乙肝病毒X蛋白连接蛋白抑制辐射诱导的乳腺癌细胞自噬调节的研究

目的 探讨乙肝病毒X蛋白连接蛋白（HBXIP）对电离辐射诱导的乳腺癌细胞自噬的影响。方法 将实验细胞分为对照组、HBXIP转染组、si-HBXIP转染组、HBXIP和si-STAT3共转染组。各处理组给予4 Gy γ射线照射后,0、24、48和72 h采用流式细胞技术检测含嗜酸性自噬体的乳腺癌细胞数;Western blot方法检测LC3-I/II、HBXIP、STAT3蛋白和STAT3（Y705）磷酸化蛋白表达水平的改变。结果 与对照组相比,外源性过表达HBXIP明显减少含有辐射诱导的嗜酸性自噬体的乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞数（t_{24 h}=3.67,P<0.05;t_{48 h}=9.74,P<0.01;t_{72 h}=10.15,P<0.01）和自噬相关蛋白LC3-II蛋白的表达;相反,采用siRNA降低HBXIP表达则明显增加含有嗜酸性自噬体的细胞数（t_{24 h}=3.5,P<0.05;t_{48 h}=4.15,P<0.05;t_{72 h}=12.12,P<0.01）和LC3-II的表达。提高HBXIP表达导致剂量依赖性的辐射诱导的STAT3（Y705）磷酸化水平提高;反之,降低HBXIP表达可降低受照细胞中STAT3（Y705）磷酸化水平的表达。采用siRNA-STAT3降低STAT3表达水平,明显降低了HBXIP对辐射诱导的自噬（t_{24 h}=5.57,P<0.05;t_{48 h}=13.65,P<0.01;t_{72 h}=12.47,P<0.01）和LC3-I/II表达调节能力。结论 HBXIP可通过调节p-STAT3（Y705）磷酸化的表达从而调节辐射诱导的乳腺癌细胞自噬。     

长链非编码RNA PRMT5-AS1调控电离辐射诱导肝癌细胞铁死亡机制的研究

目的 探讨长链非编码RNA PRMT5-AS1对电离辐射诱导的肝癌细胞铁死亡的影响。方法 在MHCC-97H细胞中构建PRMT5-AS1过表达模型,在HepG2细胞中构建PRMT5-AS1敲低模型。使用X射线照射,吸收剂量为10 Gy,剂量率为3 Gy/min。采用Western blot和qRT-PCR实验检测基因表达水平。采用台盼蓝染色流式细胞术检测PRMT5-AS1表达对受照肝癌细胞脂质过氧化以及铁死亡的影响。采用CCK-8实验检测PRMT5-AS1表达水平对电离辐射照射后肝癌细胞死亡的影响。双荧光素酶报告实验检测let-7c-5p与PRMT5-AS1和SLC7A11之间结合作用。结果 MHCC-97H细胞中过表达PRMT5-AS1能够显著降低电离辐射引起的细胞死亡(对照组vs. PRMT5-AS1过表达组:27.57% vs.18.30%,t=14.94,P<0.05)。HepG2细胞中敲低PRMT5-AS1可显著增加电离辐射引起的细胞死亡(对照组vs. PRMT5-AS1敲低组:17.26% vs.28.26%,t=13.63,P<0.05)。过表达PRMT5-AS1能够明显抑制由电离辐射诱导的细胞内脂质活性氧(ROS)水平增加(对照组vs. PRMT5-AS1过表达组:17.01% vs.12.52%,t=12.80,P<0.05),敲低PRMT5-AS1可显著增加电离辐射诱导的脂质ROS水平增加(对照组vs. PRMT5-AS1敲低组:14.54% vs.17.72%,t=5.93,P<0.05)。CCK-8实验结果表明,过表达PRMT5-AS1能够显著抑制Erastin诱导的细胞活性降低(对照组vs. PRMT5-AS1过表达组:87.92% vs.109.06%,t=2.87,P<0.05),敲低PRMT5-AS1则促进Erastin抑制细胞活性(对照组vs. PRMT5-AS1敲低组:82.56%vs.60.58%,t=38.35,P<0.05)。Western blot和荧光定量PCR结果表明,过表达PRMT5-AS1能够明显提高SLC7A11的蛋白和mRNA水平(t=26.24,P<0.05),敲低PRMT5-AS1后SLC7A11的蛋白和mRNA水平均显著降低(t=5.60,P<0.05)。荧光素酶报告基因实验表明PRMT5-AS1与let-7c-5p之间存在相互作用(t=9.74,P<0.05)。PRMT5-AS1可以与let-7c-5p形成ceRNA网络,靶向调节SLC7A11。let-7c-5p能够逆转由过表达PRMT5-AS1引起的SLC7A11表达水平增加、脂质ROS水平和细胞死亡减少(t=3.01、4.11,P<0.05),而敲低SLC7A11能够逆转PRMT5-AS1引起的脂质ROS抑制和细胞死亡减少(t=21.35、7.15,P<0.05)。结论 长链非编码RNA PRMT5-AS1通过PRMT5-AS1/let-7c-5p/SLC7A11轴抑制电离辐射诱导肝癌细胞铁死亡的发生。     

