浙江省新型农村合作医疗降低就医经济风险能力的评价研究

目的：评价浙江省新型农村合作医疗实施对就医经济风险的影响。方法：应用就医经济风险评价指标RR值和校正RR值，分别计算和比较秀洲区、开化县和常山县各类就医人群获得新型农村合作医疗补偿前后就医经济风险。结果：（1）秀洲区方案显现出费用段升高。降低就医经济风险能力升高的特点：开化县方案对就医经济风险的降低主要表现在3001-5000元费用段和10000元以上费用段：常山县方案对就医经济风险的降低主要表现在10000元以上费用段。3个地区新型农村合作医疗方案均以不同形式体现了大痛统筹的指导思想。（2）由于3个地区方案侧重住院费用补偿。降低门诊就医经济风险的能力均较低。（3）秀洲区住院人群校正RR值下降了26．0％，开化县为24，9％，常山县为21．3％，秀洲区的方案对住院人群就医经济风险的降低更为有利，开化县次之，常山县最末。（4）秀洲区贫困人群校正RR值下降了34．6％，开化县为14．5％，常山县为8.8％。秀洲区的方案对贫困人群就医经济风险的降低更为有利，开化县次之，常山县最末。（5）秀洲区高危人群校正RR值下降了20．0％，开化县为16．6％．常山县为8．8％，秀洲区的方案对高危人群就医经济风险的降低更为有利，开化县次之,常山县最末。     

糖尿病社区综合防治效果评价

[目的 ]　通过社区糖尿病综合防治 ,使糖尿病病人病情稳定 ,并发症减少 ,病人生活质量提高 ,医药费用降低。以此观察社区卫生服务在糖尿病综合防治中的实际效果。　 [方法 ]　对糖尿病人进行防治糖尿病健康教育 ,并饮食和运动的量化干预 ,建立科学的生活方式 ,纠正不良的生活习惯 ,控制可能导致糖尿病并发症发生的危险因素 ,配合必要的药物治疗。　 [结果 ]　综合管理 3个月 ,83例病人综合防治前后自身对照糖尿病防治知识及自我保健能力方面平均提高 89.16% (P <0 .0 1) ,纠正不良生活方式和不良生活习惯 79.3 2 % (P <0 .0 1) ,糖尿病自测率提高 71.0 8% (P <0 .0 1) ,体重平均下降 1.80kg(P <0 .0 1) ,腰围平均下降 1.77cm(P <0 .0 1) ,臀围平均下降 1.0 4cm(P <0 .0 1) ,体重指数 (BMI)平均下降 0 .68(P <0 .0 1) ,收缩压平均下降 11.19mmHg(P <0 .0 1) ,舒张压平均下降 5 .61mmHg(P <0 .0 1) ,空腹血糖平均下降 3 .3 3mmol/L(P <0 .0 1) ,餐后 2h血糖平均下降 3 .5 4mmol /L(P <0 .0 1) ,患者医药费用平均每人减少 97.0 5元。　 [结论 ]　社区卫生服务综合防治糖尿病 ,能提高疗效 ,提高患者的生活质量和降低医药费用     

Dietary strategies and uptake of reduced fat foods

AIM: This research has sought to identify factors determining consumer uptake and rejection of reduced fat foods. Initial qualitative research implied that use of reduced fat products could be dependent upon which dietary health strategies people adopt. This analysis therefore explores the degree to which various dietary strategies predict uptake of reduced fat products. METHOD: Items were derived from prior qualitative findings and responses to relevant issues surveyed by interview (n = 1004) within selected retail outlets throughout Northern Ireland and England. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis indicated that concern over health, drive to reduce calorie consumption, to increase intake of fish and poultry and fruit and vegetables consistently predicted consumption across a range of reduced fat products. These dietary strategies appeared to predict uptake of reduced fat foods to a greater degree than perceived taste or price. CONCLUSION: The findings imply that for reduced fat foods to achieve universal acceptance promotional messages need to be translated into commonly adopted dietary health strategies.     

Reduced reproduction of wedge-tailed shearwaters exposed to weathered Santa Barbara crude oil

Wedge-tailed Shearwaters breeding on Manana Island, Hawaii were treated with 0.1–2.0 ml weathered Santa Barbara crude oil either by external application to the breast plumage or by oral dose in gelatin capsules approximately 30 days prior to egg laying. Applications of oil caused reduced lay, lowered hatching success, and reduced breeding success. Two ml applied externally to the breast plumage resulted in a greatly reduced number of eggs laid and complete hatching failure of 60 pair of exposed birds. Oral doses of oil in gelatin capsules reduced laying and breeding success, but to a lesser extent than external exposure. Oil exposure did not change the length of the prelaying exodus or cause birds to move to new areas of the breeding colony, but resulted in abandonment and reduced incubation attentiveness. Growth rates of chicks of oral dosed birds were not different from controls, although survival of chicks of dosed birds was reduced. Long-term effects of external application of 2.0 ml of oil were demonstrated by a decreased number of birds returning to the colony in the year after dosing and reduced breeding success one year after oil exposure.     

