单侧唇裂鼻翼软骨组织学观察

目的:探讨单侧唇裂鼻畸形的形成机制,为唇裂鼻整形提供理论基础。方法:单侧唇裂流产胎儿标本1具,解剖双侧鼻翼软骨,并于鼻翼软骨内1/2处、穹隆角、外1/2处、外1/4处垂直于软骨长轴切开,水平包埋,常规组织学处理,HE染色,进行图像分析。结果:内侧角1/2处与穹隆脚处膜边和中央细胞面积、周长、等效圆直径等测量值,健患侧间无显著性差异。外侧角1/2处与1/4处膜边和中央细胞的上述指标健患侧间有差异,患侧各项均小于健侧。健侧软骨4个部位间发育无差异,而患侧间有差异。结论:单侧唇裂患侧鼻翼软骨的外侧脚细胞发育差于内侧脚及中间脚处。     

Early and late treatment of unilateral cleft nasal deformity.

Surgical techniques have been developed to correct nasal deformity associated with unilateral cleft lip, alveolus, and palate. This deformity can be significantly corrected during the primary cleft lip repair, as performed by the technique described by the author. Secondary corrective procedures focus mostly on skeletal support and lining distortions as well as on rearrangements of lower lateral cartilages. At the final stage, esthetic appearance can be significantly improved by contour remodeling with the addition of cartilage and/or bony implants. Choice of surgical technique depends upon the severity of the deformity and the experience and proficiency of the surgeon. At the present time, correction of the nasal deformity associated with a unilateral cleft is an integral part of primary cleft lip repair and part of multidisciplinary management of cleft deformities.     

双侧唇裂术后鼻唇畸形的修复

目的 报道双侧唇裂术后鼻唇畸形修复的一种新方法。方法 在双侧鼻孔的内侧沿鼻小柱皮肤粘膜交界缘向下达鼻小柱基部并经鼻底向外达外侧脚外侧并绕鼻翼外侧脚弧形向上;在上唇正中上部画出叉形瓣切口线;再在双侧鼻孔底部上唇瘤痕两侧画垂线至唇红缘。然后切开鼻底及鼻翼外侧脚皮肤,在鼻翼内侧脚上端缝合。将叉形瓣向上推形成鼻小柱下端。切除上唇瘢痕组织,必要时可设 Abbe瓣经旋转180°后按粘膜、肌层及皮肤层缝合。10～14天行Abbe瓣断蒂。结果 用该术式对34位患者进行了手术,术后鼻唇外形、鼻小柱长度及鼻孔大小趋于正常。上唇过紧得到了松驰。结论 该术式对双侧唇裂术后鼻唇畸形矫正有用。     

单侧唇腭裂外鼻软骨的外科解剖

为探讨单侧唇腭裂外鼻软骨的解剖异常与鼻畸形的关系，对６例单侧唇腭裂死婴的外鼻部进行解剖，发现患侧鼻翼软骨及鼻中隔软骨发生了组织错位，与鼻畸形的产生有明确的对应关系；统计学处理结果显示，健、患侧鼻翼软骨的大小差异无显著性。说明组织错位是单侧唇腭裂鼻畸形的病理解剖的基础之一。     

Various applications of chondrocutaneous composite grafts in secondary cleft lip nose patients

Composite chondrocutaneous grafts were applied to 12 patients in various forms to repair the columellar deficit, to form the nasal tubercle and nostril sill in cleft lip nose patients. Cleft lip-nose deformity patients with alar cartilage hypoplasia, obtuse angulation of the medial and lateral crura and the resulting plica vestibularis, internal nasal valve problems associated with the weakness of upper lateral cartilages are included in this study and composite conchal cartilage grafts are utilized to achieve a symmetrical and functional result.     

