories: group 1 (1-2 mm; 99 patients), group 2 (greater than or equal to 3 mm; 40 patients), and group 3 (2- less than 3 mm; six patients). Patients in group 1 were considered to have normal antropyloric muscle thickness, those in group 2 had abnormal thickness, and those in group 3 had muscle thickness that was not definitely normal or abnormal. The final clinical diagnoses for all of the infants in the three groups confirmed the authors' initial impressions that antropyloric muscle thickness of less than 2 mm was anatomically normal, muscle measuring 3 mm or greater was abnormal and diagnostic for pyloric stenosis, and muscle from 2 to less than 3 mm was abnormal but not specifically diagnostic for pyloric stenosis. Two of the six patients in group 3 eventually were diagnosed as having pyloric stenosis; thus, the authors believe that only those patients with antropyloric muscle less than 2 mm thick should be considered unequivocably normal.     

胃淋巴瘤的CT诊断

目的：探讨胃淋巴瘤的ＣＴ表现及其诊断价值。材料和方法：回顾性分析１１例经手术或活检病理证实的胃非何杰金淋巴瘤的临床和ＣＴ检查资料。结果：１１例胃淋巴瘤中原发性６例、继发性３例,初诊时即属ＩＶ期者２例,病变的ＣＴ表现可分为三种类型：胃壁弥漫增厚型８例（７２．７％）,节段增厚型２例（１８．２％）,肿块型１例（９．１％）;平均厚度约３．１ｃｍ（１．６ｃｍ－６．０ｃｍ）。病灶边界清晰光整,增强后病灶呈轻度强化,病灶内表面胃粘膜呈明显线样强化,均无周围浸润。结论：胃淋巴瘤的ＣＴ表现有一定的特征,有助于诊断。     

Technetium pertechnetate scintigraphy to detect ectopic gastric mucosa in Meckel's diverticulum

Tc-pertechnetate scintigraphy was performed in 81 infants and children, clinically suspected to have Meckel's diverticulum with ectopic gastric mucosa. The predominant symptom was rectal bleeding and anemia. Twenty-two patients underwent laparotomy and 12 had Meckel's diverticulum with ectopic gastric mucosa. In operated patients the sensitivity of scintigraphy in detecting ectopic gastric mucosa was 0.75, the specificity 1.0 and the diagnostic accuracy 0.86; the diagnostic accuracy was estimated to 0.96 for the whole material. Histologic examination of the diverticula showed a smaller area of the ectopic mucosa in cases with negative scintigraphic findings. In addition, prominent fibrosis seemed to be a more consistent finding in cases with negative as opposed to those with positive scintigraphic findings. Presence of anemia may provide a guideline as to whether or not scintigraphy is indicated.     

多层螺旋CT鉴别胃常见恶性肿瘤的意义

目的 回顾性分析胃常见恶性肿瘤的CT表现,探讨MSCT鉴别胃常见恶性肿瘤的意义.资料与方法 经手术病理证实的49例恶性胃肿瘤患者术前常规行MSCT增强扫描.两位放射科医师采用盲法对CT图像进行分析,评价病灶浸润胃壁的程度,病变处胃壁厚度,病灶累及范围,周围淋巴结肿大以及病变强化程度.结果 49例中,29例(59.1%)为腺癌,8例(16.3%)为淋巴瘤,12例(24.5%)为恶性间质瘤.腺癌主要表现为局限胃壁增厚或弥漫性浸润伴黏膜强化.淋巴瘤表现为局限于黏膜和黏膜下层的多区域侵犯,伴胃壁明显增厚和周围肿大淋巴结.恶性间质瘤的特征为突出于胃壁外的巨大肿块.结论 根据胃壁受累程度及侵犯区域,MSCT有助于鉴别三种较常见的胃恶性肿瘤.     