Effect of malnutrition during pregnancy on the development of the mammary glands of rats

Sprague-Dawley rats fed 50% of normal food intake from day 5 of gestation had a marked reduction in the weight of their left mammary glands compared with control nonrestricted animals. The affected glands had a significant reduction in DNA, RNA and protein content. Protein/DNA ratio was also reduced while RNA/DNA ratio was unchanged. Histological studies of the glands revealed a reduced number of parenchymal cells, reduced cell size and larger lumen within the alveoli.     

快速控制血吸虫病新流行区疫情的试点研究

目的：探讨快速控制湖南省新疫区血吸虫闰流行的防制对策.方法：通过对新流行区进行重点纵向观察,根据各流行区的流行因素特点,合理组合运用现有防治方法。结果：桃源试区居民血吸虫病感染率由1998年的12．16％下降到2000年0．14％,下降了98．8％,耕牛感染率由15．91％下降到1．35％,下降了91．5％,活螺密度由9．12只／0．11平方米下降到0．11只／0．11平方米,下降了98．8％,感染螺密度由0．0248只／0．11平方米下降到0．00只／0．11平方米,长沙市傅家洲和益阳市黑湖洲试区均在短期内取得了消灭钉螺阻断血吸虫病传播的效果。结论：合理组合运用现有的防制措施,在短期内可以达到快速控制血吸虫病新流行区疫情的目的。     

Effect of dietary lactose on salt-mediated changes in mineral metabolism and bone composition in the rat

The effects of salt (sodium chloride) supplementation of rat diets (80 g/kg diet), with or without lactose (150 g/kg), were studied in weanling rats over 14 d. Dietary salt increased water intake and reduced weight gain and food conversion efficiency, but these variables were unaffected by lactose. Salt-supplemented rats exhibited a three- to fivefold increase in urinary calcium excretion and a small increase in urinary magnesium and phosphorus excretion, irrespective of dietary lactose content. In addition, salt supplementation reduced plasma alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity. Lactose increased urinary Ca and Mg excretion and plasma Ca and P concentrations. Salt reduced tibia mass but not tibia mass expressed relative to body-weight, but neither variable was affected by lactose. Both tibia Mg content and concentration were reduced by salt but unaffected by lactose, and neither tibia P content nor concentration was affected by salt or lactose. Tibia Ca content was reduced by salt but this was prevented by lactose. Tibia Ca concentration was unaffected by salt or lactose, although there was a reduction (not significant) in tibia Ca concentration in animals fed on the lactose-free diet. These results show that lactose had no independent effect on bone and that reduced accretion of bone mass and mineral content in rats fed on the high-salt diets was due, at least in part, to reduced growth. Failure to offset sodium-induced hypercalciuria by a compensatory increase in net Ca absorption may have contributed to reduced bone Ca accretion. The protective effect of lactose against reduced bone Ca accretion may be due to increased Ca absorption.     

Influence of feeding on growth hormone secretion and response to growth hormone-releasing factor in sheep

This study was designed to examine the effects of feeding and factors associated with feeding on growth hormone (GH) secretion and response to growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRF) in sheep. Feeding reduced (P less than 0.05) plasma GH concentrations to 60% of prefeeding concentrations within 45 min. Allowing the animals to anticipate being fed or artificial distention of the cranial sac of the rumen with a water-filled balloon did not significantly reduce plasma GH. Feeding, distention of the rumen and anticipation of being fed each reduced (P less than 0.05) the GH response to intravenous injection of 0.067 micrograms GHRF/kg body weight. It is concluded that GH secretion is reduced within 15 min after feeding in ruminants and that part of the reduced secretion may be the result of reduced response to GHRF.     

Effect of corn oil feeding on triglyceride synthesis in the rat

When rats were fed diets containing 10% corn oil for 2 weeks, alpha-glycerophosphate acyltransferase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase levels were reduced to 75% of that of controls fed a 0.5% corn oil diet, while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and acetyl-Coa carboxylase levels were reduced to 28, 33 and 66%, respectively. The incorporation of labeled glycerol or palmitic acid into triglycerides by liver slices was also reduced by corn oil feeding. Therefore, it is suggested that although the major reduction of triglyceride synthesis by linoleic acid feeding is due to fatty acid synthesis, glycerolipid synthesis is also reduced.     

