Increased lipid peroxidation in tissues of nickel chloride-treated rats

Parenteral administration of nickel chloride (NiCl2) to rats enhanced lipid peroxidation in liver, kidney, and lung (but not in brain, heart, spleen, or testis), as measured by the thiobarbituric acid reaction for malondialdehyde (MDA) and related chromogens in fresh tissue homogenates. After sc injection of NiCl2 (0.75 mmol per kg body wt), MDA concentrations in liver and kidney became significantly increased by nine h and reached peak values at 48 h. For example, in nine rats killed 48 h after the NiCl2 injection, hepatic MDA concentrations averaged 2.5 +/- 1.0 mumol per g dry wt (P less than 0.001 versus 0.5 +/- 0.3 mumol per g in 30 controls). Dose-effect relationships for lipid peroxidation in liver and kidney were observed with NiCl2 dosages ranging from 0.12 to 0.75 mmol per kg, sc. Intrarenal administration of a carcinogenic nickel compound, nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2, 0.36 mmol per kg body wt), did not affect MDA concentrations in the injected kidneys of rats killed one to 20 days post-injection. The results of this study implicate lipid peroxidation as a molecular mechanism for cell injury in acute NiCl2 poisoning, but they do not furnish any evidence that lipid peroxidation is involved in the initiation of nickel carcinogenesis.     

Effects of nickel chloride and diethyldithiocarbamate on metallothionein in rat liver and kidney

Effects of NiCl2 and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) upon metallothionein (MT) concentrations were studied in liver and kidney of male Fischer rats. After injection of NiCl2 (0.75 mmol per kg, sc), hepatic MT concentration increased 2.6-fold at 6.5 hr and 8.2-fold at 17 hr; renal MT concentration increased 1.4-fold at 6.5 hr and 2.3-fold at 17 hr. Dose-related increases of MT concentrations were observed in liver and kidney of rats killed 17 hr after injection of NiCl2 (0.25 to 0.75 mmol per kg, sc). Repeated administration of NiCl2 (0.1 mmol per kg, ip) on four successive days, with sacrifice three days after the last treatment, increased MT concentrations 1.4-fold in liver and kidney, whereas CdCl2-treatment at the same dosage schedule increased MT concentration 16-fold in liver and 3.3-fold in kidney. NiCl2-Induction of MT in liver and kidney was not prevented by actinomycin D (1 mg per kg, ip), but was inhibited by cycloheximide (2 mg per kg, ip). Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate given alone (1.33 mmol per kg, im) 17 hr before death, increased MT concentration 7.6-fold in liver but did not affect MT concentration in kidney; administration of DDC prior to injection of NiCl2 did not inhibit NiCl2-induction of MT.     

Pathological reactions in lung, liver, thymus, and spleen of rats after subacute parenteral administration of nickel sulfate