恶性胃壁增厚性病变的CT、钡餐与胃镜对比研究

目的探讨恶性胃壁增厚性病变的影像学特点。方法回顾性分析63例经临床与病理证实的恶性胃壁增厚性病变CT、钡餐造影及胃镜检查结果。结果对起源于黏膜的早期恶性病变,胃镜及钡餐造影较敏感,但胃镜对于胃底部病变易漏诊,对起源于黏膜下的恶性病变,CT比胃镜或钡餐造影具有较大优势;CT观察胃壁增厚的形态有5种类型,分属不同种类病变,并且CT可较好观察胃壁内及壁外情况．CT、钡餐及胃镜对46例胃癌的诊断准确性分别为89．1％,95．7％和91．3％。结论对于起源于不同部位的胃壁病变应根据病变的位置、分布,选用不同的检查方法．     

Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the duodenal bulb: relationship to peptic ulcer

Heterotopic gastric mucosa in the duodenal bulb causes a characteristic radiologic abnormality consisting of multiple small, well-defined nodules in the mucosa. This finding was identified in 92 (5%) of 1873 consecutive standard biphasic barium examinations of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Of these 92, only one patient (1%) had an associated duodenal ulcer as compared with the other 1781 patients without heterotopic gastric mucosa of whom 225 (13%) had duodenal ulcers or scars (p = .002). No gastric ulcers or ulcer scars were identified in the patients with heterotopic gastric mucosa, whereas ulcers or scars were identified in 88 patients (5%) without heterotopic gastric mucosa (p = .05). These data raise the possibility that heterotopic gastric mucosa protects against peptic ulceration.     

Computed tomography findings of acute gastric volvulus

Purpose

To assess the diagnostic performance of CT signs of gastric volvulus in both confirmed cases and control subjects.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively reviewed CT findings in 10 patients with surgically confirmed acute gastric volvulus and 20 control subjects with gastric distension. Two radiologists independently evaluated CT images for risk factors of gastric volvulus, direct findings of gastric volvulus by assessing gastric dilatation, the presence of an antropyloric transition point, the respective position of the different stomach segments and of the greater and lesser curvatures, stenosis of the gastric segments through the oesophageal hiatus and for findings of gastric ischemia. The sensitivity and specificity of each finding were calculated.

Results

The most sensitive direct signs of gastric volvulus were an antropyloric transition point without any abnormality at the transition zone and the antrum at the same level or higher than the fundus. The presence of both these two findings as diagnostic criteria of gastric volvulus had 100 % sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of gastric volvulus. There was no association between CT signs of ischemia and final bowel ischemia at pathology.

Conclusion

CT is both highly sensitive and specific for diagnosing acute gastric volvulus.

Key Points

? CT is highly reliable for diagnosing acute gastric volvulus with two findings. ? The two signs are gastropyloric transition zone and abnormal location of the antrum. ? This allows fast surgical management of this emergency.     

In vivo visualization of pyloric mucosal hypertrophy in infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: is there an etiologic role?

OBJECTIVE: Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a common condition which presents in infants at 2-12 weeks of postnatal life, and whose cause remains obscure. Multiple associated abnormalities have been recognized within the external hypertrophied pyloric muscle layer, but the internal component of the pyloric mucosa has received scant attention in the literature to date. Our purpose in this study was to show that pyloric mucosal redundancy is a constant finding in infants with IHPS, to discuss its possible cause, and to explore the hypothesis of a relationship between pyloric mucosal redundancy and the development of IHPS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 102 consecutive infants with surgically confirmed IHPS and determined the thickness of the pyloric mucosa compared with the thickness of the surrounding hypertrophied muscle. Fifty-one infants who did not have pyloric stenosis served as controls. RESULTS: Mean mucosal thickness in patients with IHPS approximated mean muscle thickness, with a ratio of 0.89. In infants with IHPS, the pyloric mucosa constitutes approximately one third of the cross-sectional diameter of the pyloric mass and fills and obstructs the pyloric canal. CONCLUSION: Mucosal redundancy is a constant associated finding in IHPS. Although the origin of the redundancy and a cause-and-effect relationship are difficult to establish, our findings support the hypothesis that hypergastrinemia may be implicated in the pathogenesis of IHPS, and suggest that mucosal thickening could be implicated as one of the initiating factors in its development.     