电离辐射联合自噬和凋亡抑制剂或诱导剂对MCF7细胞的影响

目的 探讨电离辐射联合自噬抑制剂、诱导剂和凋亡抑制剂对MCF7细胞自噬和凋亡的影响。方法 MCF7细胞经0 Gy、4 Gy、4 Gy+rapamycin、4 Gy+3-MA、4 Gy+z-VAD-fmk不同方法处理后,采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)检测细胞的生长倍增时间;采用Western blot检测MCF7细胞经不同方法处理后自噬特异蛋白LC3和beclin1的表达,并比较蛋白表达量的差异;流式细胞仪(FCM)检测不同处理方法MCF7细胞凋亡百分率。结果 经4 Gy照射后,MCF7细胞生长倍增时间明显长于未经照射的细胞生长倍增时间(t= 4.41,P<0.05);而4 Gy+rapamycin处理后,明显长于单纯4 Gy照射组(t= 4.35, P<0.05);经4 Gy + 3-MA和4 Gy+z-VAD-fmk处理后,均明显短于4 Gy+rapamycin组 (t= 4.32, P<0.05)。Western blot检测结果表明,Beclin1和LC3-Ⅱ蛋白表达4 Gy+rapamycin组为最高,4 Gy+3-MA组为最低,除4 Gy+3-MA组与4 Gy+z-VAD-fmk组比较差异无统计学意义外,其余各处理组间比较差异有统计学意义(t= 3.91~4.78, P<0.05)。结论 电离辐射联合自噬诱导剂可促进MCF7细胞凋亡;联合自噬抑制剂抑制自噬发生,进而延缓肿瘤细胞凋亡。     

电离辐射对皮肤细胞铁死亡的影响及其抑制剂Ferrostatin-1的防护作用研究

目的 探讨电离辐射对皮肤细胞铁死亡的影响以及铁死亡抑制剂Ferrostatin-1（Fer-1）对受照射皮肤细胞的保护作用及机制。方法 为检测Fer-1对人永生化角质形成细胞（HaCaT）辐照后的影响,按照射与给药方式分为对照组、Fer-1组、单纯照射组、照射+Fer-1组。采用CCK-8法和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）释放检测X射线照射以及Fer-1处理对HaCaT细胞存活和细胞死亡的影响。采用流式细胞术检测X射线照射以及Fer-1处理后对HaCaT细胞脂质过氧化水平的影响。利用结晶紫染色法检测X射线照射以及Fer-1处理对HaCaT细胞克隆形成能力的影响。Western blot检测X射线照射以及Fer-1处理对铁死亡相关蛋白ACSL4和GPX4表达的影响。结果 单纯照射组经不同剂量的X射线照射后细胞存活率明显降低（t=5.63、8.74,P<0.05）,LDH的释放明显增加（t=3.98、5.08、9.27,P<0.05）,Fer-1能够提高受照射皮肤细胞存活率（t=5.79,P<0.05）,降低LDH的释放量（t=12.36、11.96、18.13、9.96,P<0.05）。单纯照射组经10 Gy的X射线照射后细胞的脂质过氧化水平明显升高（t=9.59,P<0.05）,克隆存活能力明显减弱（t=4.26,P<0.05）,而Fer-1能够降低X射线照射引起的脂质过氧化水平的升高（t=6.48、17.04,P<0.05）,增加受照射皮肤细胞的克隆存活能力（t=3.96,P<0.05）。10 Gy的X射线照射会导致ACSL4表达水平的升高和GPX4的表达水平的降低,而Fer-1的治疗能促进ACSL4和GPX4的表达水平恢复正常（t=5.23、7.16、4.78、8.29、6.43,P<0.05）。结论 铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1在细胞水平上能够通过抑制电离辐射后铁死亡的发生而保护皮肤细胞,为放射性皮肤损伤的防护提供了一种新的策略。     