Male Fischer-344 rats (10 to 12 rats per group) were given 14 i.m. injection of nickel sulfate (NiSO4) over a period of 26 days in order to delineate the two-year survival, body weight curves, hematocrit responses, and histopathological reactions, including carcinogenesis. Group A (vehicle controls) received the NaCl vehicle; Groups B, C, and D received NiSO4 solution at dosages of 63, 83, or 125 mumol per kg, respectively. Rats in Group D all died during the period from 4 to 32 days after the first injection; survival of rats in Groups B and C did not differ significantly from the controls (Group A). No differences were found at any time between the mean body weights or blood hematocrits of the NiSO4-treated groups vs. the controls. In Group D, histopathological lesions of the lung, liver, thymus, and spleen were consistently observed; these lesions were most severe in rats that died during the period from 22 to 32 days after the first injection. The lungs showed proliferation of alveolar lining cells, thickening of the alveolar wall, and proteinaceous alveolar exudate. The livers showed microvesicular steatosis, and necrotic hepatocytes were scattered throughout the lobules. Degeneration of lymphocytes, with pyknosis and karyorrhexis, was observed in the thymic cortex and the white pulp of the spleen. At necropsy, no significant differences were found between the NiSO4-treated rats of Groups B and C and the controls (Group A). No sarcomas or other neoplasms occurred near the injection sites in NiSO4-treated rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Preliminary study on the protective effect of vitamin C on monosodium glutamate-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a food additive with a wide range of biological effects but its high dose and prolonged use can cause a toxic effect on the liver. Therefore, the present study was aimed at investigating the role of vitamin C in MSG-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. MSG was administered to rats (by gavage) at a dose of 6 mg/g body weight for 10 days to induce hepatotoxicity, and vitamin C at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight was coadministered to evaluate its ameliorating effect by measuring alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in serum; superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities in liver fraction; lipid peroxidation; and liver weight. It was found that MSG significantly (P?<?0.05) induced lipid peroxidation (LPO), increased liver weight, and increased activity of SOD and catalase in the liver of animals. The activity of ALT and AST was also increased in the serum on MSG administration. Vitamin C (500 mg/kg) coadministered with MSG significantly reduced LPO and liver weight and decreased the hepatic activity of catalase, but the activity of SOD was not reduced significantly. Also, a significant reduction in ALT and AST activity was observed. MSG induced oxidative stress and hepatic toxicity in the experimental animals at a dose of 6 mg/g body weight. Vitamin C significantly reduced the oxidative stress and hepatic toxicity induced by MSG, thereby providing a protective effect against the MSG-induced hepatotoxicity. The protective effect is associated with decreased LPO and liver weight and decreased activities of catalase, ALT, and AST.     

Ethene (ethylene) and ethane exhalation in Ni[II]-treated rats, using an improved rebreathing apparatus

To assess the effects of NiCl2 on lipid peroxidation, exhalation rates of ethene (ethylene) and ethane were measured in Fischer-344 rats, using modifications of a recently published rebreathing apparatus and gas chromatographic assay. Technical improvements included more efficient removal of H2O vapor, NH3, and CO2, use of economical, readily available components, convenient standardization procedure, and no necessity for a charcoal concentrator accessory for the gas chromatograph. The detection limit was one pmol ethene or ethane per five mL air sample; the within-run precision (CV) of analysis was 2.1 percent at an ethane concentration of 16 pmol per five mL sample. A minimum of eight hours post-injection was necessary for exhalation rates of ethene or ethane to become significantly increased in NiCl2-treated rats. Ethene exhalation rate was increased 2.0- to 3.5-fold at 13 to 16 and 20 to 23 hours after NiCl2 injection (0.50 or 0.75 mmol per kg, body wt, sc). Ethane exhalation rate was increased 1.5- to 1.6-fold at the lower dosage, but was not significantly increased at the higher dosage of NiCl2. This study corroborates previous reports that lipid peroxidation is enhanced in target tissues (liver, kidney, lung) of NiCl2-treated rats.     

川芎嗪与氨基胍联合治疗对新生链脲佐菌素糖尿病大鼠肝功能的影响

 目的： 研究川芎嗪与氨基胍联合治疗对新生链脲佐菌素糖尿病大鼠（n0-STZ大鼠）肝功能的影响。方法：用出生当日Wistar大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素复制n0-STZ大鼠模型。设立正常对照组、模型组、二甲双胍治疗组及川芎嗪+氨基胍联合治疗组。第32周检测空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹血浆胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）活性、肝组织中NO浓度、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）活性及iNOS、caspase-3、Fas和Bcl-2蛋白的表达。结果：两组治疗均可以降低FPG及IRI,也可以降低肝组织NO浓度、iNOS活性及iNOS表达水平,改善肝功能,而联合治疗作用强于二甲双胍。与二甲双胍相比,联合治疗在降低肝组织caspase-3、Fas蛋白表达方面作用较强,在增加Bcl-2蛋白表达方面作用无显著差异。结论：川芎嗪+氨基胍联合治疗和二甲双胍单独治疗都能抑制iNOS活性,降低iNOS、caspase-3及Fas蛋白表达,增加Bcl-2蛋白表达,从而改善肝脏功能,但川芎嗪与氨基胍联合治疗保护肝功能的作用优于二甲双胍。     

