咽鼓管腺体的出生后发育

咽鼓管(ET)具有保护、通气及清洁功能,咽鼓管腺体对ET发挥清洁及保护功能起重要作用.ET功能障碍与小儿分泌性中耳炎有直接关系。为阐述小儿ET功能障碍可能的解剖及组织学原因,对32具人颞骨标本进行组织学研究,观察ET腺体的出生后发育情况     

急性中耳炎小鼠咽鼓管管旁腺体中表面活性蛋白-A的表达

目的研究急性中耳炎期间咽鼓管管旁腺体中表面活性蛋白-A(SP-A)的表达,探讨咽鼓管管旁腺体在防止中耳感染中的作用。方法用免疫组织化学方法结合图像分析技术检测Ⅲ型肺炎链球菌悬液中耳腔注射后的不同时段的小鼠咽鼓管管旁腺体中SP-A的表达。结果实验组和对照组的咽鼓管管旁腺体中均有SP-A的表达,中耳感染急性期的表达较对照组呈现出时间依赖性增强(P<0.05)。结论咽鼓管管旁腺体在中耳感染的急性期可通过增加释放SP-A清除病菌,在防止中耳感染上可能起重要作用。     

咽鼓管功能障碍研究进展

咽鼓管功能与中耳相关疾病的发生发展及手术密切相关,一直受到广泛重视,咽鼓管功能障碍的诊断、治疗及疗效评估仍存在争议。本文通过对咽鼓管的解剖和生理功能、咽鼓管功能障碍的分类和临床表现进行归纳,旨在对咽鼓管功能障碍与中耳相关疾病的发生发展提出思路,其功能评估方法和治疗尚需要更多大样本、多中心的长期研究来取得突破。     

咽鼓管及其周围结构形态与功能的关系

咽鼓管（Eustachian tube,ET)局部解剖的异常，可引起其一定的功能障碍，也可能是分泌性中耳炎（secretory otiti media,SOM）的原因之一，对ET功能的发挥以及其形态维持和功能之间的关系研究发现在人类腭帆张肌（tensor veli palatini muscle,TVPM)是ET扩张的主要肌肉，腭帆提肌（levator veli palatini muscle,LVPM)收缩有助于关闭ET而起保护作用，ET内粘膜具有许多皱襞及瓣膜结构，ET管内含有表面活性物质（suractant),ET周围还有Ostmann氏组织组织（Ostmann′s fatty tissue,OF)及粘膜相关的淋巴组织（mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue,MALT)，这些结构的正常是ET发挥正常功能的前提。     

咽鼓管旁肌与咽鼓管功能的关系及其肌电图研究

本对腭帆张肌和腭帆提肌与咽鼓管开张功能的关系及这两块肌肉的肌电图研究概况进行了综述。     

人体咽鼓管解剖学新进展——三维重建和测量

近年来许多学者对咽鼓管的解剖提出新的概念，它们用对咽鼓管的颞骨作成组织切片，通过计算机进行三维重建。将咽鼓管分为六个部分：咽口部、中间部、近峡部、峡部、峡后部及鼓室前部。并对咽鼓管弯曲率，倾斜度与临床的解剖关系进行了研究。现就国外近年有关文献进行综述，以供同道参考。     

