TENOR内固定系统治疗胸腰段脊柱不稳定骨折

目的应用TENOR内固定系统治疗胸腰段脊柱不稳定骨折开观察其临床效果。方法采用TENOR内固定系统治疗胸腰段脊柱不稳定骨折26例，同时行横突间、关节突植骨融合。椎体的复位控制在伤椎原有高度的90％左右。结果随访时间平均12．5个月。26例均固定坚固，无1例断钉、断棒及螺钉松动。26例植骨均融合，22例伤椎椎体高度恢复，4例残留20％～30％的压缩未恢复。神经功能恢复按ASIA分级，3例A级未恢复，其余均有1级以上恢复。结论TENOR脊柱系统操作简便，可实施三维矫正固定并可定量调节复位，固定坚固。椎体的复位控制在伤椎原有高度的90％左右，可减小伤椎椎体内的空隙，可能有利于椎体骨折愈合，增加前柱、中柱的稳定性。     

SSE内固定系统治疗胸腰段脊柱不稳定骨折

目的:应用SSE内固定系统治疗胸腰段脊柱不稳定骨折并观察其临床效果.方法:采用SSE内固定系统治疗胸腰段脊柱不稳定骨折15例,同时行横突间植骨融合.椎体的复位控制在伤椎原有高度的90%左右.结果:随访时间平均15个月.15例均固定坚固,无1例断钉、断棒及螺钉松动.15例植骨均融合,10例伤椎椎体高度恢复,5例残留15%～30%的压缩未恢复.神经功能恢复按ASIA分级,4例A级未恢复,其余均有1级以上恢复.结论:SSE内固定系统操作简便,可实施三维矫正固定并可定量调节复位,固定坚固.椎体的复位控制在伤椎原有高度的90%左右,可减小伤椎椎体内的空隙,可能有利于椎体骨折愈合,增加前柱、中柱的稳定性.     

选择性增加伤椎单侧置钉内固定治疗胸腰段椎体骨折

目的探讨选择性增加经伤椎椎弓根置钉短节段钉棒内固定治疗胸腰段椎体骨折的临床效果。方法选择22例胸腰段椎体骨折,采用增加经伤椎椎弓根置钉短节段钉棒内固定,观察患者术前、术后伤椎前缘高度、脊柱Cobb角、神经恢复情况。结果术后伤椎前缘高度、脊柱Cobb角较术前明显恢复(P<0.01),无断钉、断棒。结论选择性增加经伤椎椎弓根置钉短节段钉棒内固定治疗胸腰椎严重骨折,术中伤椎复位满意、术后固定牢固、脊柱稳定性好,有利于伤椎骨折愈合和患者早期功能锻炼与康复。     

经伤椎置钉短节段椎弓根钉内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折脱位

目的探讨经伤椎置椎弓根钉内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折脱位的疗效。方法对28例胸腰段脊柱骨折脱位行经后路减压,伤椎置钉短节段内固定,横突间或者椎间植骨,恢复胸腰椎序列,重建塌陷的椎体。结果经过术后6～18个月的随访,患者骨折均达到临床骨性愈合,术前对比术后2周伤椎椎体前缘高度的比值和Cobb角较术前有明显改善(P0.05),术后8个月对比术后2周比较无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论经伤椎置钉短节段内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折脱位,伤椎复位较好,矫正后凸畸形的同时,也避免了术后椎体高度丢失、内固定器械松动、断裂等并发症。     

经椎弓根伤椎撬拨复位植骨治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折

目的:探讨椎弓根伤椎终板撬拨复位器、去螺纹器及椎体内植骨器在治疗胸腰椎段脊柱骨折的应用。方法:自2008年3月至2011年3月收集32例胸腰椎骨折,其中男17例,女15例;年龄25～65岁,平均39.4岁。采用自行设计的经椎弓根终板撬拨复位器、去螺纹器及椎体植骨器行椎体终板复位及椎体内植骨,短节段椎弓根内固定。全部病例要求术前、术后1周、术后1年及内固定取出后3个月行伤椎X线片及CT检查,然后测量伤椎矢状面、额状面后突角度及伤椎高度。结果:32例患者均获得随访,时间14～21个月,平均16个月。随访内容包括后突角度和椎体高度的丢失、骨折愈合情况和内固定植入情况。32例均未出现植骨操作引起的神经、血管并发症,椎体内植骨融合良好。术前、术后1周、术后1年及内固定取出后3个月的统计结果显示伤椎椎体高度保持良好,未出现复位后高度、角度丢失和后期塌陷。结论:采用经椎弓根伤椎终板撬拨复位、去螺纹器及椎体植骨器行椎体终板复位及椎体内植骨治疗胸腰椎骨折能取得满意疗效,而且创伤小,椎体内植骨可促进骨折早期愈合,恢复椎体高度,重建脊柱的稳定性,预防术后晚期椎体高度及角度的丢失,避免了前路手术。     