血脂与血尿酸及血液黏度的相关性研究

摘要：目的了解血脂与血尿酸（UA）及血黏度的相关性。方法对540名延吉市健康体检者采集空腹静脉血,测定血脂、UA和血流变学指标。分析血脂水平与血黏度及UA的相关性。结果随着总胆固醇（TC）和低密度脂蛋白（LDL）水平的增高,全血黏度、还原黏度和UA水平均升高。同时,随着三酰甘油（TG）水平的增高,全血黏度、血浆黏度、还原黏度和UA水平均升高。而随着高密度脂蛋白（HDL）水平的增高,全血黏度、血浆黏度、还原黏度和UA水平均下降。TG、TC和LDL均与全血黏度、UA和还原黏度呈正相关,与血浆黏度无相关。HDL与血浆黏度,全血黏度、全血高、中切还原黏度和uA呈负相关,与全血低切还原黏度无相关。结论血脂水平与血液黏度、UA水平相关。     

Adrenalectomy and the Digestion and Absorption of Fat

Earlier reports of reduced fat absorption in adrealectomized rats hare been confirmed. Reduced absurption does not appear to result from reduced lipolysis.     

Evaluation of cyclopoid copepods for Aedes albopictus control in tires

Six species of cyclopoid copepods in New Orleans were tested for biological control of Aedes albopictus larvae in discarded tires. Six to 8 weeks after introduction, Diacyclops navus, Acanthocyclops vernalis, Mesocyclops ruttneri and Mesocyclops edax reduced the number of Ae. albopictus larvae by 83, 90, 95 and 96%, respectively. Macrocyclops albidus and Mesocyclops longisetus were the most effective species. Six to 8 weeks after introduction, Macrocyclops albidus reduced Ae. albopictus larvae by 99%. Three months after introduction Macrocyclops albidus reduced Ae. albopictus larvae by 100%, and Mesocyclops longisetus reduced Ae. albopictus larvae by 99.8%. Macrocyclops albidus and Mesocyclops longisetus were equally effective at eliminating Ae. aegypti and Ae. triseriatus larvae.     

Effects of fetal and early postnatal thiamin deficiency on avoidance learning in rats.

Thiamin deficiency was induced in two groups of young rats during two stages of growth: deficiency 1, from 8 days prepartum to 10 days postpartum or deficiency 2, from 1 to 18 days postpartum. The deficiency was reversed by thiamin injections for 5 days and return to a normal diet following which animals were tested at 35 days of age. Body weights at 21 and 36 days of age were not significantly reduced by the deficiency nor was brain weight affected. Activity levels were not significantly reduced by deficiency 1 but were reduced in deficiency 2. Both active and passive avoidance learning were significantly impaired in both deficiency 1 and 2, a finding which could not be attributed to alterations in pain sensitivity, motor ability or reduced activity levels. The results indicate that the developing brain is vulnerable to reduced thiamin intake and that the period of vulnerability may be different for activity and avoidance learning.     

山丘型地区小环境改造后螺情消长情况分析

山丘型血吸虫病流行区因地制宜进行沟渠硬化、沼泽地改塘等小环境改造措施后，钉螺面积减少了６６．１６％，活螺密度、活螺框出现率分别下降了７６．５４％及７６．１３％，阳性螺密度下降了１００％；而实施药物灭螺的对照组９年来钉螺面积仅下降了２７．６２％；活螺密度及活螺框出现率分别上升了２６．３５％、１５１．０１％，是小环境改造点的９．８４倍及１１．１３倍。不同环改方法控制螺情的近期及远期效果不一致，以沼泽地改塘效果最稳定，其次为沟底及两侧石砌并用水泥磨面的方法。     

Sublethal effects of larval methoprene exposure on adult mosquito longevity.

Larvae of Aedes aegypti were exposed to sublethal concentrations of the insect growth regulator, methoprene, and the glycogen content of pupae and surviving adults was compared and effects on adult longevity determined. The glycogen reserves in both male and female Ae. aegypti pupae were significantly reduced as a result of methoprene exposure. The longevity of adult females was also significantly reduced, but exposure affected neither the longevity nor the glycogen content of adult males. Adult sugar feeding increased the amount of glycogen in both treated and control females. The reduced longevity of adult females from larval methoprene treatment appeared not to be directly related to reduced glycogen, but rather reflected neuroendocrine abnormalities induced by this juvenile hormone analogue.     