胃壁声像图分层的临床实验研究

通过胃离体标本实验及临床观察，对胃壁第１、２层声像图与解剖对应关系进行了研究。结果表明：胃壁第１层强回声系胃粘液层（包括表面上皮层）及其与胃内液体的界面反射，第２层弱回声系粘膜层；粘液层增厚为胃腺及表面上皮分泌亢进所致，变细或呈断线状改变为粘液分泌减少、腺体萎缩所致；消失或中断为腺体破坏所致。为临床胃壁声像图特征性表现提供了解剖学依据。     

CT findings in peripheral T-cell lymphoma involving the gastrointestinal tract

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether computed tomography (CT) accurately depicted gastrointestinal tract involvement in peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT scans were retrospectively reviewed in 14 patients with pathologically proved PTCLs of the gastrointestinal tract for the following considerations: sites, patterns of involvement (ie, morphologic features, bowel wall thickness or mass size, and contrast enhancement pattern), and ancillary findings at other sites (ie, lymphadenopathy, bowel perforation, and involvement of other organs). RESULTS: PTCL involved the stomach in three patients, the small intestine in eight, both the stomach and the small intestine in one, and the sigmoid colon in two; multifocal involvement was seen in three (21%) patients. CT failed to demonstrate the bowel lesions in three of 14 patients. At CT, 11 patients had gastric or bowel wall thickening (n = 10) and a polypoid mass (n = 1). In 10 patients, the gastric or bowel wall thickening was mild (<1 cm) in six, moderate (1-2 cm) in three, and severe (>2 cm) in one. Lymphadenopathy was noted in nine (64%) patients, with the nonbulky type in eight and the bulky type in one. Bowel perforation occurred in four (29%) patients. Other organs were involved in eight (57%) patients. CONCLUSION: CT can depict PTCL involving the gastrointestinal tract if it is not confined to the mucosa. There is a tendency toward preferential jejunal or duodenal involvement, as well as bowel perforation.     

Differentiating malignant from benign wall thickening in postoperative stomach using helical computed tomography: results of multivariate analysis

OBJECTIVE: To determine significant computed tomography (CT) predictors for differentiating malignant from benign wall thickening in postoperative stomach. METHODS: Sixty-nine patients with perianastomotic wall thickening (25 malignant, 44 benign) after gastric surgery were identified. All patients underwent contrast-enhanced CT with the administration of oral contrast agents such as air, diluted barium, or water. Two radiologists analyzed CT images regarding enhancement of thickened wall, obliteration of wall layering, heterogeneity, asymmetry, perigastric infiltration, proximity to metallic suture material, lymphadenopathy, adjacent bowel thickening, and periceliac soft-tissue density. Another radiologist measured the wall thickness and the mean CT value of the lesion and normal mucosa. Individual CT findings relevant as predictors were determined using the univariate test. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the most predictable factors. RESULTS: Malignant wall thickening was significantly thicker than benign one. Isoattenuation and high attenuation of thickened wall were more frequently seen in malignant than in benign cases. Multivariate analysis showed that isoattenuation or high attenuation of thickened wall, proximity to suture material, and perigastric infiltration were only 3 variables that independently differentiated malignant from benign thickening in postoperative stomach. CONCLUSION: Isoattenuation or high attenuation of thickened wall, perigastric infiltration, and wall thickening without metallic suture material are the 3 main factors distinguishing malignant from benign thickening in postoperative stomach.     

CT appearances of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a low-grade lymphoma that differs from high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma both clinically and histologically. The CT appearances of MALT lymphoma are described. Of 40 patients referred with biopsy-proven MALT lymphoma, only seven had not had gastrectomy or chemotherapy prior to CT examination. The CT scans of these seven cases were analysed for the degree and extent of gastric wall thickening, enlargement of abdominal and extra-abdominal lymph nodes, and presence of extranodal disease. In all patients the stomach was distended with oral contrast medium and scans performed at narrow collimation, after intravenous administration of 20 mg hyoscine butylbromide. In six patients focal thickening of the gastric wall was 1 cm or less. One patient had thickening of over 4 cm. There was no enlargement of abdominal or extra-abdominal lymph nodes or extension to adjacent organs. Thus on CT, at presentation, MALT lymphoma results in minimal gastric wall thickening, unlike high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which typically causes bulky gastric disease, nodal enlargement and extension into adjacent organs. CT is therefore of limited value in monitoring response to treatment. With disease greater than minimal thickening, transformation to a higher grade should be considered. Received: 22 April 1998; Accepted: 27 October 1998     

