辽宁省城乡居民情感性精神障碍流行病学调查

目的了解辽宁省18岁以上人群各类情感障碍的患病率和分布特点。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,以复合性国际诊断交谈检查量表1.0（CIDI1.0）对全省6个市县13358名18～65岁居民进行了入户面访调查。结果重性抑郁、心境恶劣、双相情感障碍及情感障碍合计的年标化率为1.54%,0.91%,0.09%和1.96%;终生标化率为2.22%,1.57%,0.14%和2.93%。重性抑郁和心境恶劣患病率女性（3.35%,2.45%）高于男性（1.80%,1.26%,RR=1.76,95%CI：1.40～2.23;RR=1.81,95%CI：1.37～2.38）;城市（3.14%,2.28%）高于农村（2.19%,1.56%,RR=1.62,95%CI：1.24～2.13;RR=1.50,95%CI：1.10～2.05）。情感障碍与焦虑和酒精使用障碍的终生共病率分别为41.96%和10.87%。结论辽宁省居民重性抑郁、心境恶劣和双相情感障碍的患病率接近GBD2000对我国估计的水平。情感障碍与焦虑和酒精使用障碍的共病普遍存在,抑郁等情感障碍已经成为常见病和主要公共卫生问题。     

中国医学生焦虑症状患病率以及相关影响因素

目的 探讨中国医学生焦虑症状的流行情况以及相关影响因素。方法 利用焦虑自评量表（Self - Rating Anxiety Scale,SAS）对来自中国不同地区33所大学的医学本科生进行焦虑症状评估,同时收集调查对象的基本信息、经济水平、父母受教育程度以及过去4周的相关生活事件包括吸烟饮酒情况、睡眠质量、锻炼频率、因病住院或用药情况。焦虑症状定义为SAS得分在50分及以上。结果 共有7 635名医学本科生纳入分析,平均年龄（20.7±1.6）岁,男生占36.6%,有焦虑症状者 (SAS≥50) 1 073人,占14.1%。多因素Logistic回归分析发现,年龄较大是焦虑的保护因素（23～28岁组与15～19岁组比较:调整OR值,0.57;95% CI,0.41～0.80),而父亲受教育程度低（小学及以下与本科及以上比较:1.31;1.03～1.67)、高三复读（1.23;1.02～1.45)、非临床/口腔专业（1.33;1.17～1.56）、饮酒（5.79;3.78～8.87)、吸烟（2.13;1.55～2.94)、睡眠不足（非常明显与完全没有比较:7.34;5.55～9.72)、因病住院或用药（1.70;1.41～2.05) 是焦虑的危险因素。结论 研究结果表明焦虑症状在中国医学生中较为普遍,医学院校应根据潜在的相关影响因素采取一定的措施预防和干预医学生焦虑。     

Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms among rural older Australians and Americans

OBJECTIVE: To examine the predictors of depressive symptoms among older married rural Australian and American men and women, using comparable measures from two separate studies. DESIGN: Postal survey for Australians; telephone interviews for Americans. SETTING: Rural Australia (six states and two territories) and America (Virginia). PARTICIPANTS: Older married rural men and women, aged 65 years and over, in Australia (n = 216) and America (n = 156). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Whether predictors of depressive symptoms, specifically demographic factors, health, pain, functional limitations and social networks, differed according to nationality or sex. RESULTS: Approximately one-third of older rural Australian (37%) and Americans (28%) reported recently experiencing depressive symptoms. For Australian men and women, pain was the strongest predictor of depressive symptoms. For American women, dissatisfaction with social support predicted depressive symptoms, whereas no variable predicted depressive symptoms in American men. CONCLUSIONS: In the context of a globally ageing population, the fact that nearly one in three older rural people on two continents described themselves as recently feeling depressed is a troubling finding of considerable importance to both practitioners and policy-makers. The findings raise questions about the cultural acceptance, definition and manifestations of symptoms of depression in rural communities, as well as the role of different public health and support systems in the two countries.     

