弥散张量面神经成像技术在大型听神经瘤术中面神经定位的可行性研究

目的：探索术前运用弥散张量成像（ DTI）技术定位大型听神经瘤与面神经相对位置的可行性,为术中保护和术后改善面神经功能提供帮助。方法对23例直径≥3．0 cm的大型听神经瘤病例,术前采用DTI显示肿瘤侧面神经并定位面神经与肿瘤的相对位置关系,在术中通过观察和电生理监测,验证术前面神经影像定位的准确性,并采取措施保护,术后随访面神经功能。结果肿瘤直径3．0～6．0 cm,平均（3．8±0．8）cm;18例（78．3％）面神经可通过DTI显示,其中8例面神经位于肿瘤腹侧中部,6例位于肿瘤腹侧下方,2例位于肿瘤腹侧上方,1例位于肿瘤上极,1例位于肿瘤下极。术前DTI定位与术中定位吻合率为100％。1例直径5．0 cm听神经瘤的面神经仅部分显示,3例术前面瘫者和1例囊性听神经瘤的面神经未显示。肿瘤全切除19例,次全切除4例。术后随访4～28个月,面神经功能HB Ⅰ级10例,HB Ⅱ级13例。结论 DTI面神经成像技术有助于术前定位大型听神经瘤中的面神经位置,提高面神经的解剖和功能保留率,是降低大型听神经瘤手术后面神经功能障碍的有效技术。     

弥散张量成像在听神经瘤术中面神经定位中的应用价值

目的探讨术前弥散张量成像(DTI)在听神经瘤手术面神经定位中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2017年5月至2019年10月德阳市人民医院神经外科手术治疗的17例听神经瘤患者的临床资料。术前采用DTI重建追踪面神经的位置,以术中神经电生理监测结果作为金标准,计算DTI定位面神经的灵敏度、特异度、准确率及曲线下面积(AUC);采用Kappa一致性检验评价术前DTI重建面神经的结果与术中神经电生理监测面神经定位的一致性。结果17例患者术前行DTI重建均成功追踪面神经,术中采用神经电生理监测均成功定位面神经的实际位置,其中15例与术前DTI重建面神经的位置相符合,2例与DTI不相符合,包括1例术中神经电生理监测显示面神经位于肿瘤腹侧前上部,而术前DTI显示面神经位于肿瘤上级,1例术中神经电生理监测显示面神经位于肿瘤腹侧前下部,而术前DTI显示面神经位于肿瘤下级术前DTI定位面神经的灵敏度为83.3%,特异度为80.0%,准确率为76.5%,AUC=0.900(P=0.011),与术中神经电生理监测定位面神经具有一定的一致性(Kappa=0.734,P<0.01)。结论术前011对听神经瘤手术中面神经的定位具有较高的特异性,有助于术中保护面神经,从而减少面神经的损伤。     

激光雕刻/编织支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞绝对宽颈破裂动脉瘤的疗效对比

目的 比较研究编织支架和激光雕刻支架辅助栓塞颅内破裂动脉瘤的疗效及优缺点。方法 回顾性分析60例颅内破裂宽颈动脉瘤的临床资料，根据支架的制造工艺分为编织支架组（n=30）与激光雕刻支架组（n=30）。统计分析两组患者术前一般资料、围术期并发症、术后即刻Raymond分级、术后随访Raymond分级及预后情况。结果 编织支架组的预后良好率90.0%高于激光雕刻支架组的73.3%，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05），编织支架组和激光雕刻支架组远期闭塞率I级分别为90%、63.3%,II级分别为6.7%、10.0%，和Ⅲ级分别为3.3%、26.7%，两组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组患者年龄，性别比，术前Hunt-Hess改良分级，动脉瘤位置（编织支架组大脑前动脉4例、大脑中动脉10例、颈内动脉11例、椎基底动脉5例；激光雕刻支架组大脑前动脉5例、大脑中动脉8例、颈内动脉13例、椎基底动脉4例），术后即刻Raymond分级及术中血栓形成，术后脑梗死，术中动脉瘤再破裂比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 编织支架和激光雕刻支架辅助栓塞颅内破裂宽颈动脉瘤均是安全有效的，编织支架远期的栓塞程度更好及预后更佳，且围术期并发症无明显差异。     

