The use of laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy for complicated cholelithiasis

BACKGROUND: The risk of damage to the bile duct and structures in the hilum of the liver is significant when Calot's triangle cannot be safely dissected during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and conversion to an open procedure often is performed. This is more common during emergency surgery, but may not render the procedure any easier. Traditionally, open subtotal cholecystectomy was performed, but with the advent of laparoscopic surgery, this has fallen from favor. The authors report their experience using laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy to avoid bile duct injury and conversion in difficult cases. METHODS: Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy, performed when the cystic duct cannot be identified safely, consists of resecting the anterior wall of the gallbladder, removing all stones, and placing a large drain into Hartmann's pouch. The notes for all patients who underwent a laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy between 1 September 2001 and 31 December 2004 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Subtotal cholecystectomy was performed in 26 cases including 13 emergency and 13 elective procedures. The median age of the patients (15 women and 11 men) was 68 years (range, 36-86 years). The indications were severe fibrosis in 16 cases, inflammatory mass or empyema in 8 cases, and gangrenous gallbladder or perforation in 2 cases. The median postoperative inpatient stay was 5 days (range, 2-26 days). Five patients underwent postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: four for persistent biliary leak and one for a retained common bile duct stone. One patient required laparotomy for subphrenic abscess, and one patient (American Society of Anesthesiology [ASA] grade 4, presenting with biliary peritonitis) died 2 days postoperatively. One patient required a subsequent completion laparoscopic cholecystectomy for a retained gallstone. One patient had a chest infection, and two patients experienced port-site hernias. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy is a viable procedure during cholecystectomy in which Calot's triangle cannot be dissected. It averts the need for a laparotomy.     

腹腔镜胆囊大部分切除术在复杂胆囊手术中的应用

目的　探讨胆囊大部分切除在复杂腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用的可行性及安全性。　方法　对 1999～ 2 0 0 1年施行的 2 6例腹腔镜胆囊大部分切除术的方法、手术疗效及并发症进行了回顾分析。手术指征为化脓性胆囊炎、Mirris综合征Ⅰ型、Calot三角“冰冻样”改变、萎缩性胆囊炎、胆囊床与肝脏瘢痕样致密粘连等。　结果　手术时间为 (5 1± 16 5 )分钟 ,开始下床活动时间 (11± 4 3)小时 ,开始进食时间 (2 2± 8 5 )小时 ,住院时间 (4 5± 1 5 )天 ,术后胆漏 2例 ,均经保守治疗治愈。随访 6月～ 2 5月 ,未见与手术有关的并发症。　结论　在困难胆囊手术中 ,腹腔镜胆囊部分切除术可简化手术 ,降低手术风险 ,可收到胆囊造瘘与标准胆囊切除相结合的疗效。     

罗哌卡因局部麻醉减轻腹腔镜胆囊切除术后疼痛的临床观察

目的 观察腹腔镜胆囊切除术后应用罗哌卡因行局部麻醉对术后疼痛的缓解作用.方法 90例实施腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者,随机均分为三组:Ⅰ组用1%罗哌卡因10ml进行胆囊床喷洒;Ⅱ组用1%罗哌卡因5ml进行胆囊床喷洒,同时再用1%罗哌卡因5ml对三个切口进行局部注射,Ⅲ组为对照组.记录术后1、2、4、6、12、24 h的VAS.结果 术后1、2、4 h时,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组的VAS显著低于Ⅲ组(P＜0.05),且Ⅱ组的VAS显著低于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05).术后6 h时,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组的VAS显著低于Ⅲ组(P＜0.05),Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组差异无统计学意义.术后Ⅲ组需要哌替啶镇痛的患者数量显著多于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P＜0.05).结论 罗哌卡因局部麻醉能显著减轻腹腔镜胆囊切除术后疼痛.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术转开腹手术的危险因素分析

目的研究多个临床因素对腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)转开腹手术的影响。方法对浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院1994年4月至2001年6月的7134例LC的临床资料进行单因素分析,再进行多元逻辑回归分析(逐步排除法),得出影响LC转开腹手术的独立的危险因素。结果男性、高龄(≥65岁)、上腹部手术史、糖尿病、总胆红素升高(≥20.5μmol/L)、胆囊壁增厚(≥4mm)、胆总管直径增宽(≥8mm)、急性胆囊炎是转开腹手术的危险因素。结论可以根据转开腹手术的危险因素指导临床工作。     

腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术的临床应用

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术的可行性,总结困难型腹腔镜胆囊切除术的经验,尤其是腹腔镜胆囊次全切除理念在困难型腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的体现及应用。方法回顾分析我院2008年1月至2013年10月所行腹腔镜胆囊次全切除病例,并以2011年5月为时间节点分为 A 组（节点前时段）、B 组（节点后时段）,分别比较前后两组的（胆囊切除实行专病专治）,手术时间、术后住院时间、术中出血量。结果 B 组手术时间（78.1±6.6）min 少于 A 组（97.5±7.3）min,B 组术后住院时间（3.5±0.4）d 少于 A 组（5.6±0.5）d,出血量 B 组（68.9±7.2）ml 多于 A 组（56.7±7.7）ml。差异均有统计学意义。结论腹腔镜胆囊次全切除应成为腹腔镜术者的常规理念;熟练掌握腹腔镜技术、积累一定经验后,腹腔镜胆囊次全切除可作为常规手术操作应用于临床。     

腹腔镜与小切口胆囊切除治疗胆囊结石的疗效探讨

目的比较腹腔镜胆囊切除术与小切口胆囊切除术两种术式治疗胆囊结石的临床疗效。方法选取2009年5月至2012年6月我院行手术治疗胆囊结石患者120例,其中60例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术作为实验组,小切口胆囊切除术手术治疗60例作为对照组。观察并比较两组临床疗效结果。结果实验组术中出血量少于对照组,手术时间、胃肠道功能恢复时间及术后住院时间短于对照组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);对照组、观察组术后并发症发生率分别为21.7%、8.3%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术具有创伤小、恢复快、住院时间短和并发症少等优点,值得临床推广。     

Current use of thromboembolism prophylaxis for laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients in Sweden

Background The need for thromboembolism (TE) prophylaxis during laparoscopic surgery is not well established. The aim of this study was to investigate current TE prophylaxis in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in Sweden.Methods Mail questionnaire to all Surgical Departments in Sweden about the current use of thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Results The response rate was 78 of 80 departments of surgery (98%). Seventy reported performing LC. Thirty-six percent used thromboembolism prophylaxis in all patients, 17% in most, 9% in half their patients and 39% only rarely. The current use of thromboembolism prophylaxis ranged from low-molecular-weight heparin for 7 days + stockings in all patients to no prophylaxis at all in the majority of patients.Conclusions The use of thromboembolism prophylaxis in LC patients is highly variable, even in the small and homogenous country of Sweden. Further studies concerning the risk of TE complications after laparoscopic surgery are warranted.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹手术105例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中转开腹的原因及防治措施。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2012年12月我科收治3047例LC中105例中转开腹的临床资料,分析其中转开腹的原因并总结。结果本组患者的中转开腹率为3.45%,分析原因主要为胆囊三角严重粘连、解剖困难、胆囊管结石嵌顿、胆管损伤、大出血、意外胆囊癌等,105例患者经中转开腹后无严重并发症,均痊愈出院。结论准确严格把握LC手术适应证,术中规范、精细操作可有效降低中转开腹率,而当操作困难或对手术没把握时,应及时中转开腹以确保手术安全性。     

Cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

This study retrospectively evaluated the cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic cholecystectomy compared to open cholecystectomy in a single university-affiliated community hospital. The medical records of all patients that underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy during 1990 and open cholecystectomy during 1989 in one hospital were reviewed. Hospital stay, hospital charges, surgeons' and anesthesiologists' fees were determined. Fifty patients from each group were contacted to determine recovery time to full activity after surgery. Those having common duct exploration and those converted to open cholecystectomy after an attempted laparoscopic cholecystectomy (n=8) were excluded. A summary of results is included below (Table 1).In our early experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy we found that the total charges for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were more than for open cholecystectomy when one recognizes the 1-year difference in patient accrual between the two groups. Time to full recovery was markedly reduced in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy compared to those having an open procedure. Despite the overall increased total charge with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the shorter recovery period allowing the patients an earlier return to full preoperative activities contributes to its cost-effectiveness when compared to open cholecystectomy. Further experience with laparoscopic cholecystectomy and refinements in management of these patients should allow for further reductions in charges for this procedure.Presented at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Nashville, Tennessee, USA, 18–19 April 1994The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the DOD, the USAF, or of other federal agencies. The authors above are responsible for the contents of the paper.     

一组腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术病例的术后随访观察

目的随访观察一组腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术病例的术后疗效。方法回顾性分析2004年4月-2013年12月97例我院行腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术的患者资料。术后随访时间最长8年余,最短为6个月。随访期内行腹部彩超、CT、MRI等检查。结果术后右上腹疼痛者9例,3例因胆囊结石残留二次行胆囊残株切除术,无胆总管狭窄等严重远期并发症出现。结论腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术对某些病例是安全有效的治疗方法,对于结石残留的胆囊残株炎病例仍需二次手术切除残留的胆囊。     

