神经导航引导内镜下手术切除蝶窦发育不良垂体腺瘤——附19例临床报告

背景与目的：经蝶窦入路切除垂体瘤是当今垂体瘤手术治疗的发展方向。本研究探讨应用神经内镜技术和神经导航技术在单鼻孔手术切除蝶窦发育不良型垂体腺瘤的意义与价值。方法：在神经导航引导内镜下经单鼻孔微创手术治疗垂体瘤19例，其中泌乳素腺瘤13例，生长激素腺瘤1例，无功能腺瘤5例。结果：神经内镜和神经导航下全切肿瘤14例，近全切4例，大部分切除1例，术后13例内分泌化验恢复正常，其中15例术前有视力损害者，术后13例较术前好转，2例无变化；1例出现一过性脑脊液漏。19例随访3-11个月，未发现复发。无鼻中隔穿孔、萎缩性鼻炎等并发症。结论：神经导航引导内镜下经单鼻孔手术切除蝶窦发育不良型垂体腺瘤具有深部照明好．鼻腔结构损伤小、操作简捷、术后恢复快等优点，神经导航技术的应用可以避免蝶窦多房分隔的干扰．快速确定鞍底位置、判定肿瘤切除的程度与范围、减少手术对肿瘤周围神经血管结构的副损伤，二者结合能提高手术全切率，减少复发．是蝶窦发育不良型垂体腺瘤微创外科治疗的理想手段。     

经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术切除垂体腺瘤126例分析

目的:探讨经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路显微手术切除垂体腺瘤的临床意义。方法:对126例垂体腺瘤病人采用经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路显微手术切除。结果:全切除89例,次全切31例,部分切除6例,病人视力症状及内分泌功能术后均有改善。术后尿崩症18例、脑脊液漏13例、术腔血肿3例,经再次手术治疗均治愈。结论:经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤具有微创、安全、简便等优点,是大部分垂体腺瘤的首选手术方式。     

经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术切除垂体腺瘤126例分析

目的：探讨经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路显微手术切除垂体腺瘤的临床意义。方法：对126例垂体腺瘤病人采用经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路显微手术切除。结果：全切除89例,次全切31例,部分切除6例,病人视力症状及内分泌功能术后均有改善。术后尿崩症18例、脑脊液漏13例、术腔血肿3例,经再次手术治疗均治愈。结论：经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤具有微创、安全、简便等优点,是大部分垂体腺瘤的首选手术方式。     

37例经单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术临床观察

目的探讨经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微切除垂体腺瘤的方法和疗效。方法回顾性分析37例经单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除患者的临床资料。结果37例患者中,29例全切,8例次全切。随访3～12个月,临床症状改善或激素水平下降者32例,无变化者5例（其中肿瘤复发2例）,无死亡病例。结论经单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术疗效显著,可改善临床症状和降低血清激素水平。     

经单鼻孔蝶窦入路神经内镜下手术治疗垂体腺瘤

背景与目的：随着微侵袭神经外科的发展,神经内镜在神经外科的应用范围日趋广泛。本研究的目的是探讨神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路手术治疗垂体腺瘤的疗效。方法：对300例垂体腺瘤患者采用神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术。其中微腺瘤60例,大腺瘤228例,巨型腺瘤12例。观察疗效及并发症。结果：肿瘤全切255例,近全切32例,大部分切除13例;无死亡病例：无严重并发症发生。术后随访3～12个月。原有症状均有明显改善,术前异常增高的激素水平均降至正常。MRI检查显示无肿瘤复发。结论：在神经内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术具有深部照明好,鼻腔结构损伤小,切除肿瘤彻底,术后并发症少,恢复快等优点。     