正念疗法对老年患者非全身麻醉术后认知功能及睡眠质量的影响

背景 术后认知功能障碍（POCD）是术后常见的并发症之一,老年患者发病率较高。POCD对患者术后康复影响较大。目的 探讨正念疗法对老年患者非全身麻醉术后认知功能及睡眠质量的影响,为降低老年患者POCD发生风险、改善睡眠质量提供参考。方法 采用简单随机抽样法,选取2022年3月—2023年3月在绵阳市第三人民医院接受非全身麻醉手术的78例老年患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组各39例。两组均接受常规治疗及护理,研究组此基础上接受正念疗法干预。于术前1天以及术后第1、3、5天,采用简易精神状态量表（MMSE）评定患者的认知功能,于术前1天及术后第3天采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）评定患者的睡眠质量。结果 两组MMSE评分的时间效应、组间效应以及时间与组间的交互效应均有统计学意义（F=78.251、197.071、371.915,P均<0.05）。进一步分析显示,术后第1、3、5天,研究组MMSE评分均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（t=-3.579、-1.764、-0.253,P均<0.05）。术后第1、3、5天,研究组POCD发生率均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（χ²=2.631、3.471、5.135,P均<0.05）。术后第3天,研究组PSQI总评分低于对照组（P<0.05）,且研究组PSQI总评分、睡眠潜伏期、主观睡眠质量、日间功能障碍以及催眠药物使用因子评分均低于术前（F=43.175、12.594、11.092、4.579、3.514,P均<0.01）。结论 正念疗法可能有助于降低老年患者非全身麻醉术POCD的发生率,并改善其睡眠质量。     

加速康复外科理念联合清醒麻醉对脑胶质瘤预后的影响

目的 探讨加速康复外科（ERAS）理念联合清醒麻醉下开颅对脑功能区胶质瘤患者预后的影响。方法 分析2019年9月—2020年9月西京医院神经外科收治的脑功能区胶质瘤患者90例,根据不同麻醉及处理方式分为全身麻醉（GA）组、清醒麻醉（AA）组和清醒麻醉联合加速康复外科理念（AA+ERAS）组各30例,收集并比较3组患者的性别、年龄、术前症状、肿瘤位置、侧别、病理级别、失血量、手术时间、切除程度、术后恶心呕吐、住院时间、术后癫痫、术后1周功能改善、术后2个月卡诺夫斯凯计分（KPS）等资料。所有病例都有2年随访资料,根据随访对死亡情况绘制生存曲线。结果 3组患者的预后指标中,AA+ERAS组的肿瘤全切程度高、术后恶心呕吐发生率低、住院时间短、术后2个月KPS高,结果均优于GA组和AA组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,其余指标差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。生存曲线结果显示术后2年的无进展生存率、总存活率均高于GA组和AA组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 ERAS理念联合清醒麻醉可明显改善脑胶质瘤患者的预后,术后近期可减少患者术后应激反应和并发症,术后远期可延长患者生存率、提高患者生活质量,为临床治疗提供有力的理论依据和指导意义。国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2023, 50(2): 34-39]     