Biopsychosocial predictors of symptoms of depression in a sample of South African women diagnosed with endometriosis

Abstract

We examined biopsychosocial predictors of symptoms of depression in women with endometriosis. The sample consisted of 202 women with endometriosis who completed a battery of measures including a demographic questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Stellenbosch Endometriosis Quality of life Menstrual characteristics subscale, Short form health survey Physical functioning subscale, and three modular components of the Endometriosis Health Profile 30, namely the Sexual Relationships, Feelings about the Medical Profession, and Feelings about Infertility modules. About 43.1% of the sample reported moderate to severe symptoms of depression. Physical functioning, feelings about the medical profession and sexual relationships were significant predictors of symptoms of depression. The identification of these predictors may enable researchers and practitioners to identify patients to be screened for depression, e.g., patients who report sub-optimal physical functioning, negative feelings about the medical profession and difficult sexual relationships.     

Prevalence and predictors of respiratory symptoms among New York farmers and farm residents

BACKGROUND: Data from telephone interviews with New York farmers and farm residents were used to study the prevalence and risk factors of symptoms that could be related to asthma and allergies. METHODS: Participants were asked if they had wheezing or whistling in the chest in the past year and about the occurrence of stuffy, itchy, runny nose or watery, itchy eyes in the past year. RESULTS: The prevalence of wheeze was 18.2% and of stuffy nose/watery eyes was 57.4% (N = 1,620). Significant risk factors for wheeze were cigarette smoking, a systemic reaction to allergy skin testing, immunotherapy, or insect sting, reactivity to a pet, having goats, and more acreage in corn for silage. Significant risk factors of stuffy nose/watery eyes were younger age, having more than a high school education, being a worker on the farm, and having done spraying. CONCLUSIONS: Wheeze may be indicative of existing or latent asthma, a potentially limiting respiratory illness. Stuffy, itchy, runny nose or watery, itchy eyes, which may cause irritation and discomfort, may also indicate an increased sensitivity to respirable dusts and chemicals. This cohort of New York farmers had significant farm-related risk factors for wheeze and stuffy nose/watery eyes.     

中国西南地区医学生焦虑和抑郁状态研究

摘要:目的　探讨中国西南地区医学生抑郁和焦虑流行情况及其影响因素。方法　利用贝克抑郁量表（BDI）和焦虑自评量表（SAS）对我国西南地区医学院校本科生心理焦虑和抑郁状况进行横断面调查,同时获取学生过去一个月内运动、睡眠、吸烟、饮酒、疾病治疗信息。结果　共计1 053名医学本科生参与调查,平均年龄为20.2岁（标准差为1.5岁）。BDI评分结果表明,20.9%的调查对象有抑郁症状（BDI得分≥14）,SAS评分结果表明19.6%的调查对象有焦虑症状（SAS得分≥50）,而10.0%的调查对象同时具有焦虑和抑郁症状。多因素分析结果表明,抑郁状态与学校类型、年级、近期用药或住院、睡眠缺乏、体育锻炼频率存在相关性,而焦虑与学校类型、专业、临床实习经历、近期用药或住院、睡眠缺乏、体育锻炼频率、持续饮酒有关。结论　西南地区医学生抑郁和焦虑症状普遍,医学院校需要采取一定措施预防和干预医学生焦虑和抑郁。     

Prevalence and predictors of HIV testing among a probability sample of homeless women in Los Angeles County

OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence and predictors of HIV testing in a probability cluster sample of urban homeless women. METHODS: Analysis of data from the University of California Los Angeles-RAND Access to Health Care for Homeless Women of Reproductive Age Study, a survey conducted in six waves from January 1997 through November 1997 at shelters and soup kitchens in Los Angeles (LA) County, California. The sampling unit consists of homeless woman-visits, and data were collected using structured face-to-face interviews for which respondents were paid US dollars 10. Each sampling unit was weighted to take into account the frequency with which the respondent used shelters or meal programs. The main outcome measure was receipt of HIV test in the past year. RESULTS: The response rate was 83%, and the final sample size was N=970. Sixty-eight percent of our sample reported receiving an HIV test in the past year, and 1.6% reported ever being diagnosed with HIV. HIV testing in the past year was most strongly associated with pregnancy in the past year (OR 2.99; p<.001) and having a regular source of care (OR 2.13; p<.001). Approximately 25% of homeless women with indications for HIV testing had not been tested in the past year. CONCLUSIONS: The reported HIV seroprevalence of greater than 1% suggests that providers should offer and encourage HIV testing for all homeless women in LA County. Our data, which show a high rate of testing and few statistically significant independent predictors, indicate that this may be what is happening in practice.     

