枢椎椎弓根及峡部的临床解剖学观察

目的:明确枢椎椎弓根及峡部的解剖部位,指导枢椎后路螺钉的临床应用。方法:成人C2干燥骨标本30具,C3干燥骨标本10具,以横突孔周围结构为重点,进行枢椎形态比较学观察;测量枢椎椎弓根轴线在下关节突背侧的坐标点。结果:C2的下方结构与C3下方的表面解剖结构接近,枢椎上方结构与C3相比较,上关节突移向齿突的外下方,并使峡部拉长前移,其轴向角度为11.1°±2.4°;枢椎椎弓根轴向角度为42.6°±4.9°,椎弓根轴线-下关节突背侧关节突上缘的交点坐标O与下关节突上缘-中垂线交点O’基本重合。结论:枢椎上下关节突之间的部分,应为峡部和椎弓根的复合体,复合体的上部较为扁平的部分为峡部,其中下部分位于横突孔内后侧的半管柱状结构为椎弓根部,连接着椎体和下关节突。     

枢椎椎弓根的解剖部位

目的：明确枢椎椎弓根的解剖部位。方法：观测干燥成人枢椎标本，对新鲜枢椎行CT薄层扫描，寻找残存的枢椎上终板痕迹，以明确枢椎椎弓根的部位。结果：枢椎前结构的前下方为一三角形突起部位，皮质较厚，同典型颈椎椎体相似；三角形突起与上关节突锥形跨越约1．8～2．4mm。侧方椎弓上下关节突间部分，以横突孔后结节为界可分为前后两部分，前者内倾角大，后者内倾角小。结论：枢椎的椎体为位于前结构下方的三角形突起部分，椎弓根位于上关节突与椎体之间，侧方椎弓上下关节突问的连接部分，被横突孔后结节分为横突孔内界及峡部。     

经口前路枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定的临床应用解剖学

目的:为经口前路枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定系统的临床应用提供解剖学依据.方法:60具成年人枢椎干骨标本,观察并确定前路枢椎椎弓根螺钉的安全进钉点,测量其与枢椎上关节面、前正中矢状面及与横突孔内侧壁的距离,前路枢柞椎弓根螺钉的骨性钉道长度,安全的进钉方向(向外倾斜角度、向下倾斜角度).结果:经口前路枢椎椎弓根螺钉的安全进钉点为:与枢椎上关节面的距离为(5.0±1.0)mm;与前正中矢状面的距离为(7.8±0.7)mm;与横突孔内侧壁的距离为(6.1±1.7)mm.前路枢椎椎弓根的骨性钉道长度为(26.4±1.5)mm.安全置钉方向为向外倾斜(18±4)°,向下倾斜(14±4)°.结论:(1)经几前路枢椎椎弓根螺钉的最佳进钉点为:枢椎上父节面下5.0 mm,距离前正中失状面7.8 mm处;(2)安全进钉方向为:向外倾斜18°,向下倾斜14°,置入的枢椎椎弓根螺钉均位丁骨性钉道内,安全可靠.     