老年白内障患者合并抑郁状况及其自我感受负担的影响

背景 伴抑郁症状的老年白内障患者自我感受负担较重,术后视觉相关生活质量较无抑郁症状的患者更差,家庭负担更重。既往研究多认为家庭关系、视力等是导致老年白内障患者出现抑郁症状的主要因素,自我感受、合并疾病等对老年白内障患者心理状态的影响研究有限。目的 探讨老年白内障患者抑郁症状与自我感受负担和术后视觉相关生活质量的关系,分析患者抑郁症状的危险因素,对其进行针对性的心理干预提供参考。方法 连续纳入2020年7月1日—2022年12月31日在江苏省人民医院（南京医科大学第一附属医院）住院治疗的老年白内障患者104例,采用自编调查问卷收集患者基本资料,采用患者健康问卷抑郁量表（PHQ-9）、自我感受负担量表（SPBS）、25项美国国家眼科研究所视功能问卷（NEI-VFQ-25）评定患者抑郁症状、自我感受负担以及术后视觉相关生活质量水平。采用Pearson相关分析考查伴抑郁症状的老年白内障患者PHQ-9、SPBS、NEI-VFQ-25评分的相关性,采用Logistic回归分析老年白内障患者抑郁症状的影响因素。结果 共100例老年白内障患者完成有效问卷调查,检出31例（31.00%）患者存在抑郁症状。抑郁组SPBS评分高于无抑郁组（t=11.062,P<0.01）,NEI-VFQ-25评分低于无抑郁组（t=-5.235,P<0.01）。Pearson相关分析结果显示,伴抑郁症状的老年白内障患者PHQ-9评分与SPBS评分呈正相关（r=0.485,P<0.01）,与NEI-VFQ-25评分呈负相关（r=-0.440,P<0.01）。合并糖尿病（OR=1.441,P<0.01）、合并骨关节炎（OR=1.324,P<0.05）和高SPBS评分（OR=1.340,P<0.05）是老年白内障患者出现抑郁症状的危险因素。结论 老年白内障患者抑郁症状检出率较高;伴抑郁症状的老年白内障患者术后视觉相关生活质量更低;合并糖尿病、骨关节炎以及自我感受负担较重是老年白内障患者出现抑郁症状的危险因素。     

高血压脑出血患者短期预后的影响因素及BAT评分的预测效果

目的 分析高血压脑出血患者短期预后的影响因素及非增强CT 5分预测法（BAT）评分的预测效果。方法 2016年1月—2020年12月在中国人民解放军南部战区海军第二医院治疗的618例高血压脑出血患者,将其中术后28 d内死亡的62例患者设为死亡组,其余556例存活的患者设为存活组。分析高血压脑出血患者术后28 d内死亡的影响因素,并采用受试者操作特征（ROC）曲线分析BAT评分对高血压脑出血患者术后28 d内死亡的预测价值。结果 术前24 h格拉斯哥昏迷量表（GCS）评分<6分、BAT评分≥4分、首次CT距发病时间短、合并术后24 h并发症为高血压脑出血患者术后28 d内死亡的影响因素（P<0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,BAT评分预测高血压脑出血患者术后28 d内死亡的ROC曲线下面积（AUC）为0.892（P<0.01）,95％CI为0.789～0.932,最佳截断值为4分,敏感度为88.29％,特异度为81.43％。结论 术前24 h GCS评分、BAT评分、首次CT距发病时间、术后24 h并发症为高血压脑出血患者术后28 d内死亡的影响因素,且BAT评分对患者预后有较佳的预测价值。国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2023, 50(3): 16-20]     

