脑缺血再灌流后bFGF基因的表达及MK-801的影响

目的 研究脑缺血再灌流后ｂＦＧＦ基因表达的意义及其机制。方法 采用原位杂交和１免疫组化的方法,观察大鼠脑缺血再灌流后ｂＦＧＦ基因的表达及ＭＫ－８０１对它们的影响。结果 缺血２ｈ再灌流１ｈ可见ｂＦＧＦ表达增高（Ｐ〈０．０５）,ｂＦＧＦ ｍＲＮＡ表达于１２ｈ达高峰,ｂＦＧＦ蛋白于２４ｈ,达高峰;ＭＫ－８０１组与缺血组相比,于再灌流６ｈ～４８ｈ ｂＧＦＧ表达减弱（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论 局灶性脑缺血再灌流     

沙土鼠脑缺血后HSP70表达变化研究

目的研究脑缺血后ＨＳＰ７０表达变化。方法采用沙土鼠短暂前脑缺血再灌损伤模型,光镜观察缺血再灌后神经细胞损伤情况,Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ和免疫组化方法分别检测脑缺血后不同时期额叶ＨＳＰ７０ｍＲＮＡ及蛋白表达。结果沙土鼠脑缺血后各期ＨＳＰ７０ｍＲＮＡ表达增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而ＨＳＰ７０蛋白仅在再灌后１ｄ有少量表达（Ｐ＜０．０１）。缺血神经细胞在再灌后７ｄ大多出现损伤改变。结论沙土鼠脑缺血后,虽有ＨＳＰ７０转录增加,却存在着ＨＳＰ７０的翻译障碍。ＨＳＰ７０翻译障碍可能是导致神经细胞损伤的重要原因之一。     

实验性脑缺血及再灌注大鼠脑组织bFGF表达的研究

目的　探讨大鼠脑缺血２ ｈ 后不同时间再灌注脑组织碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（ｂＦＧＦ）的表达程度。方法　采用线栓法栓堵一侧大鼠大脑中动脉,建立脑缺血及再灌注模型。用免疫组化的方法,对缺血脑组织ｂＦＧＦ的表达进行观察。用统计学分析ｂＦＧＦ阳性细胞的数据。结果　正常脑组织中只有微量ｂＦＧＦ的表达;脑缺血２ ｈ 后再灌注０．５ ｈ 起,ｂＦＧＦ少量表达,为神经元表达;脑缺血２ ｈ 后再灌注２２ ｈ,ｂＦＧＦ表达达到高峰,神经元及神经胶质细胞均有表达。脑缺血２ ｈ 后再灌注１６６ ｈ,ｂＦＧＦ仍有持续表达。结论　ｂＦＧＦ参与缺血脑组织的修复过程     

东菱克栓酶对全脑缺血再灌流损伤脑保护作用的实验研究

本文采用Ｐｕｌｌｓｉｎｅｌｌｉ的４ＶＯ方法制作了大鼠全脑缺血再灌流动动物模型，采用ＴＢＡ法、ＤＴＮＢ直接法测定全脑缺血１０ｍｉｎ再灌流后４８ｈ海马区的过氧化脂质（ＬＰＯ）和谷光甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）含量变化，计量病理和电子显微镜观察病理变化及东菱精纯克栓酶对其含量变化和病理改变的影响。结果显示：（１）东菱克栓酶可降低海马区ＬＰＯ含量（Ｐ〈０．０１），使ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ活性上升（Ｐ〈０．０１）。     

脑缺血再灌流大鼠脑胶质源性神经营养因子基因表达的变化

探讨脑缺血再灌流不同时程及不同程度缺血对海马及皮层胶质源性神经营养因子（ｇｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌｌｉｎｅ ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ ｎｅｕｒｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｃ ｆａｃｔｏｒ, ＧＤＮＦ）基因表达的影响,以及Ｎ甲基Ｄ天冬氨酸（Ｎｍ ｅｔｈｙｌＤｓａｐａｒｔａｔｅ, ＮＭＤＡ）受体拮抗剂,钙离子通道阻断剂是否能调节缺血病态下ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ的表达。参照Ｓｍ ｉｔｈ 等方法建立大鼠前脑缺血再灌流动物模型。用ＤＩＧＯｌｉｇｏｎｕｃｌｅｏｔｉｄｅ ３′ｅｎｄ ｌａｂｅｌｉｎｇ Ｋｉｔ,标记５１ ｍ ｅｒ的ＧＤＮＦ寡核苷酸探针在含有海马结构的冰冻组织切片上进行原位杂交检测ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ的表达。１０ ｍ ｉｎ 缺血再灌流２ ｈ,齿状回ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ表达上调。再灌流６ ｈ,ＣＡ１,ＣＡ３ 和皮层ＰＡＲ区ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ表达亦见增多,２４ ｈ 达高峰。Ｋｅｔａｍ ｉｎｅ 可使ＧＤＮＦ的基因表达在海马结构及皮层ＰＡＲ区明显低于相应的缺血再灌流组,统计学差异显著（Ｐ＜ ００５）。脑缺血再灌流时ＧＤＮＦ基因表达增加,对缺血神经元可能起保护作用。Ｋｅｔａｍ ｉｎｅ可阻断缺血后ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ 的表达增加,提示ＮＭＤＡ谷氨酸受体很可能参与介导了缺     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌流后HSP70表达及其mRNA变化