单侧重度唇裂鼻畸形整复的临床研究

目的:探讨单侧重度唇裂鼻畸形的整复方法。方法:对单侧重度唇裂患者,采用鼻内切口、整改畸形组织、调整定位、整复鼻外形,以达到一期修复鼻部畸形、关闭裂隙的目的。结果:唇裂伴鼻畸形整复手术85例,经13年随访,取得满意效果。结论:鼻内切口整改畸形组织是一种值得推荐的一期修复鼻部畸形关闭裂隙的手术方法。     

自体鼻中隔软骨、耳软骨移植修复单侧唇裂继发鼻畸形

目的:分析单侧唇裂继发鼻畸形的发生机制,观察鼻中隔软骨、耳软骨对单侧唇裂继发鼻畸形的矫治效果,从而探讨理想的修复方法。方法:根据患者的临床特点,选取轻度单侧唇裂继发鼻畸形患者作为研究对象,采用自体鼻中隔软骨、耳软骨二期修复鼻畸形。结果:本组患者共12例,随访时间1～6个月,临床矫治效果良好。结论:鼻中隔软骨、耳软骨移植对轻度唇裂继发鼻畸形具有良好的治疗效果。     

Three-dimensional Z-plasty in the correction of the unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity.

OBJECTIVE: Numerous methods have been introduced for correction of the cleft lip nasal deformities, but no single procedure has given sufficiently satisfactory results to provide a surgical standard. Much effort has been put on restoring cartilaginous structures using alar cartilage modification and suspension. But even after the cartilage framework is repositioned well, redundant alar webbing is still unsightly and frequently conspicuous. This paper presents a procedure combining the usual open rhinoplasty technique and three-dimensional Z-plasty in an external approach to remove the alar web and to lengthen the columella at the same time. METHODS: Open rhinoplasty was performed in 26 consecutive patients with unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity from 1991 to 1996. We used an open rhinoplasty approach, which is a combination of the usual infracartilaginous incision on the noncleft side and a small triangular flap on the cleft side. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: This external rhinoplasty incision can provide a wide surgical field for the handling of the whole cartilage framework. The three-dimensional Z-plasty utilizing redundant alar skin not only removes the alar web but also helps lengthen the columella and provides soft tissue to the nasal vestibule. This technique is easy, and the postoperative result is very consistent. Our open rhinoplasty approach has several advantages and can be a useful approach in the correction of the unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity.     

The central lip flap and nasal mucosal rotation advancement: important aspects of composite correction of the bilateral cleft lip nose deformity

The columella, nasal tip, lip relationship in the secondary bilateral cleft deformity remains an enigma and a great challenge for the cleft surgeon. A subset of patients with bilateral cleft lip still require columellar lengthening and nasal correction, despite the advances in preoperative orthopedics and primary nasal corrections. An approach to correct this deformity is described. This consists of (1) lengthening the columella by a central lip advancement flap; (2) open rhinoplasty, allowing definitive repositioning of lower lateral cartilages, ear cartilage grafting to the tip and columella when necessary; (3) nasal mucosal advancement; (4) alar base narrowing; and (5) reconstruction of the orbicularis oris as required. Depending on the individual assessment of the patients, some of these steps were not performed, leaving the nasal mucosal advancement the most important aspect of the reconstruction. In a consecutive series of 72 patients with repaired bilateral cleft lip and palate, 17 patients have been treated with nasal mucosal rotation advancement and followed up for a maximum period of 10 years. With the use of this technique, the secondary bilateral cleft lip nose deformity has been successfully corrected.     

Nasal respiratory resistance in cleft lip and palate

The present study aimed to determine the nasal respiratory resistance (NRR) in subjects with cleft deformity of the lip and palate. The cleft sample was subdivided into cleft lip (N = 15) (mean age 13.4 years, median age 14 years), cleft palate (N = 19) (mean age 12.7 years, median age 12 years), and unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects (N = 27) (mean age 16.4 years, median age 16 years). A control group consisted of 38 patients (mean age 14.4 years, median age 12 years) attending for orthodontic diagnosis. Respiratory resistance was determined by a Mercury rhinomanometer, which was calibrated dynamically before each session. Subjects were given 0.1% xylometazoline hydrochloride half an hour before each session. Resistance was determined unilaterally by the anterior method as well as bilaterally by the posterior method. The results showed that the bilateral nasal resistance did not differ significantly between the cleft samples and the controls. Unilateral measurements of nasal resistance showed higher values for the cleft side than for the noncleft side, both in the cleft lip (CL) and the unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) samples (p less than 0.001). In the cleft palate sample as well as in the controls, unilateral nasal resistance did not differ between the two sides.     

Treatment of the unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity

The lack of tip projection on the affected side of a unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity can be difficult to correct due to lack of adequate structural support. A new technique for the correction of the unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity is described. The key components of the technique involve the use of a dorsally angulated unilateral spreader graft on the cleft side and the use of an L-shaped septal graft to provide support to the cleft nasal tip.     