应用神经导航辅助技术在内镜下切除伴有甲介、鞍前型蝶窦的垂体腺瘤

背景与目的:多数学者认为伴有甲介、鞍前型蝶窦的垂体腺瘤不适合内镜下切除,但应用神经导航辅助技术可以克服其在内镜下手术的缺陷。本文着重探讨应用神经导航辅助技术在内镜下切除伴有甲介、鞍前型蝶窦的垂体腺瘤。方法:回顾性分析我院自2004年10月至2008年10月应用神经导航技术对伴有甲介、鞍前型蝶窦变异的垂体瘤进行内镜下单鼻孔手术21例。其中生长激素腺瘤4例,高泌乳素腺瘤6例,促肾上腺皮质激素腺瘤7例,无功能性腺瘤4例。蝶窦冠状CT及蝶窦X线平片提示蝶窦形态,甲介型9例,鞍前型12例。术前行头部CT、MRI扫描,术中神经导航定位,在内镜下经单鼻孔切除肿瘤。结果:术后随访6～24个月,术前症状(视力受损、尿崩症)均在术后消失,血液、内分泌指标均在正常范围内。术后随访1年以上的病例(17例)复查MRI均提示未见肿瘤残留或复发。术后所有病例均未出现颅内出血、视力、视野障碍、尿崩、脑脊液漏、颅内感染等并发症。结论:对于伴有甲介、鞍前型蝶窦变异的垂体瘤手术,应用神经导航辅助内镜能确保术中定位准确,术野大且直观。有利于切除肿瘤,并保护周围重要结构。     

神经内镜经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路直视下切除垂体瘤

目的：探讨神经内镜技术经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除垂体瘤的临床应用及手术技巧。方法：对12例经CT和MRI诊断的垂体瘤患者在神经内镜经单鼻孔入路直视下予以切除。结果：全切9例,近全切3例。术后2例出现一过性脑脊液漏,尿崩3例。4例内分泌检查正常,7例视力好转,无严重并发症发生。结论：内镜单鼻孔经蝶窦入路切除垂体瘤具有良好的深部照明、微创、全景化视野等优点,手术创伤小,并发症少、病人恢复快。     

应用神经导航辅助技术在内镜下切除伴有甲介、鞍前型蝶窦的垂体腺瘤

背景与目的：多数学者认为伴有甲介、鞍前型蝶窦的垂体腺瘤不适合内镜下切除．但应用神经导航辅助技术可以克服其在内镜下手术的缺陷。本文着重探讨应用神经导航辅助技术在内镜下切除伴有甲介、鞍前型蝶蜜的垂体腺瘤。方法：回顾性分析我院自2004年10月至2008年10月应用神经导航技术对伴有甲介、鞍前型蝶窦变异的垂体瘤进行内镜下单鼻孔手术21例。其中生长激素腺瘤4例．高泌乳素腺瘤6例,促肾上腺皮质激素腺瘤7例,无功能性腺瘤4例。蝶窦冠状CT及蝶窦X线平片提示蝶窦形态,甲介型9例。鞍前型12例。术前行头部CT、MRI扫描,术中神经导航定位,在内镜下经单鼻孔切除肿瘤。结果：术后随访6．24个月,术前症状（视力受损、尿崩症）均在术后消失,血液、内分泌指标均在正常范围内。术后随访1年以上的病例（17例）复查MRI均提示未见肿瘤残留或复发。术后所有病例均未出现颅内出血、视力、视野障碍、尿崩、脑脊液漏、颅内感染等并发症。结论：对于伴有甲介、鞍前型蝶窦变异的垂体瘤手术．应用神经导航辅助内镜能确保术中定位准确,术野大且直观。有利于切除肿瘤．并保护周围重要结构．     

经蝶及双额底入路治疗垂体腺瘤的手术选择

背景与目的：垂体腺瘤手术分为经蝶和经颅入路两种,常根据不同的情况选择合适的手术入路。这与肿瘤的全切除程度和术后疗效密切相关。本研究探讨经单鼻孔-蝶窦及双额底入路治疗垂体腺瘤的手术适应证、显微外科技术及疗效。方法：回顾性分析47例垂体腺瘤手术患者,其中经单鼻孔-蝶窦手术30例。经双侧额底入路手术17例,分析手术经过、治疗效果和随访情况。结果：肿瘤总体全切率89-36％（43／47）,其中经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路组86．67％（26／30）,经双额底人路组94．12％（16／17）。肿瘤未获全切者术后辅以放射治疗。随访6,24个月。4例患者肿瘤复发．接受经双额底入路手术后恢复良好。结论：经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路手术治疗垂体腺瘤创伤小、恢复快,适用于肿瘤大部分位于鞍内或向蝶窦生长的患者。经双额底入路肿瘤全切率高．便于保护垂体柄,适用于肿瘤主要向鞍上及鞍旁生长的大型或巨大型肿瘤．     

神经内镜经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路直视下切除垂体瘤

目的:探讨神经内镜技术经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除垂体瘤的临床应用及手术技巧.方法: 对12例经CT和MRI诊断的垂体瘤患者在神经内镜经单鼻孔入路直视下予以切除.结果: 全切9例,近全切3例.术后2例出现一过性脑脊液漏,尿崩3例.4例内分泌检查正常,7例视力好转,无严重并发症发生.结论: 内镜单鼻孔经蝶窦入路切除垂体瘤具有良好的深部照明、微创、全景化视野等优点,手术创伤小,并发症少、病人恢复快.     

