Begleitverletzungen beim schweren Beckentrauma

There has been a marked increase in the incidence of pelvic fractures over the last few years. Associated injuries to the urogenital and vascular system as well as nerve injuries worsen the prognosis. Over a five year period 126 patients with severe pelvic trauma were treated. Out of these 39 (30.9%) sustained additional peripelvic injuries and represent the study sample. Type B injuries according to the AO classification occurred in 16 (41%) patients, type C fractures in 23 (59%) patients. The spleen, liver and kidney were the most frequently injured organs (58.9%), followed by urogenital lesions (46.6%), nerve injuries (25.6%) and vascular lesions (15.3%). The most common extrapelvic lesions were thoracic injuries in 56.4% and severe head injuries (GCS < 8) in 33.3%. The mean Hannover Polytrauma score was 35.6 points, the mean Injury Severity Score 27.6 points. Osteosynthesis was performed in 21 pelvic ring fractures (53%), eight procedures (50%) in type B fractures and 13 (56%) in type C fractures. In type B injuries the anterior pelvic ring was stabilized with a tension band wiring in four cases, in two patients with an external fixator and with plate osteosynthesis in one case. In type C injuries the external fixator was applied as the only stabilizing procedure in six patients. In four cases the anterior ring was fixed with tension band wiring or plates and the dorsal aspect of the pelvic ring with sacral bars. Three patients had their additional acetabular fracture plated through a anterior approach. All surviving 28 patients were followed up for an average of 18 months (range 7-59 months) after the trauma. The patients were classified using the pelvic outcome score proposed by the German Society of Trauma Surgery. 53.4% of the type B fractures showed a good clinical outcome, 47.6% a poor outcome. 15.4% with type C fractures presented with a good outcome, 84.6% with a poor outcome. 80% of the type B and 23% of the type C fractures had a good radiological outcome. 20% of type B and 77% of type C injuries had a poor radiological outcome. Five patients (12.8%) sustained persistent urological symptoms. Three of these had urinary dysfunction, two used permanent cystotomies due to their severe neurological deficit after a head injury. Ten patients with nerve injuries at the time of trauma suffered long term neurological dysfunction of the lumbosacral plexus. The mortality rate was 28%. Seven patients died in the emergency room due to uncontrollable bleeding, four in the intensive care unit from multi-organ failure. The management of complex pelvic trauma consists of fracture treatment and interdisciplinary treatment of the associated injury. Lesions of the abdominal organs or of major vessels must be addressed first if hemodynamic instability is present. Injuries to smaller vessels can be embolized percutaneously. Urinary bladder ruptures are treated as an emergency, urethral lesions electively after four to six weeks. We recommend external fixation of the pelvis in the acute phase for control of both the osseous instability and control of haemorrhage through external compression. The treatment of choice for the anterior pelvic ring is tension band wiring or plating. If this is contraindicated due to an open fracture external fixation is the treatment of choice. Type C fractures require posterior ring stabilization which should be postponed until four days post admission.     

Changes in epidemiology and treatment of pelvic ring fractures in Germany: an analysis on data of German Pelvic Multicenter Study Groups I and III (DGU/AO)

The diagnosis and treatment of pelvic ring injuries is demanding. Therefore, standardized classifications characterizing the stability and severity of pelvic ring fractures are essential to define clear algorithms for the treatment of these injuries. The first part of this article provides an overview of the etiology and classification of pelvic ring injuries. We recommend the AO classification to assess the stability of pelvic ring fractures. This classification includes 3 types of pelvic ring fractures: stable fractures (type A), fractures with only rotational instability (type B), and fractures with complete (rotational and translational) instability. To describe the severity of the injury, pelvic ring fractures can be classified as plain pelvic fractures, which include fractures with osteoligamentous instability, but without significant concomitant injuries to the soft tissue, versus complex pelvic fractures, which are combined with severe peripelvic soft tissue lesions.While plain pelvic fractures allow thorough clinical and radiological diagnostics, complex pelvic traumata represent a life threatening situation for the patient, which needs immediate emergency measures. In the second part of the this review we present current data of the German Pelvic Multicenter Study III (DGU/AO) on the epidemiology and treatment of pelvic ring injuries deriving from a study population of more than 3000 patients. In addition, we compare the present data with those of the German Pelvic Multicenter Study I and highlight changes in the epidemiology and treatment of pelvic ring fractures during the past decades. Taken together, we could observe an increasing number of elderly patients sustaining pelvic ring fractures.Regarding the treatment of pelvic ring fractures we found a rising use of external fixators and SI screws, while the number of laparotomies has markedly decreased.     