Three-dimensional nasal changes following nasoalveolar molding in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate: geometric morphometrics.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate three-dimensional changes in nasal morphology in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate treated with presurgical nasoalveolar molding (NAM) to correct naso-labio-alveolar deformity. DESIGN: This was a prospective, longitudinal study. Digital stereophotogrammetry was used to capture three-dimensional facial images, and x, y, and z coordinates of 28 nasal landmarks were digitized. SAMPLE: Ten patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Nasal form changes between T1 (age: 28 +/- 2 days, pre-NAM) and T2 (age: 140 +/- 2 days, post-NAM), using conventional measurements and finite-element scaling analysis. RESULTS: Overall nasal changes were statistically different (p < .01), but no linear or curvilinear changes were found. Specifically, relative size increases were found on the noncleft side, involving the upper nose (30%), alar depth (20%), alar dome (30%), columella height (30%), and lateral wall of the nostril (17%). On the cleft side, the following showed a size increase: upper nose (8%), alar dome (5%), columella height (30%), and lateral wall of the nostril (30%). The cleft-side alar curvature, however, showed a large decrease in size (80%), but no changes on the noncleft side were found. Corresponding shape changes and angular changes were also found. CONCLUSIONS: Using NAM, bilateral nasal symmetry in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate was improved before surgical repair. Furthermore, slight overcorrection of the alar dome on the cleft side using pressure exerted by the nasal stent is indicated to maintain the NAM result.     

硬三角软骨支架植入矫正单侧唇裂术后鼻畸形

目的　探讨一种纠正唇裂术后鼻畸形的新术式。方法　在回顾单侧唇裂术后鼻畸形整复术中各种软骨悬吊、移植等方法的基础上,创新性地提出了外鼻畸形的硬三角软骨支架的植入整复方法。结果　经15例临床病例的验证,该法可以较好地一次整复唇裂术后患侧鼻翼塌陷、鼻堤缺乏、鼻小柱偏斜等。结论　硬三角软骨支架植入能矫正单侧唇裂术后鼻翼塌陷畸形,术后短期效果满意。     

The gull wing incision in cleft lip rhinoplasty

The deficient anatomy of the cleft lip-nasal deformity has been fairly well described and a number of surgical procedures have been offered for its correction. Access to the nasal cartilages and precise correction have remained elusive. While a number of internal and external approaches have been proposed, we feel that the gull wing incision gives us excellent exposure for simultaneous visualization of both lower lateral cartilages and places the scar at the base of the columella which seems its best hiding place. With better visualization of the lower lateral cartilages and the employment of Dibbell's cartilage strut technique, we have been able to overcorrect accurately and ultimately achieve better symmetry and more lasting improvement. We have used this approach in the unilateral and bilateral cleft lip-nasal deformity in 15 patients. Principles that have become apparent by virtue of this better exposure include: full dissection of the lateral wings of the lower lateral cartilages and overcorrection using nonabsorbable mattress sutures for cartilage positioning. Pre- and postoperative cases are presented.     

单侧完全性唇裂术后鼻畸形整复术的临床分析

目的：通过对单侧完全性唇裂术后鼻畸形整复方法的研究和改进,探讨其理想的手术方式。方法：以61例单侧完全性唇裂术后鼻畸形患者为研究对象,其中男性36例,女性25例,年龄分布范围3～34岁,平均年龄14.6岁。根据不同的鼻畸形程度进行鼻唇肌肉的解剖复位,鼻翼及鼻中隔软骨悬吊复位固定,以及肋软骨塑形后移植,纠正鼻翼和鼻小柱的畸形。结果：61例单侧完全性唇裂术后鼻畸形患者术后外形均得到明显改善,移植肋软骨未发生明显吸收,患者局部伤愈合良好。结论：单侧完全性唇裂术后患者鼻畸形的手术治疗应注重强调个性化处理。针对鼻畸形的原因,从软组织及鼻翼和鼻中隔软骨等多方面进行矫正治疗,才能获得更为理想的整复效果。     

Dynamic presurgical nasal remodeling in patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate: modification to the original technique.