咽鼓管咽口的临床解剖学观测

目的　了解咽鼓管咽口的解剖及其与周围结构之间的关系 ,从而进一步了解咽鼓管相关疾病 ,并为治疗提供解剖学资料。方法　在 2 0例 4 0侧成人尸头标本上对咽鼓管咽口的形态、咽口与鼻甲、咽鼓管圆枕之间关系等进行观察 ,测量咽鼓管咽口的高度、其底边长度 ;咽鼓管咽口前缘距下鼻甲后缘距离 ;咽鼓管圆枕前唇距下鼻甲距离 ;咽鼓管圆枕前、后唇的长度 ,宽度。结果　咽鼓管咽口呈开放型者 (三角形、圆形 )占 6 2 .5 % (2 5侧 ) ,呈开放不良型 (裂缝形、脐形 )占 37.5 % (15侧 )。 2 7.5 % (11侧 )的咽鼓管圆枕前唇缺如 ,所有标本均有后唇 ,咽鼓管咽口的高度为 (5 .96± 2 .5 9)mm ,其底边长为 (8.6 5± 2 .90 )mm ,咽鼓管咽口至下鼻甲距离为 (12 .0 3± 2 .32 )mm ,咽鼓管圆枕有前唇者其前唇至下鼻甲距离为 (6 .0 9± 2 .2 1)mm ,咽鼓管圆枕其前唇长、宽分别为 (4.88± 3.36 )mm和 (4.18± 2 .79)mm ,其后唇长、宽分别为 (11.4 6± 4 .2 4 )mm和 (9.2 2± 1.71)mm。结论　咽鼓管咽口的形状可能同非化脓性中耳炎以及咽鼓管异常开放症之间有一定关系 ,咽鼓管圆枕后唇发育明显优于前唇 ,前唇缺如者可能更容易受周围病变影响而发生疾病 ,下鼻甲后端肥大很容易压迫咽鼓管咽口而致病。     

咽鼓管薄层断面与磁共振成像对照研究

目的研究咽鼓管和毗邻结构的断面形态及相互解剖关系,为临床影像学诊断提供解剖学依据.方法利用生物塑化技术,将9侧咽鼓管区及相邻结构制成三个平面(横断、冠状位及矢状位)的薄层断层标本,并与磁共振成像(MRI)对照,观察咽鼓管及毗邻结构在各方位的走行与解剖关系.结果在横断、冠状断面上可较好显示咽鼓管的正常解剖结构及毗邻关系,咽鼓管纤维软骨位于咽鼓管后内侧,其上缘向外弯曲形成软骨部的顶.咽鼓管咽筋膜封闭咽鼓管前外侧并向下延伸构成咽鼓管的下壁.腭帆张肌位于咽鼓管前外侧,腭帆提肌位于其外后下方.粘膜下筋膜位于腭帆提肌的内侧,咽颅底筋膜走行于腭帆张肌和腭帆提肌之间,Weber-Liel筋膜位于腭帆张肌外侧.结论MRI可较好显示咽鼓管软骨部及其肌肉、筋膜;应用塑化薄层断面可直接与MRI扫描图像进行对照研究,对鼻咽区病变的影像诊断具有重要参考价值.     

咽鼓管功能检测及咽鼓管球囊扩张术的研究进展

咽鼓管功能障碍(Eustachian Tube Dysfunction,ETD)是许多中耳疾病发病的重要因素,可以导致中耳通气不足,引起耳满胀感和耳鸣,此外,还可能引起分泌性中耳炎、鼓膜内陷和胆脂瘤等并发症,但是临床并没有针对ETD检测的金标准。目前对于咽鼓管功能的测量方法包括:内镜检查、咽鼓管测压(Tubomanometry,TMM)、声导抗测量(Acoustic immittance measurement)、咽鼓管声测(Sonotubometry)、咽鼓管功能障碍问卷(7-item Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire,ETDQ-7),以及将临床表现结合客观检查综合得出的咽鼓管评分量表(Eustachian Tube Score,ETS)和在此基础上提出的咽鼓管评分-7量表(Eustachian Tube Score-7,ETS-7)。临床上存在多种旨在改善咽鼓管功能的药物及手术方法,但疗效欠佳,咽鼓管球囊的出现为ETD的治疗提供了新的手段。本文就咽鼓管功能的检测方法以及咽鼓管球囊扩张术在临床的应用进行综述,以期为探索实用客观的ETD诊治方法提供思路。     

Long-term Changes of Hearing Thresholds and Eustachian Tube Function After Balloon Dilation of the Eustachian Tube in Patients With Chronic Otitis Media