The pelvic external fixation: the mid-term results of 41 patients treated with a newly designed fixator

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological results of unstable pelvic fractures treated with a new external fixation device. Between May 1992 and May 1998, 43 patients with unstable pelvic fractures were treated with a new anterior pelvic external fixator. Two died, and therefore 41 patients' results were evaluated. There were 29 men and 12 women, and their average age was 34 years (range 12-70 years). Traffic accidents accounted for 34 injuries. Three patients fell from a height, 3 were injured in industrial accidents, and 1 was hit by a train. According to the Tile classification, there were 24 type B pelvic injuries and 17 type C. Associated injuries were observed in 21 patients. A considerable reduction of the pelvic pain was noted after application of the fixator in all patients. Excessive blood transfusion was not required in any patient. The average follow-up was 24 months (range 12-50 months). Clinical results at final evaluation were good according to the criteria of Matta and Saucedo in 34 patients and poor in 7. In conclusion, the new pelvic external fixator is effective, safe, and easy to apply in the treatment of unstable pelvic fractures. The fixator can be used alone in patients with type B pelvic injuries such as open book and lateral compression. However, it does not provide sufficient stability for severely displaced type C injuries when applied alone. Nevertheless, it may be helpful for fixing type C injuries like a posterior iliac fracture without dislocation of the sacroiliac joint.     

Efficacy and safety of emergency non-invasive pelvic ring stabilisation

BackgroundUrgent non-invasive pelvic ring stabilisation (pelvic binding, PB) in shocked patients is recommended by state and institutional guidelines regardless of the fracture pattern. The purpose of this study was to determine the adherence to the guidelines, efficacy of the technique and identification of potential adverse effects associated with PB.Patients and methodsA 41-month retrospective analysis of the prospective pelvic fracture database was undertaken at a level 1 trauma centre. High-energy pelvic fractures were included in the analysis with exclusion of the A type injuries (AO/OTA classification) and patients who were dead on arrival. Collected data included patient demographics, injury severity score, fracture classification, application and timing of PB, associated injuries, physiological parameters, resuscitation fluids and outcomes. Pre and post-PB radiographs were reviewed. The potential effects of the PB on soft tissue (femoral vessel, bladder and rectal injury) complications were assessed by independent experts.Results115 patients with high-energy B and C type pelvic ring injuries were included. Thirty-six (31%) patients presented in haemorrhagic shock on arrival. A total of 43 pelvic bindings were performed, 18 of them on shocked patients. The adherence to the guidelines was 50% (18/36) overall. Analysing fracture types of shocked patients the adherence was: B1 80%, B2 20%, B3 20%, C1 66%, C2 86%, C3 33%. The alignment of the pelvis was improved or perfect on post-PB radiographs in 68% and had not changed in 21%. In some cases of B2 and B3 type injuries the PB increased the deformity after application (11%). There were 10 deaths (8.7%) in the study group, with 4 deaths attributed to acute pelvic bleeding. Two of these had PB applied and two were identified as potential for improvement. One femoral artery injury, four bladder injuries and three rectum injuries were identified in patients who had PB applied. Association between the PB and these injuries is unlikely.ConclusionThe adherence to the guidelines should be improved with further education and system development. The good effect of the technique was evident on radiographs. Although in some lateral compression fracture patterns the deformity increased, no hazards were associated with the use of PB.     

Die Entstehung von Beckenringverletzungen im Straßenverkehr Medizinisch-technische Unfallanalyse

During 1985 and 1993, 7,410 persons were injured in traffic accidents in the area of Hanover. Of these, 306 (4.1%) sustained a pelvic girdle injury. In 139 cases (45%), the pelvic girdle injuries were further classified (Pennal and Tile) and a technical reconstruction of the accident situation was performed. 52% were type A, 27% type B and 21% type C injuries. Some 47% of the casualties were vehicle occupants, 31% pedestrians, 12% motorcyclists and 10% cyclists. In restrained vehicle occupants pelvic girdle injuries occurred mostly in accidents with a delta-v of more than 30 km/h, whereas in unrestrained vehicle occupants, pedestrians and cyclists they also occurred with lower delta-v or collision speed. The percentage of type B and C injuries increased with higher velocities. In addition to further improvements in passive safety, lower collision speed or delta-v is necessary to reduce or prevent pelvic girdle injuries. The reconstruction of pelvic girdle injury mechanism in traffic accidents is possible, when both technical and medical parameters are considered.     

