世界卫生组织应对新型冠状病毒肺炎的机制

新型冠状病毒肺炎的大流行是这个时代的全球卫生危机,也是我们目前所面临的最大挑战。在世界范围内,传染病的管理关键在于遵守国际法规,进行国际合作,以追求共同利益和价值。WHO是联合国系统下管理和控制疾病传播的专门性国际组织。本文对WHO应对传染病的防控机制、新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的应对措施以及努力方向进行综述,以期为全球新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情控制提供参考。     

中国东部某省儿童基本药物可获得性、价格及可负担性调查分析

目的：分析儿童用药政策实施以来儿童基本药物可获得性、价格及可负担性的现状,为后续制定和完善相关政策提供实证依据。方法：利用中国东部某省基本药物采购平台数据库中2012、2016年数据,依据世界卫生组织（WHO）和国际健康行动组织（HAI）推荐的标准药物调查方法,对49种儿童基本药物的可获得性、价格及可负担性现状进行分析。结果：儿童基本药物可获得性、价格及可负担性整体较好。（1）可获得性方面,2016年较2012年总体出现下降;且2016年、2012年三级医疗机构均高于二级医疗机构和一级医疗机构;仿制药高于原研药。（2）价格方面,2016年较2012年8种原研药价格下降;26种仿制药价格下降,16种仿制药价格上升。（3）可负担性方面,2016年较2012年总体可负担性提高;仿制药总体可负担性优于原研药。结论：（1）三级医疗机构总体可获得性高于一、二级医疗机构。低年龄段儿童基本药物可获得性较差,缺少适宜品种、剂型和规格的药品。（2）儿童基本药物原研药的价格高于国际参考价格,仿制药的价格相对较低。（3）儿童基本药物可负担性较好,2016年较2012年总体可负担性提高,仿制药总体可负担性优于原研药。     

Availability and affordability of new medicines in Latin American countries where pivotal clinical trials were conducted

ObjectiveTo assess whether new pharmaceutical products approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2011 and 2012 were registered, commercialized and sold at affordable prices in the Latin American countries where they were tested.MethodsWe obtained a list of new molecular entities (new pharmaceutical products) approved by the FDA in 2011 and 2012. FDA medical reviews indicated the countries where pivotal clinical trials had been conducted. The registration status of the products was obtained from pharmaceutical registers; pharmaceutical companies confirmed their availability in national markets and local pricing observatories provided the price of medicines in retail pharmacies. Affordability was assessed as the cost of a course of treatment as a proportion of monthly income. Information on safety and efficacy was gathered from independent drug bulletins.FindingsOf an expected 114 registrations, if the 33 products had been registered in all the countries where tested, only 68 (60%) were completed. Eight products were registered and commercialized in all countries but 10 had not been registered in any of the countries. With one exception, products for which we obtained pricing information (n = 18) cost more than the monthly minimum wage in all countries and 12 products cost at least five times the monthly minimum wage.ConclusionMany pharmaceutical products tested in Latin America are unavailable and/or unaffordable to most of the population. Ethical review committees should consider the local affordability and therapeutic relevance of new products as additional criteria for the approval of clinical trials. Finally, clinical trials have opportunity costs that need to be assessed.     

The availability and affordability of selected essential medicines for chronic diseases in six low- and middle-income countries

OBJECTIVE: To assess the availability and affordability of medicines used to treat cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and glaucoma and to provide palliative cancer care in six low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: A survey of the availability and price of 32 medicines was conducted in a representative sample of public and private medicine outlets in four geographically defined areas in Bangladesh, Brazil, Malawi, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. We analysed the percentage of these medicines available, the median price versus the international reference price (expressed as the median price ratio) and affordability in terms of the number of days wages it would cost the lowest-paid government worker to purchase one month of treatment. FINDINGS: In all countries相似文献   

National immunization advisory committees of the World Health Organization's European Region

This study sought to understand the prevalence, structure and decision-making process of national immunization advisory committees (IACs) among the 53 member countries of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s European region. Of the 47 countries responding to the electronically administered questionnaire, 37 (72%) have an IAC. The majority of committees have a legislative basis while just over half have formal terms of reference. Fewer than half have experts in health economics. The vast majority of countries do not allow the public to attend committee meetings nor distribute publicly the minutes of their meetings. Countries should partner with financial experts early in the process of immunization policy decision-making and should examine their policies regarding conflicts of interest and public access to meetings, as financial strategy and public trust are essential to the successful implementation of new vaccines.     