Ameliorating effect of phytoestrogens on CCl4-induced oxidative stress in the livers of male Wistar rats

Glutathione-S-transferases and glutathione play a key role in the detoxification of most toxic agents. In the present study, the protective effects, if any, of isoflavone phytoestrogens--genistein and daidzein on the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced changes in the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glutathione S transferase (GSH) and levels of glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)-were studied. The activities of ALT and AST were assayed in the serum, whereas the activity of GST and levels of GSH and TBARS were determined in the livers of rats. The current study involved the division of animals into two main groups: (i) rats pretreated with genistein and daidzein for three days; and (ii) non-pretreated rats. In the pretreated group, rats received oral doses of genistein (7.9 micromol/kg body weight) and daidzein (7.9 micromol/kg body weight) for three consecutive days (once daily) followed by oral dose of CCl4 on the 4th and the 5th day concurrently with the phytoestrogens-genistein or daidzein. In the non-pretreated group animals received oral dose of CCl4 (1 ml/kg body weight) for two consecutive days along with the phytoestrogens-genistein or daidzein. Treatment of male rats with CCl4 significantly elevated the activity of ALT and AST in serum and levels of TBARS in the liver. On the other hand, CCl4 resulted in decreased activity of GST and lowered the GSH levels. Coadministration of genistein and daidzein with CCl4 could not restore the alterations in the activity of ALT and AST caused by CCl4 to normal control levels. However, repeated dose treatments with genistein and daidzein for three days prior to the administration of CCl4 restored such alterations to normal levels. Our results indicate that genistein is more effective than daidzein in counteracting the inhibition of GST activity caused by CCl4 and restoring it to normal levels. Genistein was also more effective than daidzein restoring the induced TBARS levels caused by CCl4 to normal control levels when rats were pretreated with the isoflavone orally for three days. It has been observed that the tested isoflavonoids were able to antagonize the toxic effects of CCl4. Such counteracting effects were more pronounced for genistein and when the phytoestrogens were administered as repeated doses prior CCl4 administration.     

肝纤维化病理过程中ZEB1和ZEB2的动态表达变化及意义

目的:观察慢性肝损伤致肝纤维化过程中上皮-间质转化(EMT)调节蛋白锌指E盒结合同源盒蛋白(ZEB)1和ZEB2的动态表达变化并探讨其调节机制。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为正常对照组、2周、4周、6周和8周模型组,每组各8只,模型组按3 mL/kg体重的剂量皮下注射60%CCl₄,每隔3 d注射1次,处死大鼠后测定肝脏指数、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性,观察肝组织病理改变;免疫组织化学法检测肝组织中ZEB1、ZEB2、E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)的表达情况;real-time RT-PCR方法检测肝脏组织中ZEB1及ZEB2 mRNA的表达变化。结果:模型各组大鼠肝脏指数、血清ALT和AST活性显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.01),8周模型组肝纤维化明显;随着肝脏损伤逐渐加重,纤维化程度加深,E-cadherin蛋白的表达显著降低,α-SMA蛋白表达显著升高,ZEB1和ZEB2蛋白和mRNA表达量也逐渐增加,8周模型组肝组织中ZEB1和ZEB2蛋白(46.42±14.36和57.71±13.32)与mRNA(189.00±47.39和277.28±48.55)表达较正常组显著增加(P＜0.01)。结论:ZEB1和ZEB2蛋白及mRNA表达量随纤维化程度的加重而增加,提示EMT可能通过ZEB1和ZEB2参与肝纤维化的发生发展。     

Pulmonary histopathology of rats following parenteral injections of nickel chloride