重点高中学生强迫症状流行特征及其与抑郁和焦虑的关系

了解重点高中生强迫症状流行特征及其与抑郁、焦虑症状的关系,为在重点高中生中开展心理健康促进提供依据.方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法对安徽省南部、中部、北部6所重点高中学校1 943名学生进行问卷调查,以耶鲁布朗强迫量表(Y-BOCS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)和流调用抑郁自评量表(CES-D)进行心理健康评定.结果 以Y-BOCS≥16分界定为有强迫症状,共检出有强迫症状者337人,检出率为17.3%.强迫症状学生中,既有强迫思维又有强迫行为者占66.2%,以强迫思维为主和以强迫行为为主者分别占19.0%和14.8%;强迫思维中居前2位的症状为怕伤害和怕污染,强迫行为居前2位的症状为检查和清洗.在有强迫症状的学生中,同时合并抑郁和焦虑症状者占17.5%,仅合并抑郁症状占45.1%,仅合并焦虑症状占2.7%.学习成绩中等及以下的学生强迫症状检出率分别高于学习成绩中等以上者(4.5%),差异有统计学意义(x2=10.011,P<0.05).有抑郁症状和有焦虑症状的学生发生强迫症状的危险性分别增加到约3倍和2倍(OR=3.11,95%CI=2.40~4.03;0R=2.07,95%CI=1.45-2.94).结论 强迫症状与抑郁和焦虑症状相互作用严重危害学生的心理健康,因此,学校和家长需要提高对青少年强迫症状的认识,促进强迫症状早期发现和及时干预.     

Evaluating the Impact of a Novel Peer-to-Peer Educational Modality on Knowledge and Attitudes About Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Maternal and Child Health Journal - This study assessed whether the use of a peer-to-peer educational book, written and illustrated by women who experienced common mental disorders (CMDs) in the...     

Dimensions of Sexual Orientation and the Prevalence of Mood and Anxiety Disorders in the United States