世界卫生组织关于卫生系统反应性测量的策略

反应性是WHO评价卫生系统运行绩效的三个内在目标之一,WHO对卫生系统反应性测量的基本策略是：（1）达到对反应性概念的理解和指导反应性测量的共识;（2）形成反应性测量可靠与有效的方法;（3）确保反应性资料收集的负担及费用经济有效;（4）促使反应性测量与反应性改善联系在一起。     

世界卫生组织《献血者咨询实施指南》释义及启示

有效的献血者咨询可提高献血者依从性,改善献血者体验。世界卫生组织《献血者咨询实施指南》系统介绍了献血者咨询的定义、范围以及建立国家咨询体系,为献血者提供咨询服务等内容,具有较强的可操作性。与之相比,我国献血者咨询服务在制度规范、服务模式、专业培训、监测评估等方面均有待完善,需要从建立符合我国国情的实施指南、健全协同合作机制、加快培养咨询人才队伍、构建科学评价体系等方面持续改进。     

Availability and use of essential medicines in China: manufacturing, supply, and prescribing in Shandong and Gansu provinces

Background  

The current health care reform in China launched in 2009 tackles the problem of access to appropriate medicines for its 1.3 billion people by focusing on providing essential medicines to all. To provide evidence for the reform process, we investigated the manufacturing, purchasing, and prescribing of essential medicines in two provinces.     

Applicability of the abbreviated version of the World Health Organization's quality of life questionnaire in Hungary

INTRODUCTION: Quality of life, as a subjective parameter of the general condition, is suitable for characterization of the health status of populations or patient groups, and for studying the effects of therapeutic or preventive interventions. AIMS: To test the applicability and reliability in Hungary of the abbreviated form of the quality of life questionnaire developed by WHO, one of several ways to measure the quality of life. METHODS: Questionnaire-based cross-sectional investigation was performed among altogether 814 persons, in small settlements of population under 1000 and 2000, and in a small town for control, in Csongrád county, Hungary. The reliability and validity of the quality of life questionnaire was tested, within each group of questions, by means of Cronbach's alpha, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests, and by Spearman's rho correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The mean values of the four domains of quality of life - physical, psychological, social and environmental - showed no noteworthy differences. The Cronbach's alpha figures of the internal consistency test on separate groups of questions and on all questions were in all cases above the expected minimum of 0.7. The means calculated for each domain of quality of life were decreasing with increasing age. Healthy people estimated each aspect of quality of life as significantly better, compared to the sick. Correlation tests showed that all dimensions of the quality of life were in close positive correlation with the general quality of life, with the level of satisfaction with the own health, with the self-assessed health, and with the responses given on other questions related to the social or health situation of the questioned. CONCLUSION: The variation of the questionnaire, adapted to Hungarian conditions, proved to be suitable for testing the quality of life of persons with various demographical, social and health conditions, and for distinction between the healthy and the sick. The sheet, which can be filled in quickly and easily, enables the measurement of quality of life in the Hungarian population, and the comparison of that with international data.     

世界卫生组织国家药品报告监测指标的制定和评价

1999年以来,世界卫生组织每4年开展一次全球药品部门调查,并计划改进监测指标后于2011年开展全球第4次调查,中国是全球13个试点监测国家之一。此项工作对推动我国基本药物政策的实施、做好改革的定期监测和评价工作具有深远意义,可为科学决策提供循证依据。本文主要介绍了世界卫生组织三个层次水平的监测指标、全球和欧盟国家的监测进展情况以及国家药品报告的具体做法等。