卵圆孔未闭与缺血性脑卒中研究的进展

<正>1卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale,PFO)的定义胎儿时期,肺不能接受血流,返回到右心房的血液通过卵圆孔分流至左心房,出生后左心房压力大于右心房,形成功能性闭合,1年后达到解剖上闭合。若年龄>3岁的幼儿     

卵圆孔未闭患者缺血性脑血管病复发情况的分析

目的 观察伴有卵圆孔未闭（PFO）的缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作患者的复发情况,以了解PFO在脑缺血发生过程中的作用。方法 连续选取2008年3月-2009年3月, 首都医科大学宣武医院神经内科住院的,15-55岁缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作患者71例进行研究,均行经食管超声心动图检查,其中PFO组49例,非PFO组22例,比较12个月内两组缺血性脑血管病复发情况。结果 随访12个月时PFO组共有8例复发脑缺血,而非PFO组仅有1例复发。（1）PFO组与非PFO组3、6、12个月时复发率分别为6.12%,0;10.20%,4.55%和16.33%,4.55%,差异均无统计学意义（P=0.322,P=0.428,P=0.168）。（2）PFO组患者缺血性脑血管病累计复发率较非PFO组患者具有增高趋势,但差异尚未达到统计学意义（P=0.065）,其OR值为3.76（95%CI：0.834-16.946）,亦未达到统计学意义（P=0.085）。结论 存在PFO的缺血性脑血管病患者的复发率有增高趋势,但尚不能够确定PFO可以增加再发脑缺血的概率。     

主动脉弓粥样硬化性病变与缺血性卒中

由于检测技术的局限和医生认识的不足,人们公认的常见栓子来源仍为心源性栓子、颈动脉和椎动脉病变,而对主动脉弓粥样硬化病变这一重要的栓子来源未引起足够重视.文章简要阐述了主动脉弓粥样硬化性病变的特征、检测方法及其与缺血性卒中风险的相关性.     

心腔内超声引导下经导管卵圆孔未闭封堵术

目的探讨心腔内超声(ICE)在经导管卵圆孔未闭(PFO)封堵术中的初步应用经验及其与X线的比较。方法应用ICE监测与引导86例PFO的封堵过程,在ICE上测量基础状态PFO通道的直径和长度,分别用ICE和X线透视测量PFO球囊伸展径(BSD)。ICE观察封堵器释放后的位置,并通过彩色血流显像和声学造影判断有无残余分流。结果ICE清晰地显示PFO解剖形态及周围结构,在ICE上测量基础状态PFO通道长度和直径分别为3.6~22mm(11±4mm),0~9mm(4±2mm)。ICE上测量的PFO球囊伸展径为5~16mm(9.2±2.6mm),经X线透视测量的PFO球囊伸展径为5~17mm(9.7±2.8mm),二者相关非常显著(r=0.90,P<0.0001),86例中有85例封堵成功,1例失败。结论ICE不仅能提供PFO的解剖和血流动力学信息,而且能准确提供PFO各种测量值。     

589例单纯性房间隔缺损病变的超声诊断与手术结果对照分析

目的:回顾性分析超声心动图技术评价单纯性房间隔缺损(ASD)病变的临床应用价值。方法:对589例手术证实为单纯性ASD病变患者进行回顾性分析,术前所有患者均进行了经胸二维超声、多普勒超声、声学造影显像、经食管超声心动图检查。对术前超声心动图诊断与手术结果进行对照分析:①超声定性诊断与手术结果的比较;②超声分型诊断与手术结果的比较;③不同超声检查技术评价单纯性ASD的价值分析。结果:①589例ASD患者术前超声检出率为100%;②501例术前超声分型诊断与术后临床诊断一致,符合率85.1%(501/589例),其中中央型490例,符合率99.2%(490/494例);下腔静脉窦型2例,符合率3.3%(2/60例);上腔静脉窦型6例,符合率54.5%(6/11例);混合型4例,符合率16.7%(4/24例);③以经胸二维超声定性诊断率为99.5%,漏诊率0.5%;声学造影造影检出率为92.3%;术前经TTE联合声学造影显像诊断准确率为100%,TTE、TEE及声学造影显像联合应用诊断准确率为100%。结论:超声心动图检查是临床上准确诊断ASD病变的首选方法。结合ASD病变特征和超声表现可提高ASD诊断准确性。     

隐源性卒中患者的卵圆孔未闭：评价和二级预防

隐源性卒中(cryptogenic stroke, CS)是使用卒中标准临床检查程序之后, 仍然不能找到确切病因的卒中类型。近年来, 多项研究表明卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale, PFO)与CS关系密切, 其主要发病机制为反常性栓塞。在临床实践中, 多使用超声方法进行PFO筛查。在PFO背景下, CS的二级预防包括药物治疗和PFO封堵术, 但选择何种治疗方式目前仍存在着争议。针对可能存在的PFO进行筛查和评价, 有助于为CS患者制定二级预防策略, 特别是能从PFO封堵术中受益的患者。     