Die offene Beckenfraktur

This article presents treatment priorities for open pelvic fracture and the results of 12 patients. In a retrospective study we analyzed 12 patients treated at a level 1 trauma center between 1994 and 1998 of whom eight were male and four female with an average age of 29.6 years. Six type C (6 x III degrees open) and six type B (4 x II degrees and 2 x III degrees open) were identified. On average, 15 EKs were necessary within the first 12 h of treatment (type C=17, type B=13). All type C fractures underwent emergency stabilization with the pelvic C-clamp. Early laparotomy was performed in 60%. Perineal laceration was identified in 58%, followed by nerve and plexus lesions in 42%, injuries of the genitourinary tract in 33%, and lesions of the fecal stream in 25%. Altogether, there were more peripelvic injuries associated with type C fracture than with type B (12 vs 8). On average, there were 27 second-look operations necessary with 3-.2 operations per patient. The average stay in the ICU was 82 days (80-360); 25% died.Control of hemorrhage is fundamental; therefore, emergency stabilization of the pelvis is essential followed by surgical procedures. Early surgical definitive stabilization of the fracture decreases septic complications. Such complex injuries should be treated at specialized trauma centers.     

Failure of reduction with an external fixator in the management of injuries of the pelvic ring. Long-term evaluation of 110 patients

We reviewed 110 patients with an unstable fracture of the pelvic ring who had been treated with a trapezoidal external fixator after a mean follow-up of 4.1 years. There were eight open-book (type B1, B3-1) injuries, 62 lateral compression (type B2, B3-2) and 40 rotationally and vertically unstable (type C1-C3) injuries. The rate of complications was high with loss of reduction in 57%, malunion in 58%, nonunion in 5%, infection at the pin site in 24%, loosening of the pins in 2%, injury to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve in 2%, and pressure sores in 3%. The external fixator failed to give and maintain a proper reduction in six of the eight open-book injuries, in 20 of the 62 lateral compression injuries, and in 38 of the 40 type-C injuries. Poor functional results were usually associated with failure of reduction and an unsatisfactory radiological appearance. In type-C injuries more than 10 mm of residual vertical displacement of the injury to the posterior pelvic ring was significantly related to poor outcome. In 14 patients in this unsatisfactory group poor functional results were also affected by associated nerve injuries. In lateral compression injuries the degree of displacement of fractures of the pubic rami caused by internal rotation of the hemipelvis was an important prognostic factor. External fixation may be useful in the acute phase of resuscitation but it is of limited value in the definitive treatment of an unstable type-C injury and in type-B open-book injuries. It is usually unnecessary in minimally displaced lateral compression injuries.     

Quality of life after pelvic ring injuries: follow-up results of a prospective study

A follow-up after 2 years on average could be done in 43 cases of pelvic ring injuries. Seven were type A, 8 type B and 28 type C lesions. Every type A lesion was treated non-operatively. External fixation and nonoperative management were used with type B injuries. As well as non-operative treatment, both internal and external surgical techniques were employed for type C fractures. While group A hardly mentioned pain in the follow-up, groups B and C suffered dorsal pelvic pain of comparable intensity irrespective of the therapeutic measures taken. Anatomic reduction does not guarantee freedom from pain. We also rated hip joint flexibility and ability to walk according to the Merle D'Aubigné score. Because of their pelvic injuries 50% of the type C patients changed their profession. The sequelae of the accident on sports and leisure time activities will be considered as well as the subjective contentment evaluated. Unstable and dislocated pelvic ring injuries permanently interfere to a high degree with the quality of life. It is remarkable that many of the traumatic lesions which interfere with the quality of life are caused by the traumatic violence itself and cannot be influenced by the manner of surgical stabilization.     