To elucidate the subacute toxic reactions to parenteral administration of Ni2+, male F-344 rats were given daily injections of NiCl2 (62.5 or 125 mumol/kg, sc) for 3 to 6 weeks. Nickel accumulation was greater in lung than in the other major organs, based upon tissue analyses by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. After 5 or 6 weeks of NiCl2 treatment, severe pathological changes developed in the lungs, including a) prominent hydropic and degenerative changes of the endothelium of pulmonary arteries and veins; b) marked proliferation of alveolar lining cells, affecting Type II (granular)pneumocytes; c) thickening of alveolar walls, with proteinaceous alveolar exudate; d) hyperplasia of bronchial epithelium, with cellular atypia and mitoses; and e) focal bronchial pneumonia with intrabronchial exudates. These pulmonary responses to repeated daily injections of NiCl2 were substantially different from the pathological lesions seen 24 to 72 hours after a single sc injection of NiCl2 (500 or 750 mumol/kg), which included perivascular edema, karyorrhexis and pyknosis of mononuclear cells in focal perivascular infiltrates, and mild pulmonary congestion. This study shows that the lung is a primary site of toxicity in rats following parenteral administration of NiCl2; vascular endothelial cells, Type II pneumocytes, bronchial epithelial cells, and mononuclear cells constitute the principal cellular targets for pulmonary toxicity of Ni2+.     

姜黄素通过激活肝细胞自噬减轻脂多糖/D-氨基半乳糖诱导的大鼠急性肝损伤

目的:探讨姜黄素(CUR)对脂多糖(LPS)/D-氨基半乳糖(D-GalN)联合注射诱导大鼠急性肝损伤(AHI)后肝细胞自噬的影响。方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、AHI组、CUR组、自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)组和3-MA+CUR组,每组6只。采用腹腔注射LPS及D-GalN制造急性肝损伤动物模型,在肝损模型建立后12 h检测各组大鼠肝功能,HE染色观察肝组织病理变化,透射电镜观察自噬体形成情况,Western blot法检测肝组织自噬相关蛋白LC3和beclin 1的表达,酶联免疫吸附实验检测血清TNF-α含量。结果:与对照组相比,AHI组大鼠的血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)水平显著升高(P<0.05),肝组织病理损伤程度加重,血清TNF-α含量增加(P<0.01),自噬体数量增多,自噬相关蛋白LC3和beclin 1的表达均升高(P<0.01);与AHI组相比,姜黄素组大鼠的血清ALT和AST水平明显降低(P<0.05),肝组织病理损伤情况明显改善,血清TNF-α含量明显减少(P<0.01),自噬体明显增多,自噬相关蛋白LC3和beclin 1的表达明显增加(P<0.01);而与姜黄素组相比,3-MA组及3-MA+CUR组的血清ALT和AST水平升高(P<0.05),肝组织损伤加重,血清TNF-α含量增加(P<0.01),自噬体明显减少,自噬相关蛋白LC3和beclin 1表达显著减少(P<0.01)。结论:姜黄素可能通过激活肝细胞自噬从而减轻LPS/D-GalN诱导的大鼠急性肝损伤。     

The influence of magnesium on the activity of some enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) and lead content in some tissues.

Many authors in different studies have reported the antagonism between Mg and Pb. Our previous results suggested that oral Mg treatment have better effect on investigation biochemical parameters (protoporphyrins, aminolevulinic acid--ALA and d-aminolevulinic dehydratase ALA-D) used in evaluating Pb intoxication, then CaNa2EDTA, chelation agents, currently used in therapy of Pb intoxication. The toxic effect of Pb induced considerably modifies the activity of many other enzymes. In this work we have examined the influence of Mg (as alternative therapy of Pb poisoning) on enzymes activity--biochemical markers for general health conditions--aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in condition of lead intoxication. Many studies showed disturbances of activity ALT, AST and ALP. The aim of this study was to confirm positive effects of Mg intake in condition of such intoxication at the level on activity of investigated enzymes. The experiment was performed on 45 male Wister rats, divided in three groups. I--control group; II--group treated daily for 30 days with 100 mg Pb, per kg body weight and next 60 without Pb treatment (spontaneous detoxication); III group--the same treatment as II group for the first 30 days, but next 60 days rats were treated orally with 40 mg Mg/kg body weight. Activity of AST and ALT was significant increased in condition of Pb poisoning, but ALP activity was significant reduced. Influence of excessive oral Mg treatment was positive: decrease of AST activity and ALT activity, which was probably in correlation with significant elimination of Pb from liver and increase of ALT enzyme activity at the normal level.     