介入封堵术在老年继发孔型房间隔缺损患者中的临床应用

目的观察老年继发孔型房间隔缺损(ASD)患者进行介入封堵术的中、远期疗效和安全性。方法老年继发孔型ASD患者206例,缺损8～38(26.5±8.1)mm。封堵术前、术后行右心导管检测肺动脉压、右心室压,随访6个月,评价心功能(NYHA)改善情况。结果成功封堵203例,成功率98.5%。封堵器直径12～42(31.5±7.3)mm。与封堵术前比较,患者封堵术后肺动脉收缩压、右心室平均压明显下降(P<0.05,P<0.01);3～6个月随访时,患者右心室容积缩小、LVEF升高、心功能改善明显。术后心包积液1例(0.5%);即刻残余分流10例(4.9%);术后出现心律失常30例(14.8%)、出现急性心功能不全16例(7.9%)。6个月随访,患者均未发现有残余分流、脱落、栓塞。结论老年继发孔型ASD患者行介入封堵治疗中、远期相对安全、有效。     

缺血性卒中相关性卵圆孔未闭的介入治疗

卵圆孔未闭是缺血性卒中的一个新的危险因素，但其具体机制仍不明，许多相关问题尚需进一步探讨。通过对相关文献进行比较，进一步肯定了卵圆孔未闭与缺血性或不明原因的卒中之间有很强的联系。房间隔瘤伴发卵圆孔未闭是脑梗死的危险因素。经皮导管卵圆孔未闭封堵术的应用前景看好，但还需要进行进一步的前瞻性研究。     

经胸与经食管超声心动图应用的对比分析

目的 :为获取高质量的心脏及大血管超声心动图像。方法 :对比分析北京协和医院 5年来 363例在经胸超声心动图 ( TTE)检查的基础上行经食管超声心动图 ( TEE)的检查结果。结果 :363例检查指征分为心腔内血栓、主动脉夹层、感染性心内膜炎、主动脉瓣膜病变及主动脉粥样硬化等。 TTE仅有 2 2 .3%的病例获得诊断 ,而有 TEE76%的病例可获得明确诊断 ,增加信息量5 3.7%。结论 :TEE检查结果对改进或决定临床处理对策产生了不同程度的影响。     

经皮导管左盘外包膜卵圆孔封堵器治疗卵圆孔未闭

目的 探讨经皮导管左盘外包膜卵圆孔封堵器治疗卵圆孔未闭的安全性和疗效.方法 在X线透视和超声心动图引导下经股静脉,通过10～12 F长鞘,采用左盘外包膜卵圆孔封堵器对有指征的卵圆孔未闭患者行介入治疗.术后口服阿司匹林(100 mg/d)6个月.术后24 h、1个月、3个月、6个月和1年分别行临床和超声心动图随访,以后每年随访1次.结果 共有25例卵圆孔未闭患者行卵圆孔封堵术,成功率为96%.没有发生院内不良事件和封堵器血栓形成、感染、心肌梗死等并发症.7例患者在术中出现频发性房性早搏或阵发性房性心动过速,术后很快终止.随访6～42(25±12)个月,封堵器位置正常,无房水平残余分流,未出现新发的心律失常和脑血管事件.结论 经皮导管左盘外包膜卵圆孔封堵器治疗卵圆孔未闭安全、有效.     

卵圆孔未闭患者的隐源性卒中

隐源性卒中是指通过目前的常规检查不能明确病因的缺血性卒中。研究显示,卵圆孔未闭可能是隐源性卒中的常见病因,其可能的机制是反常性栓塞。随着影像学技术的发展,越来越多的研究表明卵圆孔未闭与隐源性卒中之间关系密切。文章就卵圆孔未闭患者的隐源性卒中进行了综述。     

Electrocardiographic findings in patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke and patent foramen ovale

Background

A characteristic electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern called crochetage has been described in patients with atrial septal defects. Nevertheless, there are discrepancies regarding its frequency in patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO).

Objective

We analyzed the ECGs of patients who had cryptogenic stroke to study crochetage and other possible patterns in relation to PFO.

Methods

We prospectively included consecutive patients who have had a cryptogenic stroke and are undergoing a right-to-left shunt (RLS) study with transesophageal echocardiography and simultaneous transcranial Doppler. Two blinded and independent cardiologists analyzed the ECGs for crochetage, defined as a notch near the apex of the R wave in inferior limb leads, P wave abnormalities, and right bundle branch block (RBBB).