Objectives. We used data from a nationally representative sample to examine the associations among 3 dimensions of sexual orientation (identity, attraction, and behavior), lifetime and past-year mood and anxiety disorders, and sex.Methods. We analyzed data from wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.Results. Mental health outcomes differed by sex, dimension of sexual orientation, and sexual minority group. Whereas a lesbian, gay, or bisexual identity was associated with higher odds of any mood or anxiety disorder for both men and women, women reporting only same-sex sexual partners in their lifetime had the lowest rates of most disorders. Higher odds of any lifetime mood or anxiety disorder were more consistent and pronounced among sexual minority men than among sexual minority women. Finally, bisexual behavior conferred the highest odds of any mood or anxiety disorder for both males and females.Conclusions. Findings point to mental health disparities among some, but not all, sexual minority groups and emphasize the importance of including multiple measures of sexual orientation in population-based health studies.In the United States, mental health disorders affect a substantial proportion of the general population.^1,2 Data from the National Comorbidity Study show that approximately 29% of adults meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)³ criteria for anxiety disorder and nearly 21% for a mood disorder over their lifetime.¹ Data from the 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) indicate that 11% of the US general population met criteria for a DSM-IV independent (nonsubstance-induced) anxiety disorder in the past year and 9.3% met criteria for a DSM-IV mood disorder in the past year.² Given the personal and societal costs associated with mental illness,⁴ it is necessary to understand which groups are at disproportionate risk for mental health disorders so that appropriate prevention and intervention programs can be designed.A growing body of evidence suggests that sexual minorities are at higher risk for mental health disorders than their heterosexual counterparts.^5–8 In a meta-analysis, Meyer⁸ concluded the odds of lifetime mood and anxiety disorders were twice as high for lesbian, gay, and bisexual women and men as for heterosexuals. However, as Meyer and others^9,10 have noted, research on the mental health of sexual minorities has been hampered by methodological limitations, such as nonrandom samples that constrain the generalizability of findings. In addition, many studies contain small samples, which preclude analyses by age, race/ethnicity, and other characteristics that vary with mental health disorders. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual women and men are often combined for analytic reasons, such as the need to increase the overall sample size and corresponding statistical power. This obscures potential differences between lesbians or gays and bisexuals as well as between men and women—and can lead to biased results.Although some researchers have considered how different operationalizations of sexual orientation may affect health outcomes,^11–13 national studies rarely assess sexual orientation and, to date, no national population-based study has compared mental health outcomes across all 3 major dimensions of sexual orientation—identity, behavior, and attraction.¹⁴ As others have noted,^10,15 health risks associated with one dimension of sexual orientation, such as behavior, may differ from those associated with another, such as sexual identity. Furthermore, virtually no population-based health studies of adults have explored associations between sexual attraction and health outcomes. Through the inclusion and measurement of these 3 dimensions in population-based health studies, we can begin to better understand the different dimensions of sexual orientation and their associations with health behaviors and health outcomes.^16–18To address the aforementioned limitations and to contribute to a greater understanding of the prevalence of mental health disorders among sexual minorities, we used data from the 2004–2005 NESARC to assess lifetime and past-year prevalence of DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders among heterosexual and sexual minority women and men. Our purpose was to answer the following question: does the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders differ across the 3 major dimensions of sexual orientation and does it differ for women and men?     

Dietary Patterns and Breast Cancer Risk in Black Urban South African Women: The SABC Study

A total of 396 breast cancer cases and 396 population-based controls from the South African Breast Cancer study (SABC) matched on age and demographic settings was included. Validated questionnaires were used to collect dietary and epidemiological data. Dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis with a covariance matrix from 33 food groups. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using conditional logistic regression. A traditional, a cereal-dairy breakfast and a processed food dietary pattern were identified, which together explained 40.3% of the total variance in the diet. After adjusting for potential confounders, the traditional dietary pattern and cereal-dairy breakfast dietary pattern were inversely associated with breast cancer risk (highest tertile versus lowest tertile) (OR = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.57–0.89, p-trend = 0.004 and OR = 0.73, 95%CI: 0.59–0.90, p-trend = 0.004, respectively). The processed food dietary pattern was not significantly associated with breast cancer risk. The results of this study show that a traditional dietary pattern and a cereal-dairy breakfast dietary pattern may reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in this population.     

Insomnia symptoms and repressive coping in a sample of older Black and White women

Background  

This study examined whether ethnic differences in insomnia symptoms are mediated by differences in repressive coping styles.     

Prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among obese pregnant and postpartum women: an intervention study

Background  

Although studies have shown an association between anxiety and depression and obesity, psychological health among obese women during and after pregnancy has not been carefully studied. The aim of this study was to investigate psychological well-being using symptoms of depression and/or anxiety among obese pregnant women attending a weight gain restriction program and to then compare this group with a control group receiving traditional antenatal care.     

Musculoskeletal symptoms among poultry processing workers and a community comparison group: Black women in low-wage jobs in the rural South