转流性结肠造瘘在骨盆骨折合并会阴部损伤中的应用

 目的 总结转流性结肠造瘘在骨盆骨折合并会阴部损伤中的应用效果。方法 2005年 4 月至 2011年 4月, 治疗 27例骨盆骨折合并会阴部损伤患者, 男 23例, 女 4例;年龄 16~62岁, 平均 32.9岁;交通伤 19例, 高处坠落伤 4例, 挤压伤 2例, 重物砸伤 2例。骨盆骨折按 Tile分型: A型 4例, B 型 10例, C型 13例。采用骨盆外固定支架固定, 稳定血流动力学, 选择性应用转流性结肠造瘘及骨折复 位固定术进行治疗。应用 Fisher精确概率法对早期(伤后48h内)和非早期(损伤超过 48h或未造瘘) 行转流性结肠造瘘术患者的感染率进行比较。结果 24例患者存活, 3例死亡, 死亡率为 11%。存活的 24例患者均获得随访, 随访时间 4~42个月, 平均 10.9个月。 13例早期行结肠造瘘患者均未发生感染。 11例非早期行结肠造瘘患者中, 4例发生感染。早期行转流性结肠造瘘术患者的感染率显著低于非早 期患者, 两者比较差异有统计学意义。结论 骨盆骨折合并会阴部损伤早期急救重点为稳定血流动力学、选择性应用转流性结肠造瘘及早期骨盆固定。对于累及直肠、肛管的会阴部损伤或虽不累及直肠、 肛管但软组织损伤广泛的会阴部损伤均应行转流性结肠造瘘术。伤后 48h内行转流性结肠造瘘, 不但可有效降低感染率, 而且对保持患者良好营养状态、节省医疗开支及降低医护人员工作量有重要意义。     

Fehleinschätzung bei vorderer Beckenringfraktur im höheren Lebensalter

Clinical outcome following pelvic ring fractures of AO/OTA type-A in the elderly is often unsatisfying because the posterior pelvic ring fracture is underdiagnosed and patients with type B fractures were conservatively treated like patients with type A fractures. This so-called "A-B" problem was systematically analyzed in our patients with pelvic ring fractures. 183 patients were treated with pelvic ring fractures. Primarily, the injuries were classified as follows: 81 type A, 38 type B, and 64 type C. The diagnosis was changed from type A to type B injury in seven patients. Parameters of investigation included fracture type, duration of symptoms, treatment, and outcome score according to the German Multicenter Study Group Pelvis. Persistent pain in the sacral area over an average of 2 (1-6) weeks was found in all patients. The CT scan revealed in all patients a transalar sacral impression fracture in the sense of an internal rotationally unstable injury of type AO/OTA B 2.1. The treatment consisted in a supra-acetabular external fixator for an average of 3 weeks. After 4 weeks the mean pelvis outcome score was 9 (7-10) points. In cases of persistent pain for more than 2 weeks after transpubic pelvic ring fractures in the elderly further investigation by CT scan should be recommended to exclude a concomitant sacral fracture, which then could be safely treated by a supra-acetabular external fixator.     

Supraacetabular External Fixation for Pelvic Ring Fractures

Abstract Objective: Closed reduction and maintenance of pelvic ring injuries by external stabilization. Indications: Emergency management of unstable type B and type C pelvic ring fractures. Definitive treatment of type B injuries. Definitive treatment of the anterior pelvic ring in type C injuries with transpubic instability after posterior internal stabilization. Adjunct stabilization of internal fixation. Stabilization of pelvic ring fractures in children. Contraindications: Poor general condition. Local soft-tissue damage. Local infection. Surgical Technique: Bilateral percutaneous insertion of Schanz screws into the supraacetabular area of iliac bone. Closed reduction and stabilization of the pelvic ring by compression and application of a connecting rod under image intensification. Postoperative Management: Depending on the patient’s condition and the degree of pelvic instability, a change to an open procedure may become necessary. Mobilization of the patient with partial weight bearing (one fifth of body weight) on the side of the injured posterior pelvic ring using forearm crutches, irrespective of the degree of stability of the pelvis. Results: Retrospective analysis of 64 supraacetabular external fixator applications to stabilize the anterior pelvic ring in 20 type B and 44 type C injuries. Iatrogenic lesions of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve: 4.5%; all sensory disturbances completely reversed within 1 year. No pin site infection. In two patients (3%) primary perforation of the Schanz screw into the small pelvis not necessitating any treatment. No secondary displacements of the anterior or posterior pelvic ring in type B injuries nor for type C injuries, sacral fractures associated with fractures of the pubic ramus. One pseudarthrosis of the pubic and ischial rami requiring surgical treatment. The following is a reprint from Operat Orthop Traumatol 2005;17:296–312 and continues the new series of articles at providing continuing education on operative techniques to the European trauma community. Reprint from: Operat Orthop Traumatol 2005;17:296–312 DOI 10.1007/s00064-005-1134-2     