枢椎侧方椎弓的临床解剖学测量

目的:探讨国人行枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的可行性。方法:测量57例干燥枢椎标本侧弓前部内倾角α s、上倾角Y、上宽Ws、中宽Wm、下宽W、上高Hup下高Hip及上关节突厚度Hsa,Ebraheim进针点O距下关节突外缘和下缘距离Lla和Hia钉道表观长度Ls、实际长度La,O点距上关节突后缘和峡部的距离Los和Loi。结果:左／右αs=37.78°±7.87°／40.23°±7.73°,y=62.92°±9.25°／62.41°±8.41°,Ws=7.40±1.69 mm／6.86±1.71 mm,Wm=5.18±1.48 mm／5.17±1.40 mm,Wi=4.17±1.13 mm／4.21±0.98 mm.Hsa2 07±0.94 mm／1.97±0.87 mm,Hup=5 09±1.39 mm／5.00±1.43 mm,Hip=6.05±1.48 m／5.84±1.20 mm.Lla=4.19±1.17 mm／3.94±1.06 mm,Hia=9.38±1.60 mm／9.44±1.82 mm,Ls=29.43±2.61 mm／30.02±2.70 mm,La=26.63±2.37 mm／26.42±2.72 mm,Los=6.37±1.48 mm／4.96±1.54 mm,Loi=4.42±1.30 mm／2.64±1.25 mm。左右侧分别有45.6％(26)／47.3％(27)例的Wm≤5.0 mm(3.5 mm螺钉的安全界限)。如以仅α作为进针方向,左、右侧分别有63.2％(36)、70.2％(40)的螺钉将进入对侧。结论:国人Wm偏小,3.5 mm椎弓根螺钉内固定风险较大。Ebraheim进针点偏前、偏内、偏上,进钉的内倾角偏大、上倾角偏小。应行调整。     

枢椎各结构的解剖学部位研究

目的：明确枢椎各结构的解剖部位。方法：对57例干燥成人标本进行观察与测量，对8例新鲜枢椎标本进行CT薄层扫描，寻找残存的C1-2椎体间连接痕迹。以此为依据，明确枢椎各结构的具体部位。对20例志愿者的枢椎CT三维重建以及MRI图像进行分析，验证前述结论。结果：枢椎前结构的前下方为一三角形的突起部分，皮质较厚，同典型颈椎的椎体相似；两侧的三角形突起与上关节突之间为皮质凹陷区域；CT扫描见枢椎上终板残留位于三角形突起的上厅1．2～1．8mm处，呈圆饼形跨越约1．8～2．4mm同齿突的下终板残留结合在一起。位于椎弓侧方的上下关节突间部分以横突孔后结节为界可分为前后两部分，前者内倾角、上倾角大，后者小。前者外壁菲薄，多数有滋养血管孔存在，而后者内外侧皮质厚度较一致。结论：枢椎的椎体为位于前结构下方的三角形突起部分，椎弓根位于上关节突与椎体之间，椎弓侧方为上下关节突之间的连接部分，被横突孔后结节分为横突孔内界及峡部两个部分，后者为典型Hangman骨折的部位。     

枢椎椎弓根内固定的解剖学研究

目的通过标本测量,研究以下关节突中心点为入钉点,枢椎椎弓根螺钉的进钉方法及要点。方法50枚人尸体骨干骨标本,以下关节突中心点A为进针点,在枢椎腹侧测量椎弓根的内倾角α;在椎弓背侧,选择上关节突内缘C点为标志点,测量AC连线的冠状面内倾角β,探讨α与β的相关性。结果枢椎腹侧测量的椎弓根冠状面内倾角为43°±4°(左侧),45°±5°(右侧),均值44°±6°;枢椎背侧测量的下关节突中心点A与上关节面内缘点C的连线内倾角β为39°±5°(左侧),37°±6°(右侧),均值38°±7°;α,β差值平均为5°±2°。结论①椎椎弓根部的解剖特点决定了其椎弓根螺钉的进入方向必须非常精确,否则很容易穿出椎弓根内外壁,造成椎动脉或脊髓的损伤;②枢椎下关节中心点与上关节面内缘点的连线对于确定合理的钉道方向具有较好的参考价值。     

枢椎椎弓根的测量及其临床意义

目的:为枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定手术提供解剖学依据。方法:55例成年人枢椎干标本,分别测量其椎弓根的宽度、高度,以及枢椎椎弓根在横断面和矢状面上的角度。结果:枢椎椎弓根的宽度为(8.22±1.48)mm,高度为(8.24±0.86)mm,在横断面上内斜角为36.57°±3.18°,在矢状面上的上倾角为26.79°±2.10°。结论:枢椎椎弓根有足够的空间供椎弓根螺钉固定,椎弓根螺钉的直径应小于3.5mm,且在横断面和矢状面上要有一定的角度。     

枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定可行性的CT测量研究

目的:探讨枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定的可行性,为临床应用提供依据。方法:利用CT扫描50例干燥枢椎标本,测量枢椎椎弓根上缘、下缘和中部的宽度以及椎弓根的内、外缘高度。结果:椎椎弓根的上缘宽度为(7.67±1.33)mm,所有标本均大于5.0mm;中部宽度平均(5.75±1.59)mm,19%小于5.0mm;下缘宽度平均(3.87±1.09)mm,84%小于5.0mm。枢椎椎弓根的缘高度平均(5.66±1.43)mm,40%小于5.0mm;内缘高度平均(8.80±0.74)mm,所有标本均大于5.0mm。结论:国人中约81%的患者适合进行枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定,术前CT扫描可明确个体的置钉可行性。     

枢椎侧弓螺钉安全钉道的判定与测量

目的:利用Unigraphics(UG)三维重建技术寻找枢椎侧弓螺钉安全钉道的经过,并进行相关参数的测量.方法:对4例干燥和8例新鲜枢椎行CT扫描, UG软件重建虚拟实体,利用3.5 mm虚拟螺钉模拟进钉,寻找安全钉道经过的特征标记点.以此为基础,测定57例干燥枢椎安全钉道的内倾角与上倾角(AutoCAD环境)及进针点距峡部及下关节突外缘的距离(手工测量).结果:模拟发现横断面安全钉道经过前弓中宽后界的内中1/3交界与中宽前界的外中1/3交界,矢状面经过前弓中宽后界中部及前界中宽与上关节突下界交界处.对另57例干燥标本进行测量发现安全钉道的内倾角为左/右＝(10.94±6.53)°/(11.95±2.82)°,上倾角为(13.31±5.44)°/(14.45±3.80)°,在大多数标本椎板后下方有一突起的骨嵴 (左/右＝84.2%/84.98%) ,进针点多位于这一骨嵴线上(左/右＝87.5%/84.9%).进针点距离下关节外侧缘左/右＝(6.71±1.33)mm/(6.28±1.48)mm,距离后弓左/右＝(9.93±1.38)mm/(8.47±1.70)mm.个体间差异较大.结论:侧方椎弓螺钉固定的安全钉道在横断面经过横突孔区域(侧弓前份)中宽后界的内中1/3交界与中宽前界的外中1/3交界,矢状面经过后方中宽中部及前方中宽与关节突下界交界处,不同侧别间及不同个体间有明显差别.     

寰枢椎的解剖学测量及其临床意义

目的 :为寰枢椎区病损机制和手术治疗提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 15 0例中国成年人干燥寰枢椎标本上 ,对具有临床意义的数据进行解剖学测量。结果 :寰椎上关节面内倾角、下关节面外倾角及侧块内倾角两侧不对称分别占 19.3 %、10 .7%和 7.3 % ;椎动脉沟处形成沟环者占 16 .0 % ;所有横突孔的前后径和横径均大于 4mm ;后弓内侧半距仅为外侧半距的 1/2。枢椎椎弓根内倾角变异较大 (-3 .5°～2 1.5°) ;齿突腰部宽度小于 9mm者占 71.2 % ,齿突后倾角的变异较大 (0°～ 2 2°) ;2 7.5 %的椎动脉在经过枢椎侧块下方时会形成一动脉压迹沟 ,致使侧块外端和椎弓根变薄。结论 :①寰枢椎的解剖学形态与其生物力学性质及损伤机制密切相关 ;②手术时寰椎前弓向外显露不宜超过 2 0mm ,后弓切除向外不宜超过 10mm ,经寰枢外侧关节融合或内固定术应选择在关节的内侧 2 /3 ;③大部分中国人不适宜于两枚齿突螺钉内固定术 ;④ 2 7.5 %的中国人不适宜于经椎弓根螺钉固定术 ,枢椎椎弓根变异较大 ,手术前应作CT检测。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.