Results

We studied 104 patients whose mean age was 55.1 ± 12.7 years; 60.6% were men. PFO was detected in 40.4% of patients. Cardiologists recorded crochetage in 26.2% of patients with PFO and 14.5% of patients without PFO (P = .204) and RBBB in 19% and 8% of patients, respectively (P = .132). P wave abnormalities were also detected in 54.8% of patients with PFO and 35.5% of patients without PFO (P = .070). In patients with PFO, biphasic P waves were more frequent in small RLS (P = .006). Although higher frequencies of crochetage in small RLS and RBBB in moderate RLS were detected, these differences did not reach statistical significance (P = .067 and P = .05, respectively).

Conclusion

There is no characteristic ECG pattern to identify the patients with cryptogenic stroke.     

Patent foramen ovale in a large population of ischemic stroke patients: diagnosis, age distribution, gender, and race

BACKGROUND: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a well-recognized risk factor for ischemic strokes. The true prevalence of PFO among stroke patients is still under debate. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the "gold standard" in diagnosing PFO but the physiology requires right-to-left atrial shunting. In this report, we evaluate the prevalence of PFO in a diverse group of ischemic stroke patients studied by TEE. METHODS: TEE of 1,663 ischemic stroke patients were reviewed for cardiac source of embolism, including PFO and atrial septal aneurysm (ASA). Agitated saline bubble injection was performed to look for right to left atrial shunting. Success of maneuvers to elevate right atrial pressure (RAP) was noted by looking at the atrial septal bulge. RESULTS: Among 1,435 ischemic stroke patients analyzed, the presence or absence of PFO could not be determined in 32.1% because bulging of the septum could not be demonstrated in patients with negative contrast study despite aggressive maneuvers to elevate RAP. Of the remaining 974 patients, 294 patients (30.2%) had a PFO. The mean age was 61.5 years in both groups, with a bimodal distribution of PFO and the highest prevalence occurring in < or =30-year-old group. Prevalence of PFO was similar in men (32.4%) and women (28.15%, P = 0.15); and in Caucasian (32.1%) and African American (27.7%; P = 0.15). ASA was present in 2.02% and hypermobile septum in 2.49% of the 1,435 patients. PFO was seen in 79.3% of the patients with ASA. CONCLUSION: Successful elevation of RAP cannot be achieved in a significant number of patients undergoing TEE and determination of PFO may be difficult. In our series, the true prevalence of PFO among ischemic stroke patients was 30.2% taking into account only those patients who showed no shunting despite bulging of the atrium septum into the left atrium (PFO absent group) during the contrast study. There was no gender or racial difference in the prevalence of PFO, but there was a bimodal distribution in prevalence with age.     

左盘外包膜房间隔封堵器治疗卵圆孔未闭的实验研究

目的 评价国产左盘外包膜房间隔封堵器治疗卵圆孔未闭的疗效和安全性.方法 广西巴马小型猪共12只,穿刺其卵圆窝建立卵圆孔未闭动物模型.在X线透视下以国产左盘外包膜房间隔封堵器进行卵圆孔未闭的封堵.术后1、2、3和6个月行超声心动图检查后处死实验动物,对标本进行病理检查.结果 所有封堵器均未观察到血栓和赘生物,封堵器边缘金属丝无断裂、变色、腐蚀.术后6个月的超声心动图检查未显示心房水平分流.封堵器和周边的房间隔组织紧密连接,封堵器表面的胶原组织和内皮层逐渐增厚,炎症逐渐消退.结论 左盘外包膜房间隔封堵器具有良好的生物相容性,内皮化迅速且完全,可以有效地封堵卵圆孔未闭.     

Antiphospholipid antibodies are common in patients referred for percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure.

Very little is known about any interaction between patent foramen ovale (PFO) and various hypercoagulable disorders that have been associated with cryptogenic stroke. Percutaneous PFO closure for secondary prevention of paradoxical thromboembolization is receiving increasing attention. Hypercoagulability may affect the potential risks and expected benefits of percutaneous PFO closure. Consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous PFO closure at a single center were screened for the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, elevated lipoprotein(a), hyperhomocysteinemia, and dysfibrinogenemia. Sixteen of 34 patients (47%) with complete arterial hypercoagulability screening had laboratory evidence of arterial hypercoagulability. Thirteen of these patients (38%) had antiphospholipid antibodies. Antiphospholipid antibodies appear to be common in patients referred for percutaneous PFO closure for secondary prevention of systemic thromboembolic events. Thorough testing based on established recommendations is warranted. Further studies are needed regarding the interaction between PFO and various hypercoagulable disorders that have been associated with cryptogenic stroke.