Prehospital accuracy of (H)EMS pelvic ring injury assessment and the application of non-invasive pelvic binder devices

BackgroundPre-hospital application of a non-invasive pelvic binder device (NIPBD) is essential to increase chances of survival by limiting blood loss in patients with an unstable pelvic ring injury. However, unstable pelvic ring injuries are often not recognized during prehospital assessment. We investigated the prehospital (helicopter) emergency medical services ((H)EMS)’ accuracy of the assessment of unstable pelvic ring injuries and NIPBD application rate.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study on all patients with a pelvic injury transported by (H)EMS to our level one trauma centre between 2012 and 2020. Pelvic ring injuries were included and radiographically categorized using the Young & Burgess classification system. Lateral Compression (LC) type II/III -, Anterior-Posterior (AP) type II/III - and Vertical Shear (VS) injuries were considered as unstable pelvic ring injuries. (H)EMS charts and in-hospital patient records were evaluated to determine the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of the prehospital assessment of unstable pelvic ring injuries and prehospital NIPBD application.ResultsA total of 634 patients with pelvic injuries were identified, of whom 392 (61.8%) had pelvic ring injuries and 143 (22.6%) had unstable pelvic ring injuries. (H)EMS personnel suspected a pelvic injury in 30.6% of the pelvic ring injuries and in 46.9% of the unstable pelvic ring injuries. An NIPBD was applied in 108 (27.6%) of the patients with a pelvic ring injury and in 63 (44.1%) of the patients with an unstable pelvic ring injury. (H)EMS prehospital diagnostic accuracy measured in pelvic ring injuries alone was 67.1% for identifying unstable pelvic ring injuries from stable pelvic ring injuries and 68.1% for NIPBD application.ConclusionThe (H)EMS prehospital sensitivity of unstable pelvic ring injury assessment and NIPBD application rate is low. (H)EMS did not suspect an unstable pelvic injury nor applied an NIPBD in roughly half of all unstable pelvic ring injuries. We advise future research on decision tools to aid the routine use of an NIPBD in any patient with a relevant mechanism of injury.     

Beckenverletzungen aktuell: Die Rolle des Fixateurs bei Ringinstabilitäten

The ventral external fixator is still the most versatile device for stabilization of pelvic ring instabilities. The fixator is minimally invasive and can be rapidly applied with high patient safety. The external fixator can also be mounted by experienced surgeons outside the operating room (e.g. intensive care unit, trauma bay or intermediate care unit). In the acute phase of severe bleeding in type B injuries the ventral external fixator can also be used alone as the best available procedure. In open book injuries it can internally rotate the displaced hemipelvis and in the case of lateral compression fractures with dislocated fragments, the fixator can externally rotate and distract the fractured hemipelvis. In type C injuries the ventral external fixator is predominantly applied as a complementary measure to dorsal stabilization (e.g. pelvic clamp). In cases of extensive soft tissue compression and/or contamination in complex pelvic injuries (e.g. Morel-Lavallée injuries) a ventral external fixator is often the only implant which can be used. In the secondary phase the ventral external fixator can remain in place after internal stabilization of the dorsal pelvic ring and leads to a higher patient safety during mobilization; however, the use as a secondary stand alone implant is rarely indicated for type B injuries, mainly because of the disadvantages and patient discomfort. Under these circumstances and particularly for multifragmentary fractures of the ventral pelvic ring, it is worthwhile considering the use of a subcutaneous supra-acetabular internal fixator if plate osteosynthesis is not possible.     