电离辐射通过诱导外泌体的分泌促进宫颈癌Siha细胞上皮间质转化

目的 观察宫颈癌Siha细胞在临床常规分割放疗模式的电离辐射诱导后上皮间质转化(EMT)的发生情况,以及外泌体在此过程中的作用。方法 利用临床常规分割外照射(6 MV-X射线,50 Gy/25次)模式的电离辐射处理宫颈鳞癌细胞系Siha,通过形态学观察、EMT标志物检测和Transwell小室实验评价Siha细胞EMT的发生;分离纯化细胞上清液中外泌体,利用透射电镜、纳米粒径示踪分析(NTA),观察其形态与分泌量;最后加入抑制剂GW4869(10 μmol/L)明确外泌体作用。结果 经电离辐射处理后,存活的Siha细胞发生了EMT现象:梭形间质样细胞出现,上皮标志物E-cadherin表达下调(t=9.66,P<0.05),间质标志物N-cadherin表达上调(t=41.61,P<0.05),Transwell穿膜和穿透基质胶的细胞数目增多(t=6.11、13.22,P<0.05)。此外,辐射诱导后,Siha细胞外泌体分泌增加(t=7.51,P<0.05),而GW4869负性调控后,其细胞外泌体的分泌随之减少(t=7.28,P<0.05),电离辐射诱导的EMT也发生了逆转。结论 临床常规分割放疗模式的电离辐射可通过诱导外泌体的分泌促进宫颈癌Siha细胞上皮间质转化。     

自噬活性的降低增加人鼻咽癌CNE-2细胞的放射敏感性

目的 研究自噬与人鼻咽癌CNE-2细胞放射敏感性之间的关系。方法 采用慢病毒介导的RNA干扰技术建立稳定沉默自噬相关基因ATG5的人鼻咽癌CNE-2细胞系,实验分为未转染的CNE-2细胞组(对照组)、转染NC-shRNA的CNE-2细胞组(NC组)及转染ATG5-shRNA的CNE-2细胞组(ATG5组),应用CCK-8法、流式细胞术及克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖、凋亡及放射敏感性的变化。结果 CCK-8实验结果显示,与对照组和NC组相比,各剂量点ATG5组的细胞存活率均显著降低(F=3.755、46.086、8.609、44.160,P<0.05),绘制细胞生存曲线可见下调ATG5的表达后可以增加CNE-2细胞的放射敏感性;流式细胞术结果显示,经6 Gy X射线照射后,ATG5组细胞的凋亡率较NC组及对照组明显升高(F=394.876,P<0.05);克隆形成实验结果提示沉默ATG5基因可增加鼻咽癌CNE-2细胞的放射敏感性。结论 降低鼻咽癌CNE-2细胞的自噬活性可以增强其放射敏感性。     

雷帕霉素激活M2巨噬细胞自噬影响大肠癌放射敏感性的研究

目的 探讨雷帕霉素(RAP)激活M2巨噬细胞(type-Ⅱ macrophage)自噬对大肠癌移植瘤放射敏感性的影响。方法 经佛波酯(PMA)单独及联合人重组白介素4(IL-4)诱导人单核白血病细胞THP-1分化为M0和M2型巨噬细胞。使用RAP激活M2自噬,设置巴弗洛霉素(bafilomycin A1)下调M2已被激活的自噬作为对照。将大肠癌LoVo细胞接种于BALB/c-nu/nu裸鼠,待形成直径10 mm瘤体后,利用随机数表法,将18只裸鼠分为M2自噬未激活组、激活组和激活后下调组,LoVo细胞单独成瘤为阴性对照组,每组6只。对荷瘤鼠行2次8 Gy X射线局部照射,分析各组间移植瘤放射敏感性的变化。结果 M2巨噬细胞标志物Arg-1、CCL-22的相对表达量显著高于M0巨噬细胞(t=78.77、60.02,P＜0.05)。M2自噬未激活组瘤体质量、体积和微血管密度(MVD)[(1.93±0.05)g、(2.14±0.06) cm³、36.37±1.04]较阴性对照组[(1.35±0.05) g、(1.77±0.02) cm³、25.69±1.34]显著提高(t=20.07、14.56、10.92,P＜0.05);激活M2自噬后,瘤体重量、体积和微血管密度均显著下降[(0.89±0.03) g、(1.24±0.01) cm³、13.60±1.52](t=44.37、40.32、21.43,P＜0.05)。利用巴弗洛霉素下调M2自噬后,瘤体质量、体积和微血管密度有所回升[(1.02±0.07) g、(1.37±0.02) cm³、21.06±1.41](t=4.67、13.79、6.23,P＜0.05)。与阴性对照组相比,自噬未激活的M2能够抑制Livin和Survivin在瘤体组织中的表达(t=2.64、7.90,P＜0.05);RAP激活M2自噬后,可进一步下调上述蛋白的表达(t=5.43、9.39,P＜0.05)。利用巴弗洛霉素下调M2自噬后,Livin、Survivin表达量均有所回升(t=2.80、3.17,P＜0.05)。结论 利用RAP激活M2自噬,可抑制M2促进肿瘤微血管形成的能力,从而抑制移植瘤生长;同时,通过下调大肠癌移植瘤中抗凋亡基因Livin与Survivin的表达,诱导大肠癌移植瘤放疗后凋亡的发生,提高大肠癌的放射敏感性。     