Neuroform EZ支架置入对症状性大脑中动脉重度狭窄患者脑血流灌注、血管内皮功能、认知功能及神经功能缺损的干预效果

目的 探讨Neuroform EZ支架置入辅助治疗症状性大脑中动脉重度狭窄的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析2016年10月至2019年10月该院症状性大脑中动脉重度狭窄患者85例临床资料,按治疗方案不同分为观察组（43例）、对照组（42例）。对照组予以单纯药物治疗,观察组在药物治疗基础上联合Neuroform EZ支架置入术。比较两组术后1年疗效、不良事件发生情况;比较两组及术前、术后6个月、术后1年认知功能评分(MMSE)、神经功能缺损程度评分(NIHSS)、脑血流灌注指标［脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)］、血管内皮功能指标［一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素(ET)］。结果 观察组术后1年总有效率为95.35%,高于对照组78.57%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组术后6个月、1年MMSE评分及CBF、CBV、NO水平较术前提高,且观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。NIHSS评分及ET水平较术前降低,且观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组不良事件发生率为13.95%,低于对照组33.33%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 Neuroform EZ支架置入辅助治疗症状性大脑中动脉重度狭窄可促进认知与神经功能改善,且在改善脑血流灌注、血管内皮功能、减少不良事件方面具有积极作用。     

症状性颈动脉狭窄患者CEA术后的预后改善及影响因素

目的 评估症状性颈动脉狭窄（SCS）患者颈动脉内膜剥脱术（CEA）后长、短期预后情况及影响因素。方法 分析首都医科大学三博脑科医院2014年1月—2019年12月经影像学检查确诊的79例SCS患者的临床资料,包括患者的既往病史、临床表现、实验室指标、影像学表现、治疗,以及术前、术后的改良Rankin量表（mRS）分级。分析术后3和24个月的预后改善情况。多因素Logistic回归分析影响因素,建立临床预测模型并对其进行准确性及预测效能评价。结果 SCS患者CEA术前、术后3个月、术后24个月的mRS分级分别为（1.78±1.10）、（1.32±1.37）和（0.89±1.25）。与术前相比,术后3和24个月均明显改善（P＜0.01）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,CEA术后3个月,心肌梗死（OR=0.06,95%CI=0.01-0.32）和高脂血症（OR=0.13,95%CI=0.03-0.47）是影响因素。CEA术后24个月,心肌梗死（OR=0.09,95%CI=0.00-0.66）、高脂血症（OR=0.05,95%CI=0.00-0.29）和中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值（NLR）（OR=0.11,95%CI=0.02-0.50）是影响因素。通过构建的列线图来进行预测有较高的准确性及预测效能。结论 SCS患者CEA术后长、短期神经功能均较术前均有显著改善。心肌梗死、高脂血症是影响CEA术后短期预后的危险因素,心肌梗死、高脂血症、NLR是影响CEA术后长期预后的危险因素。NLR可预测SCS患者CEA术后的长期预后,术前低NLR（＜2.62）的患者预后更好。     

脑创伤患者预后的影响因素及与凝血酶-抗凝血酶复合物的相关性

目的 分析脑创伤患者预后的影响因素及其与术前凝血酶-抗凝血酶（TAT）复合物的相关性。方法 分析2019年1月—2021年1月在漯河市中心医院进行治疗的70例颅脑创伤患者,依据术后30 d内患者是否死亡将其分为生存组（n=48）和死亡组（n=22）,分析颅脑创伤患者死亡的影响因素,并分析术前TAT复合物水平与各影响因素的相关性及术前TAT复合物水平对颅脑创伤患者死亡的预测价值。结果 年龄大于等于60岁、受伤至手术时间小于10 h、入院格拉斯哥昏迷量表（GCS）评分小于5分、术前TAT复合物大于100 ng/mL、空腹血糖（FBG）大于10 mmol/L、手术时间≥大于等于3 h为颅脑创伤患者死亡的危险因素（P＜0.05）。术前TAT复合物水平与患者年龄、FBG水平和手术时间均呈正相关（P<0.05）,与受伤至手术时间、入院GCS评分均呈负相关（P<0.05）。术前TAT复合物水平对颅脑创伤患者死亡的受试者工作特征曲线下面积（AUC）为0.79,95％CI为0.723~0913,P<0.001,敏感度为80.32％,特异度为74.06％,最佳截断值为100 ng/mL,具有较佳的预测价值。结论 TAT复合物水平为颅脑创伤患者死亡的影响因素,且与其他一些影响因素存在相关性,对颅脑创伤患者死亡有较佳的预测价值。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.