Acute Pelvic Fractures: I. Causation and Classification

Acute pelvic fractures are potentially lethal, even with modern techniques of poly-trauma care. The appropriate treatment of such fractures is dependent on a thorough understanding of the anatomic features of the pelvic region and the biomechanical basis of the various types of lesions. Although the anterior structures, the symphysis pubis and the pubic rami, contribute approximately 40% to the stiffness of the pelvis, clinical and biomechanical studies have shown that the posterior sacroiliac complex is more important to pelvic-ring stability. Therefore, the classification of pelvic fractures is based on the stability of the posterior lesion. In type A fractures, the pelvic ring is stable. The partially stable type B lesions, such as "open-book" and "bucket-handle" fractures, are caused by external- and internal-rotation forces, respectively. In type C injuries, there is complete disruption of the posterior sacroiliac complex. These unstable fractures are almost always caused by high-energy severe trauma associated with motor vehicle accidents, falls from a height, or crushing injuries. Type A and type B fractures make up 70% to 80% of all pelvic injuries. Because of the complexity of injuries that most often result in acute pelvic fractures, they should be considered in the context of polytrauma management, rather than in isolation. Any classification system must therefore be seen only as a general guide to treatment. The management of each patient requires careful, individualized decision making.     

Beckenfrakturen in der unfallchirurgischen Klinik Kiel

48 injuries to the pelvis were treated from January 1991 through December 1991. We found 45 fractures of the pelvic ring with associated acetabular fractures in 15 cases and three isolated acetabular lesions. 19 injuries were caused by car accidents, 18 fractures resulted from a fall, especially in older patients. Isolated fractures of the pelvis occurred in 18 cases. The average total severity of the injuries was 19.7 points according to the Hannover Polytrauma Score (PTS). Every fracture was classified using the Tile-classification. There were 15 (33%) Tile A lesions, 18 (40%) Tile B fractures and twelve (27%) type C pelvic ring injuries. In 18 cases surgery was the method of treatment. Seven out of 18 injuries to the acetabulum were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. In ten patients the unstable pelvic ring was fixed by means of an external fixator. To do so, a pair of 6 mm diameter pins were placed on both sides in the supraacetabular region of the iliac bone directed towards the sacroiliac joints. We used a triangular form of external fixation. An open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) was necessary in five cases, one injury required a combination of external and internal procedures. There were 14 cases in which we found sacral fractures as an additional dorsal lesions. Nine of 14 sacral fractures were recognized only by CT examination. In elevent cases the conventional radiographs showed simple anterior pelvic ring fractures while the CT examination revealed an additional lesion of the sacroiliac joint in nine of these cases. A CT examination of every pelvic fracture is therefore indispensable. Complications occurred in eight of 18 patients treated surgically, a further operation was necessary in three of these cases.     

Pelvic injuries in childhood and adolescence: Retrospective analysis of 5-year data from a national trauma centre

Background

Pelvic fractures are uncommon injuries in paediatric trauma patients because of specific anatomical features. Due to the low incidence there is no standardized therapeutic algorithm.

Material and methods

This retrospective review evaluates paediatric pelvic fractures of a Level I Trauma Centre over 5 years. In addition, we compared the data with adult pelvic fractures and reviewed the literature. A total of 37 pelvic fractures (??16 years) were documented, with an incidence of 9.9% in the child with multiple injuries. The most common injury mechanisms were traffic accidents, followed by falls from heights.

Results

Type A injuries occurred in 50% (type B: 16%, type C: 27%, acetabular injuries: 11%). Osteosynthesis was performed in nine cases. Therapeutic intervention was necessary in three cases of haemodynamically relevant bleeding; 97% of all children had associated injuries (mean ISS: 38).

Conclusion

Our data showed some differences to the literature. Pelvic fractures are predictors for high injury severity. Despite similar fracture pattern, in contrast to adults most injuries could be treated non-operatively. In unstable or dislocated fractures open reduction and stabilization must be performed.     