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate long-term changes after balloon dilation of the Eustachian tube (BDET) in chronic otitis media (COM) patients with Eustachian tube (ET) dysfunction that persisted after tympanomastoidectomy (TM).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of consecutive patients who were diagnosed with COM and ET dysfunction and underwent TM at our tertiary hospital from 2016 to 2017. The tympanic membrane status, the presence of a ventilation tube, ability to perform the Valsalva maneuver, and audiologic changes after dilation of the ET were analyzed.ResultsThis study included 20 patients (with 21 ears) who underwent TM but could not perform the Valsalva maneuver, showed a persistent air-bone gap, and eventually underwent BDET (male:female, 8:13; right:left, 11:10). Four ears showed perforation of the tympanic membrane after TM. Among the remaining 17 ears, 15 ears underwent ventilation tube insertion before BDET, while two ears underwent ventilation tube insertion and BDET simultaneously. Although none of the patients were capable of the Valsalva maneuver before BDET, 13 (62%) were able to perform the Valsalva maneuver successfully after BDET. When evaluating the tympanic membrane status at the latest follow-up, ventilation tubes were still present in eight ears. In the other 13 ears, intact tympanic membranes were present in nine out of 11 ears n the successful Valsalva group, whereas none of them were intact in the unsuccessful Valsalva group (P=0.014). The successful Valsalva group after BDET showed an improved air-bone gap of 8.9±12.4 dB, while the unsuccessful Valsalva group showed an aggravated air-bone gap of 3.8±11.8 dB at 1 year after BDET; this difference was statistically significant (P=0.031).ConclusionThe Valsalva maneuver could be performed successfully after BDET by 62% of patients with COM and ET dysfunction. BDET is helpful for successful hearing improvement and improved tympanic aeration in COM patients with ET dysfunction.     

Eustachian Tube Opening Measurement by Sonotubometry Using Perfect Sequences for Healthy Adults

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to establish the rate variation of sonotubometric measurements using a specific broadband class of signals, the so-called perfect sequences (PSEQ) among healthy adults and to identify an optimal and technically simple test to provoke Eustachian tube (ET) openings.MethodsSonotubometry was performed on 105 healthy adult subjects. Three different consecutive maneuvers were performed for ET opening: dry swallowing, water swallowing (a small [2 mL] and a large [5 mL] water bolus). Values of the amplitude and duration of each measured ET opening were calculated.ResultsA total of 6,300 measurements were performed. Sonotubometric ET openings were detected for all subjects but not for each measurement. In 6,180 of 6,300 measurements (98.1%), objective ET openings were registered. In 11 of 105 subjects (10.5%) at least one sonotubometric ET opening was not detected. The mean ET opening duration time and the mean sound amplitude similar for all performed test and were 270 (SD, ±96) msec, 13.48 (SD, ±6.57) dB.ConclusionSonotubometry based on PSEQ stimuli is a reliable methodology to assess the ET opening function in healthy subjects. Mean ET opening duration time and the mean sound wave amplitude performed similarly in all analysed tests, hence it might be concluded that dry (saliva) and water swallowing are reliable sonotubometric maneuvers and may be used when examining ET opening function. The size of a sip during water swallowing does not affect the sonotubometry result. All maneuvers can be equally used as the optimal test, and water swallow is most comfortable for the subject.     

中国数字化可视人体咽鼓管薄层断层解剖研究

目的为临床影像诊断学提供咽鼓管及周围结构的精细断层解剖学资料。方法在中国数字化可视人体（Chinese visible human,CVH）头部数据集的基础上,按照常规头部轴位、冠状位以及咽鼓管长轴的倾斜轴位平面进行连续数字化重采样,采用连续追踪观察的方法,观察获得的3组薄层断层图像,研究咽鼓管及周围微细解剖组织结构的形态和毗邻关系。结果 CVH数据集咽鼓管轴位、冠状位及倾斜轴位图像解剖结构显示清晰,各有侧重,在倾斜轴位断层上,双侧咽鼓管全长同时被显示清楚。结论咽鼓管及周围解剖结构精细复杂,在常规MRI和CT图像上难于精确辨认。CVH数据集咽鼓管轴位、冠状位及倾斜轴位断层解剖研究为临床进行咽鼓管相关疾病的影像学检查提供断层解剖学资料。     