胃底贲门部病变的CT诊断

目的探讨胃底贲门部病变的CT征象及其诊断价值.方法对64例胃底贲门部病变的检查方法及征象进行分析.结果(1)胃充水检查方法能清楚显示胃粘膜征象,是一种简单、有效的方法;(2)对贲门癌CT主要对其胃外浸润和分期的确定有重要意义;(3)胃底静脉曲张可分为假瘤型、结节型及壁厚型;(4)胃平滑肌瘤CT表现以粘膜面连续性线样强化征为其特征性表现.结论CT作为胃肠道的一种检查手段,对胃底贲门部病变有其特殊的诊断价值.     

放大内镜对胃黏膜幽门螺杆菌感染的可视性诊断价值

目的　探讨放大内镜用于胃黏膜幽门螺杆菌 (H .pylori)感染可视性诊断的可能性。方法　对 14 0例慢性胃炎患者应用OlympusGIFQ 2 4 0Z型放大内镜对胃黏膜微细结构形态进行观察和分型 ,以快速尿素酶试验和Warrthin Starry银染色检测H .pylori感染 ,分析两者之间的相互关系。结果　将胃窦黏膜小凹形态分为B型 (短棒状 )、C型 (树枝状 )、D型 (斑块状 )及E型 (绒毛状 ) 4种基本类型 ,C型小凹黏膜的H .pylori感染率 (5 8 3% ,2 1/ 36 )明显高于B型小凹黏膜 (36 3% ,2 9/ 80 ) (P <0 0 5 ) ,H .pylori阳性黏膜胃小凹常伴有开口扩张、表面发红等表现。胃体下部集合静脉形态可分为R(规则 )型、I(不规则 )型及D(消失 )型 ,3种类型的H .pylori感染率分别为12 2 % (9/ 74 )、6 0 % (9/ 15 )和 84 3% (4 3/ 5 1) ,R型与I型或D型比较有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。结论　放大内镜对胃黏膜H .pylori感染有一定可视性诊断价值     

老年人长期服用阿司匹林与胃黏膜组织状态、幽门螺杆菌感染率的关系分析

 目的 分析研究老年人长期服用阿司匹林与胃黏膜组织状态、幽门螺杆菌感染率的关系。方法 选取91458部队医院2015-01至2016-12期间服用阿司匹林治疗的68例老年人为观察组,同时期的68例中年患者为对照组,然后统计并比较两组中不同服用时间患者的幽门螺杆菌感染率、胃黏膜血流情况、胃黏膜组织氧化应激指标,同时比较观察组中不同服用时间者的检测结果。结果 观察组的幽门螺杆菌总感染率(63.24%)显著高于对照组(38.24%),且不同服用时间患者的感染率均高于对照组。其中,服用时间在5年以下的观察组幽门螺杆菌总感染率为52.63%,显著高于对照组(28.95%);服用时间在5年以上的观察组幽门螺杆菌总感染率为76.67%,同样显著高于对照组(50.00%)。服用阿司匹林5年以下或者5年及以上的观察组患者胃大弯、小弯、前壁、后壁各不同部位的胃黏膜血流量均显著低于对照组。同样,服用阿司匹林不同时间的观察组患者胃黏膜组织氧化应激指标中SO(superoxide dismutase)表达水平均显著低于对照组,而NO(Nitric oxide)及MDA(Methylene dioxyamphetamine)的表达水平则均显著高于对照组。此外,不同服用时间者的以上各指标检测结果也都存在显著性差异(P＜0.05),差异具有统计学意义。结论 老年人长期服用阿司匹林可导致胃黏膜组织状态较差与幽门螺杆菌感染率升高,且服用时间越长者其状态相对越差,因此应对老年长期服用阿司匹林者进行针对性干预。     