BACKGROUND: Poultry processing is characterized by rapid line speed and extreme division of labor. Morbidity associated with this work has been reported by scientists, journalists and workers in this fast growing industry. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from baseline measures of a cohort of black women employed in poultry processing (n = 291) and a community comparison group (n = 299) in rural North Carolina were used to evaluate musculoskeletal symptom reports and to explore factors associated with those reports. Recruitment of participants and collection of data were performed by women in the community circumventing the need to involve employers. RESULTS: Significant differences in musculoskeletal symptom prevalence were observed between women employed in poultry processing and those of similar economic status employed elsewhere in the same area of rural northeastern North Carolina. After adjusting for other factors independently associated with symptoms among these women including age, depression, and perceived isometric load at work, the prevalence of upper extremity and neck symptoms was 2.4 (95% CI 1.7, 3.2) times higher among women working in poultry processing. CONCLUSIONS: The findings add to the documentation of occupational health concerns among vulnerable workers employed in poultry processing in our state; in this economically depressed area of rural northeastern North Carolina poultry processing is the largest single employer of women. On a larger scale, the potential magnitude of upper extremity morbidity among women employed in poultry processing should be viewed with the knowledge that poultry processing is a growing industry in the U.S. with work done largely by blacks and immigrants.     

Prevalence and Correlates of Elder Abuse Among Older Women in Rural and Urban Communities in South Western Nigeria

Elderly women face the same health, economic, and social issues that all elderly people face, but often encounter more challenges compared with men and are more prone to abuse. Elder abuse has hitherto been uncharacterized among women in South Western Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to describe the prevalence, patterns, and factors associated with elder abuse among elderly women in Nigeria. The abuse of elderly women is quite prevalent in the two communities studied, especially physical abuse. Positive predictors of elder abuse were urban dwelling, financial dependency, and a high level of educational attainment. Appropriate interventions should be targeted toward reducing the occurrence.     

Perceived Racial Discrimination and Depressed Mood in Perinatal Women: An Extension of the Domain Specific Stress Index

PurposeThe negative impact of stress on the mental health of perinatal women is well-established. Prior research using data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) confirms three distinct stress domains: financial, relationship, and trauma. In 2013, an item assessing perceived racial discrimination was added to the Iowa PRAMS. Using the first phase of available data, we examine whether perceived racial discrimination represents an independent stress domain and assess its association with postpartum depressed mood.MethodsA principal component analysis of the Iowa PRAMS data (2013–2015: N = 2,805) evaluated stress and perceived racial discrimination. Logistic regression examined the effect of racial discrimination on postpartum depressed mood.ResultsIn Iowa, 4.4% of respondents perceived racial discrimination, with higher rates among non-Hispanic Black women and Hispanic women. The principal component analysis identified five stress domains: financial, relational, traumatic, emotional, and displacement. Perceived racial discrimination did not load onto any of these domains, suggesting that it represents an independent stress component. Logistic regression indicated that those who experienced perceived racial discrimination were twice as likely to have experienced depressed mood.ConclusionsRacism, in the form of perceived racial discrimination among pregnant women, is a unique domain of stress that is significantly associated with an increased risk for depressed postpartum mood. Decreasing discrimination's effects on perinatal mental health could begin with ensuring respectful and compassionate health care during pregnancy and the postpartum period.     

The role of anxiety symptoms in school performance in a community sample of children and adolescents

Background  

Anxiety symptoms are relatively common among children and adolescents and can interfere with functioning. The prevalence of anxiety and the relationship between anxiety and school performance were examined among elementary, middle, and high school students.     

Prevalence of body dissatisfaction among a United States adult sample

Body dissatisfaction (BD) is a primary determinant of eating disorders and has been linked to chronic disease via decreased likelihood of cancer screening self-exams and smoking cessation. Yet, there are few recent estimates of the prevalence of BD among United States adults. Using an internet-based, opt-in, cross-sectional survey, United States adults (N = 1893) completed assessments of demographic variables, body areas satisfaction, appearance evaluation, fitness evaluation, health evaluation, and overweight preoccupation. Results revealed that the range of BD is 13.4%–31.8% among women and 9.0%–28.4% among men. Compared to previous assessments of prevalence (1973, 1986, 1995, 1997), the prevalence of BD among United States adults may have plateaued or declined over time.     

Outcomes of Implementing Routine Screening and Referrals for Perinatal Mood Disorders in an Integrated Multi-site Pediatric and Obstetric Setting

Maternal and Child Health Journal - We report on a successful quality improvement project designed to increase access to perinatal mental health services through universal screening for postpartum...