Inhibition of oxidative stress and cytokine activity by curcumin in amelioration of endotoxin-induced experimental hepatoxicity in rodents

The present study is aimed at investigating the effect of curcumin (CMN) in salvaging endotoxin-induced hepatic dysfunction and oxidative stress in the liver of rodents. Hepatotoxicity was induced by administering lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a single dose of 1 mg/kg intraperitoneally to the animals, which were being treated with CMN daily for 7 days. Liver enzymes serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and total protein were estimated in serum. Oxidative stress in liver tissue homogenates was estimated by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione (GSH) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Serum and tissue nitrite was estimated using Greiss reagent and served as an indicator of NO production. A separate set of experiments was performed to estimate the effect of CMN on cytokine levels in mouse serum after LPS challenge. LPS induced a marked hepatic dysfunction evident by rise in serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP and total bilirubin (P < 0.05). TBARS levels were significantly increased, whereas GSH and SOD levels decreased in the liver homogenates of LPS-challenged rats. CMN administration attenuated these effects of LPS successfully. Further CMN treatment also regressed various structural changes induced by LPS in the livers of rats and decreased the levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in mouse plasma. In conclusion, these findings suggest that CMN attenuates LPS-induced hepatotoxicity possibly by preventing cytotoxic effects of NO, oxygen free radicals and cytokines.     

Therapeutic effects of cimetidine on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Acetaminophen is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug. An overdose can cause life-threatening hepatotoxicity in humans and experimental animals. In this study, 80 female Sprague–Dawley rats randomized into eight groups (three control and five test groups) were used. Three milligrams per kilogram acetaminophen was administered orally to induce liver necrosis. Cimetidine (12.5 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h after acetaminophen administration. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and extent of pathologic changes in liver were evaluated in all groups (1–8), and were found to be increased in group 2 (acetaminophen control), but not in groups 1 and 3 (control groups), and were decreased in some treatment groups. The decrease observed in groups 7 and 8 was more than that in group 6. However, in these groups, more animals died due to toxicity before blood sampling. It was concluded that injection of cimetidine 2 h after acetaminophen administration (group 6) can markedly decrease the serum levels of ALT, AST, and the extent of pathologic lesions in the liver with minimal toxicity and death.     

急性肝功能衰竭小鼠肠屏障功能障碍的实验研究

目的探讨急性肝功能衰竭时肠屏障功能的变化。方法腹腔注射D-氨基半乳糖（D-GalN,700mg/kg）/内毒素（LPS,10μg/kg）建立小鼠急性肝功能衰竭模型,造模6h后测定小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）的活性,取肠内容物及肝组织进行细菌培养,同时检测肠组织二胺氧化酶（DAO）的活性。结果腹腔注射D-GalN/LPS6h后,小鼠血清中ALT、AST活性显著提高（P〈0.01）;肠道内肠杆菌、肠球菌数量明显上升（P〈0.01）,乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌数量明显下降（P〈0.05）;肠组织DAO活性明显降低（P〈0.01）;肝脏细菌培养阳性率达100%。结论急性肝功能衰竭时肠屏障明显受损,并发生菌群失调及细菌易位。     

血清转氨酶水平与多发性硬化患者血脑屏障破坏的相关性研究

目的 探究多发性硬化（MS）患者血清中谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）水平和临床特点之间的关系。方法 收集中山大学附属第三医院神经内科2010年1月~2016年12月99例首次确诊为MS患者作为MS组,选择同期103名健康体检者作为对照组。检测两组血清AST、ALT水平,同时将MS组患者的扩展残疾状况评分（EDSS）及头颅磁共振结果（MRI）病灶活动性纳入统计,比较两组血清AST、ALT水平,分析AST、ALT水平与疾病活动性以及EDSS评分的相关性。结果 MS组患者血清ALT水平高于正常组[（28.55±2.68）U/L vs （19.86±1.67）U/L],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;MS组患者AST/ALT水平较正常组降低[（1.06±0.09）vs （1.37±0.07）],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;MS组男性患者血清ALT水平高于对照组男性,男性及女性患者的AST/ALT值均低于对照组的男性和女性,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;MS组患者男性血清ALT水平高于女性患者,AST/ALT低于女性患者,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;未发现ALT、AST水平和EDSS评分及MRI病灶活动性之间有相关性。结论 MS患者血清转氨酶水平高于正常人群,其可能是MS患者血脑屏障破坏的一个生物学标记物。     