Helicobacter pylori gastritis mimicking gastric carcinoma at CT evaluation

The abdominal computed tomographic (CT) scans from 61 patients with biopsy-proved Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori gastritis were retrospectively reviewed. The CT scans were interpreted on the basis of the original report of the findings at CT examination and without knowledge of the results of biopsy. Of 19 patients (31%) with gastric abnormalities at CT, 14 (74%) had inflammatory changes initially reported as suspicious for gastric malignancy; malignancy was entertained as the primary diagnosis in four of those patients. In five of the 19 abnormal cases (26%), the diagnosis with CT was gastritis. The two major patterns of severe H pylori infection identified were (a) circumferential antral wall thickening and (b) thickening of the posterior gastric wall along the greater curvature, with or without evidence of ulceration. Thickening averaged 1.5-2.0 cm in cases suspicious for malignancy. The majority of abnormalities involved the gastric antrum (68%). No cases demonstrated significant adenopathy, obliteration of fat planes, or invasion of adjacent organs.     

Wall thickening of the gastric antrum as a normal finding: multidetector CT with cadaveric comparison

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to establish the normal range of wall thickness and the normal appearance of the gastric antrum on multidetector CT (MDCT). METHODS: AND MATERIALS. Soft-copy measurements of the gastric antrum and gastric body were performed on contrast-enhanced MDCT scans in 153 consecutive patients without gastric disease. For comparison, anatomic dissection of the stomach was performed in three cadavers. RESULTS: Smooth thickening of the distal gastric antrum relative to the proximal stomach on MDCT was seen in 152 (99%) of 153 patients and appeared concentric in 96% and eccentric in 4%. The mean (+/- SD) antral wall thickness was 5.1 +/- 1.6 mm. The longitudinal extent of antral wall thickening averaged 4.6 cm. At least one antral wall measurement (anterior or posterior) exceeded 5 and 10 mm in 85 patients (56%) and seven patients (5%), respectively. The anterior wall of the gastric body was significantly thinner at 2.0 +/- 0.4 mm (mean +/- SD) than the wall of the gastric antrum (p < 0.0001). The mean antral wall thickness when distention was characterized as grade 1 (least), 2, 3, and 4 (most) was 6.9, 5.1, 4.9, and 4.0 mm, respectively. Linear submucosal low attenuation (mural striation) of the thickened portion of the gastric antrum was noted in 36 patients (24%); fat attenuation was present in 14 cases. Cadaveric stomachs showed mild segmental thickening of the distal gastric antrum, but this thickening was less pronounced compared with in vivo MDCT findings. CONCLUSION: Smooth wall thickening of the distal gastric antrum relative to the proximal stomach on MDCT with or without submucosal low attenuation is a normal finding. Antral wall thickness commonly exceeds 5 mm and may measure up to 12 mm. Our MDCT findings, in conjunction with previous anatomic and physiologic observations, suggest that normal antral wall thickening consists of both static and dynamic components.     

胃黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤影像学表现(附4例报告)

目的 描述胃黏膜相关淋巴组织(mucosa—associatedlymphoidtissue，MALT)淋巴瘤影像学表现并探讨其诊断价值。资料与方法回顾性分析经病理证实的4例胃MALT。淋巴瘤的影像学和临床资料。4例均行幽门螺旋杆菌检查和胃肠钡餐造影(GI)、CT及胃镜检查。分析病变部位、范围和浸润深度。结果4例均感染幽门螺旋杆菌。GI见胃内壁局限性或多个类圆形充盈缺损，黏膜破坏。CT表现见胃壁增厚或见小结节状突起。胃镜见胃黏膜明显增厚、充血，皱襞粗大、紊乱迂曲，并见多个小结节样增生及边缘模糊的浅表溃疡。结论 胃MALT淋巴瘤影像学表现虽没有特异性，但如有幽门螺旋杆菌感染时，应考虑到胃MALT淋巴瘤的可能。