The efficacy of fractionated radiotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas: long-term results of 125 consecutive patients treated in a single institution

BACKGROUND: The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to define the efficacy and safety of fractionated radiotherapy (FRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for the treatment of patients with pituitary adenoma. METHODS: Between January 1995 and April 2006, 125 consecutive patients with pituitary adenomas (54 hormone-secreting adenomas and 71 nonsecretory adenomas) received FRT or underwent SRS. Sixty-four patients received FRT, for which the mean total dose was 50.4 grays (Gy) (range, 48-54 Gy), and 61 patients underwent gamma-knife SRS with mean marginal dose of 25.1 Gy (range, 9-30 Gy). RESULTS: After mean follow up of 36.7 months, the tumor volume was increased in only 4 patients (3.2%). The overall actuarial progression-free survival rate was 99% at 2 years and 97% at 4 years. No difference was observed between the FRT group and the SRS group in the control of tumor growth. Based on the endocrinologic results in the patients who had secretory adenomas, the overall hormone complete remission rate was 26.2% at 2 years and 76.3% at 4 years. The median time to complete remission was 26 months in the SRS group and 63 months in the FRT group (P = .0068). Hypopituitarism developed as a delayed complication in 11.5% of patients at a median of 84 months. CONCLUSIONS: Both FRT and SRS were efficient treatment modalities for the control of tumor growth in patients with pituitary adenomas. The current results indicated that single-dose radiosurgery more promptly produces an effect on the hypersecretion of pituitary hormones and may be recommended over FRT for suitable patients.     

垂体生长激素腺瘤经蝶手术的疗效及影响疗效的相关因素

目的:探讨垂体生长激素腺瘤经蝶手术的疗效及影响手术疗效的相关因素.方法:临床纳入垂体生长激素腺瘤患者59例,手术方案均采用经单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术.观察所有患者术后恢复情况及治疗效果,同时寻找影响手术效果的相关因素.结果:59例患者中,43例接受了肿瘤全切术,11例接受了肿瘤次全切术,5例接受了肿瘤部分切除术.所有患者术后相关临床症状均较前有了不同程度的改善,59例垂体生长激素腺瘤患者术后有53例激素水平有着不同程度的恢复.术后并发症方面,16例患者发生尿崩,6例患者发生脑脊液漏,3例患者出现垂体功能低下,8例患者出现低钠血症,8例患者术后存在肿瘤残余.围手术期间,未出现1例患者死亡,亦未出现感染病例.术后对患者进行为期6个月的临床随访,未发现复发者.影响手术疗效因素方面,肿瘤大小、术前生长激素水平、肿瘤侵袭性均对患者手术疗效有着一定程度的影响(P<0.05).结论:经单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术治疗垂体生长激素腺瘤有着令人满意的临床疗效,特别是微腺瘤与非侵袭性腺瘤应用该术式能够取得较好的效果,而侵袭性腺瘤或巨大腺瘤患者在术后往往需要配合放化疗,以达到提高疗效的目的.     

Expression of Bcl-2, Bax and p53 proteins in pituitary adenomas: an immunohistochemical study