OBJECTIVE: To present technical modifications to the original presurgical nasal remodeling appliance introduced in 1991. The purpose of the modifications is to improve the cleft nasal deformity before unilateral and bilateral cleft lip repair. METHOD: The principle behind this technique, known as dynamic presurgical nasal remodeling (DPNR), is the use of the force generated during suction and swallowing. A conventional intraoral plate is built with a nasal extension added to the labial vestibular flange. The nasal extension was modified and consists of three components. The palatal plate is left loose in the mouth to generate a discontinuous but controlled impact directed to the affected nasal structures during suction and swallowing. The principle aim of the DPNR technique in unilateral cases is to improve the deformation of nasal structures by straightening the columella, elevating the nasal tip, and remodeling the depressed cleft side alar cartilages. In bilateral cases, the aims are to elongate the columella and to obtain nasal tip projection. CONCLUSIONS: The modifications introduced in the appliance enhance the original DPNR technique and are effective in ameliorating the initial cleft nasal deformity. This facilitates primary surgical cleft lip and nose correction and improves surgical outcomes in patients with complete unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate.     

膨体聚四氟乙烯补片在唇裂术后鼻畸形矫正术中的应用

目的:探索理想的唇裂术后鼻畸形矫正方法.方法:用膨体聚四氟乙烯补片加强患侧鼻翼软骨强度的方法对120例唇裂术后鼻畸形患者行鼻畸形矫正术.结果:120 例患者鼻翼塌陷畸形均得到明显改善,76例随访患者伤口愈合良好,无一例发生排异反应.结论:膨体聚四氟乙烯补片是一种理想的植入材料,运用这种材料可以使唇裂术后鼻畸形矫正达到满意的效果.     

单侧唇裂鼻翼软骨定位术与再定位术的设计及应用

鼻畸形矫正日益成为唇裂治疗关注的重点,其术后高复发问题是亟需解决的技术难点.笔者前期提出了依据中国人群鼻翼形态特点建立的鼻翼软骨二焦点固定技术(鼻翼软骨内固定术),之后在单侧唇裂整复中又建立了鼻小柱侧方软组织增量的理论与技术.基于对这两种技术的应用和总结,笔者将其进一步相结合从而发展出新的鼻畸形整复方法,称之为鼻翼软骨...     

Improved nasal tip projection in the treatment of bilateral cleft nasal deformity

The cleft nose deformity in bilateral cleft lip and palate patients with severely flattened alar cartilages, a short, scarred columella, and thickened skin is a reconstructive challenge. The Wolfe double-arch tip rhinoplasty technique was compared with a cartilage release and tip grafting technique to determine the optimal modality for tip projection and columella lengthening. Patients with significant bilateral cleft nasal deformities and previous bilateral cleft lip repairs were divided into two groups (n = 22). Group 1 (double-arch) patients underwent an open rhinoplasty using conchal cartilage grafts to create a columellar strut and new lower lateral arches placed over the existing arches (n = 12). In group 2 (release and tip graft), the lower lateral cartilages were released, and nasal tip grafting was performed (n = 10). Preoperative and 6-month postoperative measurements, including (1) columellar length, (2) alar base-nasal tip-columellar base (ATC) angle, and (3) lateral tip projection, were compared. The lateral tip projection is the perpendicular distance between the nasal tip and a line created from the connection of points at the nasion to the subnasale. In group 1 (double arch), the mean columella length increased 47.2%, whereas in group 2 (release and tip graft), it only increased 14.1%. The ATC angle had a mean decrease or narrowing of 26.7 degrees in group 1, compared with a 12.5 degrees decrease in group 2. Lateral tip projection improvement was greater in group 1 (52.2% increase) compared with group 2 (19.9% increase). The authors' data showed that for the difficult bilateral cleft nasal deformity with significant tip flattening, the double-arch tip rhinoplasty provides improved nasal tip projection.     

单侧唇裂术后继发鼻畸形分类的研究

目的 建立单侧唇裂术后继发鼻咽形的分类方法。方法 观察５６例单侧唇裂术后患者外鼻石膏模型各标志点间距离,发现总结鼻畸形的特征;在术中观察鼻软骨间的相对位置关系。结果 将鼻畸形分成３度：Ⅰ度鼻畸形仅表现患侧鼻下１／３形态异常;Ⅱ主莅 健侧鼻下１／３形态受累;Ⅲ度伴鼻背偏斜。结论 此分类方法简单易行,可为临床修复鼻畸形选择手术方法提供依据。