The reduced/oxidized state of plasma albumin is modulated by dietary protein intake partly via albumin synthesis rate in rats

The reduced/oxidized state of plasma albumin is influenced by many factors, including chronic diseases and strenuous training. Recently, the reduced/oxidized state has also been shown to be associated with dietary protein and energy intakes in rats. We hypothesized that dietary protein intake may modulate the reduced/oxidized state of plasma albumin by altering the rate of albumin synthesis and that the reduced/oxidized state could therefore serve as a novel marker of protein undernutrition. We tested this hypothesis by examining male growing rats placed on a low-protein or energy-restriction diet. In the 4-week experiment, animals fed a low-protein diet (3% casein), whose dietary intakes were lower than those fed control diet (20% casein), showed significant decreases in plasma albumin level and the ratio of the reduced form of albumin to total albumin. Animals given the same amount of control diet as the low-protein diet group (approximately 30% energy restriction) also showed the above decreases, albeit to much more limited extents. The ratio of reduced to total plasma albumin correlated significantly with plasma albumin fractional synthesis rate. When animals were maintained on the low-protein diet for as long as 12 weeks and then fed the control diet for 1 week, the decreased ratio of reduced to total plasma albumin, but not plasma albumin level, resolved rapidly. The reduced/oxidized state of plasma albumin would thus reflect dietary protein status via plasma albumin turnover including the fractional synthesis rate and could prove useful as a sensitive marker of protein undernutrition.     

Decreased metal accumulation in passerines as a result of reduced emissions

Technological advances in industrial processes have resulted in reduced atmospheric emissions from metal industries all over the globe, but the response of the environment is not well known. The authors studied metal (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Se) accumulation in passerine birds (pied flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca, and great tit, Parus major) following almost 20 years of reduced metal emissions from the largest nonferrous smelter in Finland. Close to the industry, emission reductions resulted in reduced exposure to several of the elements and, more importantly, reduced accumulation by 58 to 95% in liver tissue. Albeit showing significant tissue reductions, nestlings had elevated concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and selenium close to the industry. Single-element concentrations were below critical levels associated with subclinical effects, but the mixture of toxic elements indirectly affected health and reproduction. Our study indicates that in environments with moderate duration of industrial activity, impact, and soil pollution, metal accumulation in organisms can decrease relatively rapidly when atmospheric emissions are reduced.     

Calcium: effect of different amounts on nonheme- and heme-iron absorption in humans

We investigated the effect of calcium on iron absorption in 126 human subjects. Addition of calcium chloride to wheat rolls significantly reduced iron absorption. Doses between 40 and 600 mg Ca were studied. The inhibition was clearly dose related up to 300 mg Ca. Calcium added to the dough when making the rolls reduced phytate degradation during fermentation and baking. As little as 40 mg Ca added to 80 g flour reduced phytate degradation by 50%, thus increasing the phytate content of the rolls to levels interfering with iron absorption. Calcium also had a direct dose-related inhibiting effect on iron absorption, noted by adding calcium to the rolls after they had been baked instead of to the dough. Iron absorption was reduced by 50-60% at doses of 300-600 mg Ca. Giving 165 mg Ca as milk, cheese, or calcium chloride reduced absorption by 50-60%. The same amount of calcium also significantly reduced heme-iron absorption, suggesting that the effect of calcium is related to the mucosal transfer of iron. The observed marked inhibitory effect on iron absorption of calcium in amounts frequently encountered in normal meals has important nutritional implications.     

双标稳定性同位素技术研究中国育龄妇女对还原铁粉的标份利用率

目的研究中国育龄妇女对还原铁粉的吸收利用率。方法以20名健康育龄妇女为研究对象,随机分为两组,以硫酸亚铁为对照,采用目前最准确的双标稳定性同位素技术,研究还原铁粉的吸收和利用。结果硫酸亚铁的标份利用率为5.8%,还原铁粉的标份利用率为2.1%,而红细胞血红蛋白掺入率分别为70.1%和91.3%,差异均有显著性意义。结论在典型中国膳食条件下,我国育龄妇女对还原铁粉的利用率为2.1%,而红细胞血红蛋白掺入率为91.3%。     

Nickel toxicity to fungi: Influence of environmental factors

The toxicity of nickel (Ni) to the mycelial growth rates of filamentous fungi was influenced by environmental abiotic factors. Increasing the pH from acidic to alkaline levels completely eliminated the toxicity of Ni to Achyla sp. and Saprolegnia sp. Magnesium or zinc, but not potassium, sodium, calcium, or ferric, ions reduced the toxicity of Ni to Achyla sp. An antagonistic interaction between a combination of Ni + Pb was noted toward growth of Achyla sp. and Saprolegnia sp.; the interactions between combinations of Ni + Cd or Ni + Hg were less well defined. Chlorophyll, at 1%, reduced the toxicity of Ni toward Saprolegnia sp. and Cunninghamella blakesleeana, and increasing the chlorophyll concentration from 0.2 to 1% progressively reduced the toxicity of Ni to Aspergillus clavatus. The addition of 1% humic acid reduced the toxicity of Ni to Saprolegnia sp. and C. blakesleeana, and increasing the humic acid concentration from 0.2 to 1% progressively reduced the toxicity of Ni toward Aspergillus flavus. A. flavus was more resistant to Ni at 33 than at 23 degrees C.