Rats selectively bred for low aerobic capacity have reduced hepatic mitochondrial oxidative capacity and susceptibility to hepatic steatosis and injury

Fatty liver has been linked to low aerobic fitness, but the mechanisms are unknown. We previously reported a novel model in which rats were artificially selected to be high capacity runners (HCR) and low capacity runners (LCR) that in a sedentary condition have robustly different intrinsic aerobic capacities. We utilized sedentary HCR/LCR rats (generation 17; max running distance equalled 1514 ± 91 vs. 200 ± 12 m for HCR and LCR, respectively) to investigate if low aerobic capacity is associated with reduced hepatic mitochondrial oxidative capacity and increased susceptibility to hepatic steatosis. At 25 weeks of age, LCR livers displayed reduced mitochondrial content (reduced citrate synthase activity and cytochrome c protein) and reduced oxidative capacity (complete palmitate oxidation in hepatic mitochondria (1.15 ± 0.13 vs. 2.48 ± 1.1 n m g⁻¹ h, P < 0.0001) and increased peroxisomal activity (acyl CoA oxidase and catalase activity) compared to the HCR. The LCR livers also displayed a lipogenic phenotype with higher protein content of both sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c and acetyl CoA carboxylase. These differences were associated with hepatic steatosis in the LCR including higher liver triglycerides (6.00 ± 0.71 vs. 4.20 ± 0.39 nmol g⁻¹, P = 0.020 value), >2-fold higher percentage of hepatocytes associated with lipid droplets (54.0 ± 9.2 vs. 22.0 ± 3.5%, P = 0.006), and increased hepatic lipid peroxidation compared to the HCR. Additionally, in rats aged to natural death, LCR livers had significantly greater hepatic injury (fibrosis and apoptosis). We provide novel evidence that selection for low intrinsic aerobic capacity causes reduced hepatic mitochondrial oxidative capacity that increases susceptibility to both hepatic steatosis and liver injury.     

利拉鲁肽对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠脂联素及胰岛素抵抗的影响

 目的：观察利拉鲁肽（Lira）对非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）大鼠血清和肝组织脂联素（ADP）及胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法：雄性SD大鼠30只,随机分为3组,分别予普通饮食（ND组）10只、高脂饮食（HFD组）10只和高脂饮食加利拉鲁肽腹腔注射（Lira组）10只。高脂饮食12周建立大鼠NAFLD模型,建模成功后Lira组予利拉鲁肽腹腔注射治疗4周。16周末处死各组大鼠,生物化学法检测丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、空腹血糖（FBG）、甘油三酯（TG）及总胆固醇（TC）,分光光度计测定游离脂肪酸（FFAs）,酶联免疫吸附法测定胰岛素和ADP。结果：与HFD组比较,Lira组大鼠体质量、肝指数、胰岛素抵抗指数、血清TG、TC、ALT、FBG及肝匀浆TG、TC、FFAs显著下降（均P<0.05）,血清及肝组织ADP明显升高（P＜0.05）,肝脏脂肪变性程度明显减少至恢复正常（P<0.05）,肝组织ADP含量与肝脏FFAs含量呈负相关。结论:利拉鲁肽改善胰岛素抵抗和肝脏脂肪变的可能机制之一与其升高血清及肝组织脂联素水平有关。     

Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells expressing TIMP-1-shRNA improves hepatic fibrosis in CCl4-treated rats