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Although pituitary adenomas are usually benign lesions, their growth rate is highly variable and unpredictable. Apoptosis appears to be an important process in neoplastic lesions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of apoptosis-related proteins including Bcl-2, bax and p53 in pituitary adenomas and its correlation with hormone function, tumor size, local control, and proliferative activity. STUDY DESIGN: The expression of Bcl-2, Bax and p53 proteins and hormonal function were determined in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from 41 untreated pituitary adenomas using immunohistochemistry. The patients were followed for a median of 60 months (range, 12 to 95). Patient charts were reviewed to record tumor recurrence and size. Tumor proliferative activity was assessed by immunohistochemistry using Ki-67 antibody. RESULTS: Of 41 pituitary adenomas, 26 (63%) were hormone-secreting and 15 (37%) non-functioning, 34 (83%) were macroadenoma and 7 (17%) microadenoma, and 15 (37%) showed local relapse. Six (14%) adenomas were of low proliferative activity, whereas the others (86%) were non-proliferative. Immunohistochemically, 31 adenomas (75%) showed bcl-2 positivity, 37 (90%) bax positivity, and 7 (17%) p53 positivity. Statistical analysis revealed that Bcl-2 protein expression significantly diminished in prolactin-secreting and non-functioning adenomas (P = 0.005 and P = 0.006, respectively), and increased in growth hormone-secreting adenomas (P = 0.003). In addition, expression of bax protein significantly decreased in recurrent tumors, in contrast to p53 protein, which showed a significant increase (P = 0.03 and P = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We think that apoptosis-related proteins such as Bcl-2, Bax and p53 may be significantly related to hormone function and local control in pituitary adenomas.     

Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with ACTH-producing pituitary adenomas after prior adrenalectomy

PURPOSE: To review the results of stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing pituitary adenomas after bilateral adrenalectomy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eleven patients with ACTH-producing pituitary adenomas after bilateral adrenalectomy underwent radiosurgery between 1990 and 1999. Nine patients had documented tumor growth, hyperpigmentation, and elevated ACTH levels (median 920 ng/mL) at the time of radiosurgery. Five of these patients had tumor enlargement despite prior fractionated radiotherapy (median dose 50 Gy). Two patients were treated prophylactically within 1 month of their adrenalectomies to prevent future tumor growth. The median follow-up was 37 months (range 22-74). RESULTS: Tumor growth control was achieved in 9 patients (82%); 2 patients had had continued tumor growth after radiosurgery. The ACTH levels decreased a median of 66% (range -99% to +27%); 4 patients had normal ACTH levels. Three patients had radiation-related complications, including diplopia (n = 2), ipsilateral blindness (n = 1), testosterone/growth hormone deficiency (n = 1), and asymptomatic temporal lobe radiation necrosis (n = 1): all had received prior radiotherapy. One patient who had undergone three prior resections and radiotherapy died 59 months after radiosurgery despite two additional attempts at tumor resection. CONCLUSION: Although our experience is limited, it appears that radiosurgery provides tumor control for most patients with ACTH-producing pituitary adenomas who have undergone bilateral adrenalectomy.     

Fractionated proton beam irradiation of pituitary adenomas

PURPOSE: Various radiation techniques and modalities have been used to treat pituitary adenomas. This report details our experience with proton treatment of these tumors. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty-seven patients with pituitary adenomas treated with protons, who had at least 6 months of follow-up, were included in this analysis. Forty-two patients underwent a prior surgical resection; 5 were treated with primary radiation. Approximately half the tumors were functional. The median dose was 54 cobalt-gray equivalent. RESULTS: Tumor stabilization occurred in all 41 patients available for follow-up imaging; 10 patients had no residual tumor, and 3 had greater than 50% reduction in tumor size. Seventeen patients with functional adenomas had normalized or decreased hormone levels; progression occurred in 3 patients. Six patients have died; 2 deaths were attributed to functional progression. Complications included temporal lobe necrosis in 1 patient, new significant visual deficits in 3 patients, and incident hypopituitarism in 11 patients. CONCLUSION: Fractionated conformal proton-beam irradiation achieved effective radiologic, endocrinological, and symptomatic control of pituitary adenomas. Significant morbidity was uncommon, with the exception of postradiation hypopituitarism, which we attribute in part to concomitant risk factors for hypopituitarism present in our patient population.     

垂体腺瘤的手术治疗：单中心508例临床总结

目的总结垂体腺瘤I临床特征、手术策略及术后并发症。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2012年12月期间南京医科大学第一附属医院收治的508例垂体腺瘤的临床特征,比较经蝶窦人路与开颅手术的治疗效果及相关并发症。结果垂体腺瘤男女发病比为1：1．32,发病高峰年龄为31～60岁,占70．5％。垂体腺瘤激素类型以泌乳素腺瘤、生长激素腺瘤及无内分泌功能腺瘤居多。93．5％的术式为经蝶窦入路。经蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤手术全切率为85．2％,术后7天症状缓解率88．8％,术后5天激素水平明显好转率87．0％。结论经蝶窦人路手术已取代开颅手术成为垂体腺瘤切除术的首选方法。     