目的 探讨热休克蛋白７０（ＨＳＰ７０）在局灶脑缺血再灌流后的变化和作用。方法 采用线栓法制备大脑中动脉缺国知再灌流模型。应用免疫组化方法观察ＨＳＰ７０的组织学分布,利用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法检测缺血皮层与基底节区脑组织ＨＳＰ７０ｍＲＮＡ相对含量。结果 基底节区ＨＳＰ７０阳性细胞较少,持续时间短,眼层区ＨＳＰ７０阳性细胞较多,持续时间长。ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ结果表明ＨＳＰ７０ｍＲＮＡ相对含量与免疫组化结果相一致。     

丹参在缺血再灌注时的神经保护作用──成纤维细胞生长因子上调

丹参作为传统中药治疗缺血性脑血管病具有良好的疗效，本实验研究丹参是否通过影响成纤维细胞生长因子（ｂＦＧＦ）起修复作用。用大鼠线栓法缺血再灌注模型及免疫组化方法，发现大鼠缺血９０ｍｉｎ、再灌流４８ｈ后，缺血侧皮层、尾壳核及海马区ｂＦＧＦ样免疫反应增加及神经细胞变性；缺血后给予丹参（１５ｇ／　ｋｇ）大鼠，ｂＦＧＦ样免疫反应加强，并且缺血对应侧脑区也可见轻度的ｂＦＧＦ样免疫反应改变，且神经细胞变性程度较轻。提示丹参对脑缺血再灌流的保护作用可能与它加强ｂＦＧＦ的修复作用有关。     

大鼠局灶脑缺血再灌注后GM1的保护作用及其对FGFR1表达的影响

目的 探讨大鼠局灶脑缺血再灌注后神经节苷脂（ＧＭ１）的保护作用及其对碱性纤维母细胞生长因子的特异性受体（ＦＧＦＲ１）表达的影响。方法 采用检线法备大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型。通过腹腔注射给予ＧＭ１,利用免疫组化方法检测ＦＧＦＲ１表达情况,并对病理学改变进行观察研究。结果 与对照组相比,缺血再灌组ＦＧＦＲ１表达明显增多（Ｐ〈０．０１）,而ＧＭ１用药组与缺血再灌组相比,ＦＧＦＲ１表达也明显增长（Ｐ〈０．     

大鼠脑针刺损伤引起的碱性成纤维细胞生长因子变化与5‘—甲基？…

系统观察大鼠ＣＮＳ针刺损伤后表达ｂＦＧＦ、ＦＧＦ受体（ＦＧＦＲ）和ＧＦＡＰ的细胞种类、时相以及相互影响，探讨ＦＧＦＲ抑制剂－－５’－ＭＴＡ对体内反应生形胶质化的影响。将７５只ＳＤ雄性大鼠均分１５组：伤后０．５ｈ￣３０ｄ处死的实验组与对照组。将２０只雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠均分２大组。甲组伤后４ｄ处死（５只加药鼠），乙组伤后８ｄ经（５只加药鼠）；其中非加药鼠作相应单纯损伤对照组。ＨＥ染色和免疫组化染色观     

脑缺血再灌注脑内纹状体区细胞外液谷胱甘肽的动态变化及丹参的影响

采用脑内微透析技术，应用高压液相色谱电化学检测方法（ＨＰＬＣ－ＥＤ），活体动态观察沙土鼠全脑缺血３０分钟，再灌注１２０分钟的细胞外液中的谷胱甘肽（Ｇｌｕｔａｔｈｉｏｎｅ，ＧＳＨ）的变化及丹参对它的影响。结果显示：全脑缺血后，细胞外液ＧＳＨ水平迅速升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），缺血３０分钟达高峰为缺血前的５。８２倍。再灌注后ＧＳＨ水平明显降低，于３０分钟趋于正常。脑缺血前３０分钟给予丹参注射液不影响细胞外液ＧＳＨ水平。表明脑缺血及再灌注期，ＧＳＨ反应性增高。ＧＳＨ作为内源性抗氧化剂及ＮＭＤＡ受体拮抗剂在脑缺血损伤中起重要作用。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.