Costs of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Despite the growing acceptance of laparoscopic cholecystectomy the costs remain unclear. Therefore, a detailed cost analysis was performed to determine potential savings. As part of a continuing audit, data of 508 consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies have been prospectively collected. Pre-, intra-, and postoperative variables were assessed by standardized questionnaires. These data were used to estimate the average use of diagnostics, drug consumption, operation time, and hospital stay. In addition, costs for loss in income, hotel services, diagnostic procedures, and for the operation itself were calculated in detail.The total costs for a standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy were 3,395 deutsche marks (DM). The costs for the operation itself represented 19%, hotel services and medical treatment except the operation such as nursing, visits, or diagnostic procedures represented 47%, and the loss of income another 33% of the total costs. Thus, most effective savings may be achieved by shortening the hospital stay and the time of inability to work. However, each additional 30 min of operating time costed 146 DM (4.88 DM/min) and an ideal operation performed within 40 min and with a 3-day hospital stay would save 20% of the total and 31% of the hospital costs. An increase in the number of operations per year would not have a relevant impact on the cost.Disposable instruments would have increased the costs by 1,118 DM (33%). The costs for cleaning, packing, and disposal were only marginal. Reusable instruments were not related to any disadvantage either to the patients or to the staff. No injuries of the staff caused by these instruments were observed. A potential prevention of all wound infections that had occurred in the present series (n=10) by disposable instruments would have cost an additional 541,844 DM or 54,184 DM per infection prevented. In conclusion, disposable instruments are not cost-effective.The results of this study may contribute to further significant cost savings of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Selective use of preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the era of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background : The use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the management of suspected common bile duct (CBD) stones prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy is common. The associated morbidity can be significant. The present study determines significant predictors of CBD stones and improves the selection of patients for preoperative ERCP. Methods : All preoperative ERCP for suspected CBD stones in the year 1998 were studied retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses of a number of clinical, biochemical and radiological variables were carried out to determine the best predictors of CBD stones. Results : A total of 112 patients had successful preoperative ERCP. Sixty‐one per cent of these were negative for stones and the morbidity was 9%. Univariate analysis revealed the following variables as predictors: cholangitis (P = 0.006), abnormal serum bilirubin ≥ 3 days (P = 0.002), serum alkaline phosphatase ≥ 130 U/L (P = 0.002), deranged liver function tests (P = < 0.001) and CBD diameter ≥ 8 mm (P = 0.009) with positive predictive values of 80%, 68%, 49%, 38% and 52%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed the model with the best ability to discriminate for CBD stones (P = 0.0005) was cholangitis, abnormal serum bilirubin for ≥ 3 days and CBD diameter ≥ 8 mm. The best predictors from this study had a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 27%. Conclusions : The predictors of CBD stones are imprecise. Until laparoscopic exploration of CBD becomes widely available, ERCP prior to cholecystectomy will remain popular. The use of stricter selection criteria can reduce the number of negative preoperative ERCP.     

Prospective randomized comparative study of single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy versus conventional four-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background

This study aimed to compare the outcomes of single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC) versus conventional 4-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).

Methods

From November 2009 to August 2010, 51 patients with symptomatic gallstone or gallbladder polyps were randomized to SILC (n = 24) or 4-port LC (n = 27).

Results

Mean surgical time (43.5 vs 46.5 min), median blood loss (1 vs 1 mL) and mean hospital stay (1.5 vs 1.8 d) were similar for both the SILC and 4-port LC group. There were no open conversions and no major complications. The mean total wound length of the SILC group was significantly shorter (1.76 vs 2.25 cm). The median visual analogue pain score at 6 hours after surgery was similar (4.5 vs 4.0) but the SILC group had a significantly worse pain score on day 7 (1 vs 0). There was no difference in time to resume usual activity (mean, 5.6 vs 5.0 d). The median cosmetic score of SILC was significantly higher than at 3 months after surgery (7 vs 6).

Conclusions

SILC was feasible and safe for properly selected patients in experienced hands.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术严重并发症的预防

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术严重并发症的预防经验。方法 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术200例无严重并发症的经验。结果 平均手术时间（85±35）min,术后196例病人翌日可在扶助下下床活动和开始进食,术后住院3-5d。1例发生局限性胆瘘和1例局限性腹腔感染均经保守治疗痊愈,2例因严重粘连而中转开腹手水也痊愈,均无胆管损伤和大出血等严重并发症。结论 加强围手术期处理和针对发生各种并发症的原因积极采取相应措施是关键。     

A financial analysis of laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is now the method of choice in treatment of symptomatic gallstone disease. Despite its rapidly growing popularity, comparative costs of this new method and open cholecystectomy (OC) remain unclear. The most outstanding feature of laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the period of short recovery. In Sweden the social insurance office documents sick leave period, sickness allowance, as well as diagnosis and therefore provides a reliable basis for an economic analysis. The purpose of this study was to estimate the hospital cost and costs due to sick leave in a series of patients operated on with elective cholecystectomy using the two methods. In each group 50 consecutive patients were studied retrospectively. The total hospital cost was 10% lower in the laparoscopy group—$1,864 as compared to $2,030 per patient in the OC group. Median number of days off work was 14 after LC and 35 days after open surgery, which corresponds to a median sickness allowance of $516 per patient (LC) compared to $1,424 (OC). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is more cost-effective than open cholecystectomy mainly due to a reduced sick leave period.     

腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术17例分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术的可行性。方法回顾性总结我科2000年6月至2006年8月收治的行腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术17例胆囊疾病患者的临床资料。结果本组17例胆囊疾病患者均成功行腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术,无中转开腹。术后发生胆汁漏2例,均在1周之内经保守治疗痊愈。结论特殊情况下行腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术治疗胆囊疾病是安全可行的,有一定的临床价值。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)并发症发生的原因及处理措施。方法回顾性分析13例LC并发症的原因、处理方法和预防措施。结果发生并发症13例(1.01%),其中胆管损伤3例,胆漏3例,胆总管残余结石5例,腹壁戳孔结石残留2例。13例均及时处理后治愈。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症重在预防,完善术前检查,重视术中术后的每个环节是减少LC并发症的关健。     

Comparison of titanium and absorbable polymeric surgical clips for use in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

The use of hemostatic surgical clips is crucial in laparoscopic surgery. Metal clips can cause significant interference with computerized tomography, may have poor holding power, and may erode into important anatomic structures. Polymeric absorbable clips, which have advantages over metallic clips, are evaluated in this study. In vitro and in vivo studies were undertaken to evaluate the hold force, rate of degradation, tissue reactivity and safety of absorbable polymeric clips. Absorbable and titanium clips were applied across excised canine cystic ducts and both axial and transverse pull-off forces were measured. In the second phase, absorbable clips were implanted subcutaneously into male rats and the strength remaining within the clips was measured after 7, 10, 14, or 21 days. In phase 3, 30 pigs were randomized into six groups and each animal underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The cystic duct and artery were ligated with absorbable polymeric clips (experimental group) or titanium clips (control group). Animals were sacrificed at 7, 14, or 28 days and a celiotomy was performed. Intraabdominal adhesions were assessed and scored.The force required to dislodge the absorbable clip was significantly greater than for metallic clips for both axial and transverse forces. Absorbable clip strength retention decreased over time as expected with a retention of 11% original strength by the 21st day. Adhesions were highest when bile spillage occurred, but did not differ significantly between either clip type.Absorbable polymeric clips were hemostatically effective in this laparoscopic model and may offer advantages over metallic clips.Presented at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 3 April 1993     

Resident education in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background Resident education in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) was studied in a retrospective analysis of consecutive cases performed at two academic institutions with different educational approaches. Methods Each procedure was performed by a resident as operating surgeon under the direct guidance of one of a small, constant group of LC-certified attendings acting as first assistant. In group I (n = 48), residents acquired LC skills by graded exposure and surgical responsibility similar to their training in other general surgical procedures. In group II (n = 48) residents were additionally certified via an intensive course (including didactic and animal model experience) prior to assuming responsibility as surgeon. Results Results were similar in each group. No technical errors were identified. Blood transfusion was not required related to surgery. Conversion to an open procedure occurred in 10% and 8% in groups I and II, respectively. The rate of complications was 4% for group I and 8% for group II. A longer operating time was noted in group I and may be attributed to nonoperative reasons. Conclusions Education in LC via graded experience throughout residency achieves results similar to that found with the addition of an intensive course. This additional training may not be necessary for surgical residents. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Orlando, FL, USA, 11–14 March 1995     

Evaluation of fundus-first laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard for gallbladder surgery. Cholecystectomy from the fundus to the cystic duct may be advantageous when cystic duct exposure becomes difficult due to adhesions on Calot's triangle. The aim of this study was to compare conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy with the fundus-first procedure and to evaluate whether the fundus-first technique can prevent conversion in difficult cases. METHODS: The study included 145 patients treated over 18 months. The inclusion criterion was the presence of ultrasound proven gallstones. Patients were excluded from the study if there was evidence of common bile duct stones, a bilioenteric fistula, or carcinoma of the gallbladder. RESULTS: The fundus-first approach was started in 45 patients; all procedures were completed laparoscopically. Conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy was begun in 100 patients. Twenty-seven of the 100 patients were converted to fundus dissection (adhesions within Calot's triangle). Four of the 27 were further converted to open surgery. One patient had a drop in blood pressure on creation of pneumoperitoneum. Time taken for severely inflammatory and noninflammatory cases was significantly greater (P<0.05) in the fundus-first group. The average hospital stay was 48 hours in both groups. No major complications were observed. CONCLUSION: The rate of conversion in the conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy group decreased from 18.75% (27/144) to 2.08% (3/144). The fundus-first technique has the potential to decrease conversion in difficult cases.