Long-term outcomes of radiotherapy for pituitary adenomas

PURPOSE: To evaluate long-term local control and toxicity for pituitary adenomas treated with fractionated radiotherapy (RT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: The records of 100 patients with pituitary adenomas treated between 1983 and 2003 were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-one patients had hormone-secreting tumors; 69 patients were treated with surgery and postoperative RT. Median follow-up was 6.7 years (range, 0.6-20.2 years) for all patients and 6.2 years (range, 2-20.2 years) for living patients. The mean dose delivered was 45 Gy (range, 43-50.4 Gy). RESULTS: The 10-year actuarial local control rates for nonsecreting and secreting adenomas were 98% and 73%, respectively (p = 0.0015). Actuarial 10-year cause-specific survival (CSS) rates were 95% and 88%, and overall survival rates were 66% and 79% for nonsecreting and secreting adenomas, respectively. Involvement of the sphenoid sinus was found to be significantly associated with decreased 10-year CSS (p = 0.0453). When compared with the two- or three-field techniques, stereotactic RT was associated with improved CSS (p = 0.0775). CSS was not significantly associated with hormone excretion, extent of surgery, or whether RT was administrated postoperatively or for salvage after a postsurgical recurrence. New cases of hypopituitarism occurred in 35 patients. One patient experienced vision loss, and one patient developed a post-treatment glioma. CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the most mature series in the literature that documents excellent results with fractionated RT for pituitary adenoma. We recommend 45 Gy at 1.8 Gy per fraction using stereotactic noncoplanar fields.     

高风险垂体腺瘤的临床病理特征

  目的  探讨高风险垂体腺瘤的临床病理特征及诊断要点。  方法  选取2017年6月至2020年9月北京大学国际医院收治的24例高风险垂体腺瘤患者,进行形态学观察、免疫组织化学染色及基因检测,同时收集患者的临床资料并进行随访,综合分析病理特点与临床特征的相互关系。  结果  24例高风险垂体腺瘤中男性14例,女性10例,发病年龄28～68岁,平均年龄45.4岁,临床表现为鞍区占位或激素分泌异常的症状。肿瘤最大径0.7～4.8 cm,影像学提示侵袭性腺瘤12例。根据固有激素、转录因子和低分子量角蛋白的免疫组织化学染色特点,结合临床症状及血清激素水平进行诊断,其中稀疏颗粒型生长激素细胞腺瘤4例,沉默性促肾上腺皮质激素细胞腺瘤12例,男性泌乳激素细胞大腺瘤6例,多激素PIT-1阳性腺瘤2例。基因检测1例存在GNAS基因突变。14例获得随访资料,2例复发（其中1例因肿瘤复发死亡）。  结论  高风险垂体腺瘤的诊断应该结合免疫组织化学、血清激素水平及临床症状综合分析,并且需要提示临床复发和进展的风险。      

Endoscopic Endo-Nasal Trans-Sphenoidal Excision of Pituitary Tumors: An Institutional Experience

To analyze the clinical presentation, management and outcomes of patients with pituitary adenoma treated by Endoscopic Endo-nasal Trans-sphenoidal (EETS) excision. Study was conducted on the basis of medical records of 14 patients who had undergone EETS excision of pituitary adenomas. The data obtained was assessed for demographic and clinical characteristics, radiographic features and post-operative outcomes. Study included 10 males and 4 females. Mean age of patients was 46.43 years (range 16–70 Years). Most common presentation was diminished vision reported in 79% patients. Features of acromegaly encountered in 21% cases. Location of majority of tumors was sellar with supra-sellar extension (71%) followed by sellar (14%), sellar with para-sellar extension (7%) and sellar with supra-sellar and para-sellar extensions (7%). Total tumor resection was achieved in 64% cases and sub-total resection in 36% cases. One of the lesions on biopsy revealed granulomatous pathology. No post-operative complication was seen in 71% patients. Transient Diabetes Insipidus was observed in 21% cases that resolved within 3–4 days. One patient expired due to meningitis and septicemia. One patient had CSF leak that was effectively managed by placing lumbar drain. There was significant improvement in visual symptoms and hormonal levels. Average hospital stay was 13.54 days and mean follow up period was 13 months. EETS approach is safe, minimally invasive and effective surgical technique for resection of pituitary adenomas with low post-operative morbidity, reduced hospital stay and better remission of symptoms.