This study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of intravenous transplantation of TIMP-1-silencing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a rat model of liver fibrosis. MSCs were transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1)-shRNA, and the liver cirrhosis model was established by injection of CCl₄ (1 ml/kg body weight twice a week for 4 weeks) in Sprague Dawley rats. The survived 36 rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group, MSCs group, and TIMP-1-shRNA group. At 4 weeks after establishment of animal model, 3×10⁶ MSCs were intravenously injected. In TIMP-1-shRNA group, MSCs expressing TIMP-1-shRNA were transplanted. Animals were sacrificed 4 weeks later. Blood was collected for the detection of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The livers were harvested for histological examination. At 5 days after transfection, strong fluorescence was detectable in each group. TIMP-1-shRNA group had the lowest TIMP-1 expression. Following MSCs transplantation, serum ALT and AST reduced in rats with hepatic cirrhosis, and histology showed less fibrotic areas and collagens, as compared to control group. These improvements were more obvious in the TIMP-1-shRNA group. Our study indicates that transplantation of MSCs expressing TIMP-1-shRNA is able to inhibit the progression of liver fibrosis and possibly restore the liver function in a rat model.     

核黄素预处理减轻大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤

目的: 探讨核黄素对肝缺血再灌注损伤的影响及其机制。方法: 将24只SD大鼠随机分为3组,每组8只。假手术对照组(sham组)和缺血再灌注组(I/R组)大鼠喂以正常饲料,核黄素预处理组(R+I/R组)大鼠补充核黄素。喂养4周后,阻断大鼠肝门1 h,再灌注1 h建立I/R模型。术后采血并收集肝脏标本,分别检测血清及肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)水平和血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)的活性;蛋白印迹法检测肝组织血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1) 表达情况;HE染色观察肝组织病理学改变。结果: 与sham组比较,I/R组大鼠血清AST、ALT活性及MDA水平均明显升高,SOD活性显著降低(P<0.01);肝组织中SOD活性亦明显下降(P<0.01),MDA水平及HO-1蛋白表达则显著增高(P<0.05)。而R+I/R组较I/R组大鼠血清AST、ALT活性及MDA水平均明显下降,SOD活性显著增强(P<0.01);肝组织中MDA水平亦明显降低,SOD及HO-1蛋白表达显著增高(P<0.01)。组织切片显示I/R组大鼠肝细胞肿胀,炎症细胞浸润,小叶结构紊乱;R+I/R组大鼠肝细胞仅轻度肿胀,几乎无气球样变,小叶结构清晰。结论: 核黄素预处理对缺血再灌注肝脏具有显著的保护作用,其作用机制可能与核黄素通过降低MDA水平、提高SOD活性及HO-1蛋白表达,增强肝脏的抗氧化能力,减轻脂质过氧化反应有关。     

Microvesicular Fatty Liver in Rats with Resembling Reye's Syndrome Induced by 4-Pentenoic Acid

To produce an animal model of Reye's syndrome (RS), 20 adult male Wistar rats were given 10 repeated i.p. injections of 50 mg/kg 4-pentenoic acid (PA) each separated by an 8-h interval. Then, 90min after the tenth dose, they were given a final i.p. injection of 150 mg/kg PA. Thirteen control animals were injected with vehicle only using the same time schedule. More than half the animals in each group were fed a common diet, but the others were fasted during the terminal 10-h stage. All rats were sacrificed 30 min after the last injection. At the terminal stage, in comparison with the vehicle-injected controls, hypolipemia, hypoglycemia and high titers of serum ammonia and urea N were estimated significantly in the PA treated rats fed throughout the whole period. Hypolipemia and hypoglycemia were more prominent in the terminally fasted group than the group fed continuously. Only in the PA-treated rats fed throughout the whole period moderate morphological signs of microvesicular fatty liver were exhibited. Ultracytochemical findings and biochemical determinations showed that the major lipids in the microvesicular fatty livers were triglycerides. Morphometric analysis revealed distinct hepatic mitochondrial swelling in the PA-treated rats. Therefore, the above treatment with PA was able to induce microvesicular fatty liver in rats with resembling RS, which were fed throughout the treatment procedure, but not in the terminally fasted rats.