Pelvic fracture among polytrauma decedents

Pelvic fractures (PF) sustained from accidents are commonly believed to be a major cause of mortality in polytraumatized patients. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether PF are usually the primary cause or a contributing cause of mortality in these patients. A 10-year retrospective review was performed of all polytrauma patients with PF who were admitted to, and died, at a large, level-I trauma center. The pelvic injury was graded according to Schatzker and Tile into stable (type A), partially stable (type B), and unstable (type C). The injury severity score (ISS), which incorporates associated injuries and their potential impact on mortality, was calculated for all patients. For each patient, a separate subjective designation of the probable cause of death was determined. We identified 74 decedents with PF following deceleration trauma. The pelvic fractures were classified as 12 type A (16%), 36 type B (49%), and 26 type C (35%). The mean ISS was extremely high, 40.6 +/- 1.4 (range 18-75), more than four times the score for simply a severe PF. The ISS was also not significantly different among the three pelvic fracture groups (P = 0.613). The records subjectively identified PF as the precipitating cause of death in only 13% of the patients. In this study, patients who died with PF had an ISS that implicated at least one or two additional major visceral injuries. These data do not support the hypothesis that PF, regardless of its complexity, is the usual primary cause or the major precipitating event of death in the polytraumatized patient. In these patients, mortality appears to be a function of the associated injuries based on the ISS calculation.     

改良后路张力带钢板治疗不稳定性骶骨骨折

目的 探讨改良后路张力带钢板治疗因骶骨骨折导致的骨盆后环不稳定病人的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2015年6月至2018年6月我院采用改良后路张力带钢板治疗的7例因骶骨骨折导致骨盆后环不稳定病人的临床资料,其中男4例,女3例,年龄为23~63岁,Tile分型B1 1例,B2 1例,B3 1例,C1 3例,C2 1例。骶骨骨折Denis分区1区4例,2区3例。高处坠落伤3例,车祸伤4例。记录病人软组织激惹等并发症发生情况,采用Majeed评分标准评估骨盆功能。结果 病人手术时间平均为32 min,失血量平均为58 mL。所有病人均获得骨性愈合,愈合时间平均为19周。7例病人平均随访了16个月。根据Majeed评分,优6例,良1例,优良率100%。未出现软组织激惹、神经血管损伤、体表能触及钢板等并发症。结论 改良的后路张力带钢板能有效治疗因骶骨骨折导致的骨盆后环不稳定,安全有效,且软组织激惹较少。     

Beckenringinstabilitäten

Background

Pelvic ring injuries occur in patients aged 20–30 years old after high energy trauma and also in patients over the age of 65 years predominantly after low energy trauma. The latter have greatly increased. The necessity for treatment depends on the degree of instability and on the accompanying injuries and comorbidities.

Emergency treatment

Despite following effective treatment algorithms, pelvic ring injuries caused by high energy force still have a high mortality rate. The differentiation between pelvic ring fractures with or without life-threatening bleeding is extremely important in the initial phase of treatment of these patients. The emergency treatment of life-threatening pelvic ring fractures should be embedded in a standardized protocol for the treatment of severely injured patients. Among the first measures are external stabilization, such as pelvic ferrules and external fixators as well as surgical hemostasis of the lesser pelvis. The final osteosynthesis should be performed in the secondary phase when the patient shows stable vital signs.

Elective treatment

A pelvic ring fracture without relevant circulatory instability can be electively treated after completion of clinical diagnostics. Type A injuries are predominantly conservatively treated. In type B injuries stabilization of the anterior pelvic ring via osteosynthesis of the symphysis or external fixator is sufficient. The restoration of stability of the dorsal pelvic ring is the main task in type C injuries. Sacral fractures are a special feature. In cases of neurological disorders these fractures need immediate osteosynthesis after decompression of the neural structures. Highly unstable injuries require spinopelvic stabilization.

Results

The outcome of patients depends on the extent of the injuries suffered and on the quality of repositioning and stabilization. The results of radiological investigations were better than the functional outcome.

     

Stabilization of pelvic fractures]

In contrast to less complicated injuries to the pelvic ring, unstable bony fractures and injuries caused to ligaments by high-energy trauma require immediate stabilization by internal fixation. Since patients with severe pelvic injuries commonly present with multiple trauma, close cooperation between different medical disciplines is necessary to provide for optimum patient management. In cases with concomitant urological injuries, a joint primary intervention is recommended. Whether anterior, posterior or combined approaches are indicated for internal fixation depends on the injury pattern. The classification of pelvic ring fractures into group A, B and C injuries is discussed in detail.