4DCT在咽鼓管功能障碍患者咽鼓管功能评估中的应用

目的 通过4DCT(four-dimensional CT)动态评估咽鼓管功能障碍(Eustachian tube dysfuction,ETD)患者Valsava动作时的咽鼓管(Eustachian tube,ET)功能.方法 2018年11月～2019年3月期间就诊于首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院的ETD患者15例,...     

咽鼓管主动开放通气及泵吸排液机制的探讨

应用自制的咽鼓管功能检测仪对外伤性鼓膜穿孔及中耳炎患者进行气流动态吞咽试验（ＤＦＳＴ）、正压吞咽试验（ＰＳＴ）、负压吞咽试验（ＮＳＴ）及微负压吞咽试验（ＭＮＳＴ），获得了比较客观地反映不同受检者咽鼓管主动开放功能的图形和数据。检测结果提示：咽鼓管主动吞咽开放是一相当复杂的生物力学活动过程，不但与平衡中耳气压的通气功能有关，而且与泵吸排液及防止逆行感染有关。     

The efficacy of the Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire (ETDQ-7) for patulous Eustachian tube patient

Objective: To assess the efficacy of the Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire (ETDQ-7) for patulous Eustachian tube (PET) patients.

Methods: A prospective survey of medical records identified 36 patients and 47 ears with PET, and 15 patients and 15 ears as control. The ETDQ-7, patulous Eustachian tube handicap inventory-10 (PHI-10) and Likert scale were evaluated. PET patients were divided into two groups based on severity of symptoms using the PHI score.

Results: The Cronbach α value of the PET group was 0.765. The average total score of the ETDQ-7 in the control group was 7.6?±?1.1 and 22.5?±?10.0 in the PET group (p?r?=?0.248, p?=?.09). The average total score of the ETDQ-7 in the mild or moderate PET group was 19.9?±?9.0 and 25.3?±?11.1 in the severe PET group and this was not statistically different (p?=?.08).

Conclusion: The highest ETDQ-7 score was also observed in PET patients and in ET dysfunction patients. These findings necessitate careful discrimination between ET dysfunction and PET in balloon dilation Eustachian tuboplasty (BET) based on ETDQ-7.     

鼻腔填塞后对咽鼓管功能的影响

对拟作鼻中隔矫正术行鼻腔填塞的病例，严格选出术前静态鼓室压，闭气吞咽（Ｔ）和闭气加压１２秒（ｖ－１２ｓ）皆正常者３７例，年龄在２１～４０岁；男２９人、女８人，于术后（３、７、１０天）作同样检测，以比较咽鼓管的功能状况。结果提示：术后第３天有２４例（６４．８％）静态鼓室压负值左移＞２５ｄａＰａ；３１例（３８．８％）Ｔ＜－１５ｄａＰａ之峰值改变；１５例（４０．５％）用ｖ－１２ｓ法，无基线向下偏移改变；术后７和１０天逐渐恢复正常。提示鼻内填塞可造成咽鼓管功能障碍。     

鼻内镜下腺样体吸切术对咽鼓管周围组织的处理

目的总结鼻内镜下腺样体吸切术在处理咽鼓管咽口周围结构的临床经验。方法回顾分析26例腺样体肥大伴分泌性中耳炎的临床疗效。着重探讨对咽鼓管扁桃体和咽鼓管圆枕后方肥大淋巴组织的处理方法。结果鼻内镜下腺样体吸切术术后治愈率和好转率较常规腺样体刮除术高(P<0.05)。结论鼻内镜直视下用弯头外侧开口吸切头经口腔入路切除腺样体对于清除咽鼓管周围淋巴组织具有明显优势,对于改善咽鼓管通气功能甚为重要,而且降低了咽鼓管咽口损伤的可能。