伤椎置钉单节段固定植骨融合治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折

目的总结伤椎椎弓根螺钉单节段固定植骨融合在胸腰段脊柱骨折中的治疗效果。方法回顾2006年4月至2009年11月我科治疗的31例胸腰段脊柱骨折患者,其中男21例,女10例,年龄22～49岁,平均34．7岁。对其在伤椎及上位椎行短节段椎弓根螺钉内固定,椎间植骨或置椎间融合器。结果本组随访6～24个月,术后2周可下床锻炼,术后伤椎高度及脊柱Cobb角均有较大的恢复。结论伤椎椎弓根螺钉单节段固定植骨融合治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折创伤小,能较大程度的恢复骨折椎的高度及脊柱Cobb角,为脊柱生物力学重建和功能恢复提供了一个坚强而稳固的基础。     

经伤椎置钉辅以椎弓根椎体内植骨治疗老年胸腰段椎体爆裂性骨折

目的 探讨经伤椎椎弓根二侧置钉辅以经二侧椎弓根椎体内同种异体骨颗粒植骨治疗老年胸腰段椎体爆裂性骨折的临床疗效.方法 采用经伤椎椎弓根二侧置钉辅以经二侧椎弓根椎体内同种异体骨颗粒植骨方法 治疗21例老年胸腰段椎体爆裂性骨折,均为单节段椎体骨折.结果 随访12～24个月,平均16个月.术前Cobb角、伤椎前后缘高度比分别是310、38.5%,术后分别是2.50、95%,术前术后差别有统计学意义.术后摄片复查,所有骨折复位及椎体高度恢复满意,术后随访均未见伤椎高度明显丢失和内固定松动、断裂现象发生.结论 经伤椎椎弓根二侧置钉辅以经二侧椎弓根椎体内同种异体骨颗粒植骨治疗老年胸腰段椎体爆裂性骨折,不仅骨折复位及椎体高度恢复满意,而且降低了内固定松动和断裂概率,是治疗老年胸腰段椎体爆裂性骨折的有效方法.     

后路内固定融合术治疗60例脊柱胸腰段骨折患者的效果观察

目的探讨后路内固定融合术治疗脊柱胸腰段骨折的效果。方法选取2016-01—2017-01间在南阳市骨科医院接受内固定融合术治疗的120例脊柱胸腰段骨折患者,按照不同手术入路分为2组,每组60例。对照组采取前路手术,观察组应用后路手术。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后下床活动时间及神经功能和伤椎恢复情况。结果观察组手术时间、术中出血、术后下床活动时间均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组患者术前神经功能和伤椎等情况差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后2组神经功能恢复和伤椎改善情况均优于治疗前,观察组神经恢复和伤椎改善情况均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论后路内固定融合术治疗脊柱胸腰段骨折,创伤小、术后可早期开展康复锻炼,胸腰椎活动功能恢复效果好。     

经伤椎椎弓根植骨螺钉固定治疗胸腰段骨折

目的探讨经伤椎椎弓根螺钉治疗胸腰段骨折的临床疗效及应用价值。方法收集2009-01—2013-01间胸腰段骨折手术患者58例,A组为跨伤椎椎弓根螺钉内固定共计30例,B组为经伤椎椎弓根螺钉内固定共计28例,分别测量术前术后伤椎相邻椎体矢状位Cobb角、计算椎体压缩比,并对术前术后症状改善情况进行评分。结果 A组矢状位Cobb角术前平均25.4°,术后平均减少至11.3°,椎体压缩比术前平均57.8%,术后平均增加到89.1%。B组矢状位Cobb角术前平均25.7°,术后平均减少至10.1°,椎体压缩比术前平均58.2%,术后平均增加到92.3%。两组间对比可见B组术后伤椎相邻椎体后凸矫正程度及椎体压缩复位程度均好于A组。结论经伤椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗脊柱胸腰段骨折对矫正脊柱后凸畸形及恢复椎体高度相比跨伤椎椎弓根螺钉内固定更为有效,但应根据不同病例进行选择性应用。     

后路经伤椎置钉内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折脱位

目的探讨后路经伤椎椎弓根置钉治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折脱位的临床疗效。方法对23例胸腰椎爆裂骨折脱位采用后路经伤椎及邻近椎椎弓根钉内固定、复位,椎管减压,关节突、横突间植骨融合,重建脊柱稳定性,观察术后伤椎复位情况。结果脱位完全纠正,伤椎骨折前缘高度恢复达85％～100％,术后脊柱后凸畸形即刻消失。术后随访6～32个月,平均13．6个月,所有患者伤椎高度无丢失,骨折及植骨融合良好,内固定无松动、断裂。结论后路经伤椎置钉内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折、脱位,能很好地恢复伤椎高度、矫正脱位及后凸畸形,增加固定椎的牢靠性,重建脊柱稳定性,避免了术后椎体高度丢失、内固定松动、断裂等并发症,是有效的治疗方法。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.