电离辐射诱导结肠癌细胞自噬以及自噬在辐射中的作用

目的 观察辐射诱导结肠癌SW480细胞发生自噬的情况,以及自噬在辐射中的作用。方法 采用透射电镜观察细胞超微结构,免疫荧光观察自噬泡,蛋白质免疫印迹法检测LC3水平,MTT检测细胞增殖情况,Tanswell小室观察细胞的侵袭,划痕实验观察细胞迁移。结果 重离子与X射线辐射能够诱导SW480细胞发生自噬,且自噬水平随辐射剂量的增加而增加(F=458.526,P<0.05);雷帕霉素(rapamycin, RAPM)能够诱导SW480细胞发生自噬,联合照射时,具有协同作用(F=189.393,P<0.05);氯喹(chloroquine,CQ)能够抑制辐射所诱导的SW480细胞发生的自噬;单纯照射组、照射联合RAPM组细胞的侵袭力、迁移力及活性减弱(F=194.692、629.917、302.903,P<0.05);辐射与CQ联合处理组细胞的侵袭力、迁移力及活性增强(F=194.692、629.917、302.903,P<0.05)。结论 电离辐射可诱导结肠癌SW480细胞发生自噬,自噬对细胞有杀伤作用。     

miR-27b-3p通过靶向PLK2促进乳腺癌细胞的辐射抵抗

目的 研究miR-27b-3p对乳腺癌细胞辐射抵抗的影响。方法 通过检索基因表达（GEO）数据库，筛选分析miR-27b-3p在正常乳腺组织和乳腺癌组织中的表达水平。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析其在不同乳腺癌细胞系中的表达水平。通过细胞克隆形成、免疫荧光和5-乙炔基-2''-脱氧尿苷（EDU）检测技术评价miR-27b-3p对乳腺癌细胞辐射抵抗作用。采用荧光素酶报告基因技术确定miR-27b-3p的靶基因PLK2，并在乳腺癌细胞中进一步验证miR-27b-3p的辐射抵抗作用。结果 与正常乳腺组织和细胞相比，miR-27b-3p在乳腺癌组织（t=2.99，P<0.01）和乳腺癌细胞中表达水平显著上调（t=21.21、32.88，P<0.05）。尤其在抗辐射细胞MCF-7R中升高更加明显（t=25.63，P<0.05）。过表达miR-27b-3p增强了MCF-7细胞的克隆形成能力（t=10.32，P<0.05），且随着辐照剂量的增加，miR-27b-3p对MCF-7增殖能力的保护效应逐渐凸显（t=8.77、8.26、8.03，P<0.05）；干扰miR-27b-3p则抑制MCF-7R细胞克隆形成数（t=40.00，P<0.05），且随着辐照剂量的增加，进一步削弱了MCF-7R细胞的增殖能力（t=8.54、8.32、8.23，P<0.05）。报告基因实验结果表明，PLK2是miR-27b-3p的直接靶标。过表达PLK2抑制了miR-27b-3p介导的乳腺癌细胞辐射抵抗（MCF-7：t=9.66，P<0.05；MCF-7R：t=6.42，P<0.05）。结论 miR-27b-3p可通过靶向PLK2提高乳腺癌细胞的辐射抗性。     

敲低长链基因间非编码RNA-p21对乏氧肿瘤细胞放射敏感性的影响

目的 探讨敲低长链基因间非编码RNA-p21(lincRNA-p21)对乏氧肿瘤细胞放射敏感性的影响及机制。方法 实时荧光定量PCR(QRT-PCR)检测人肝癌细胞SMMC7721和脑胶质瘤细胞U251MG乏氧培养不同时间lincRNA-p21的表达。构建lincRNA-p21 siRNA慢病毒载体,经慢病毒转染建立稳定敲低lincRNA-p21的SMMC7721和U251MG细胞系。流式细胞术检测乏氧肿瘤细胞周期和凋亡。克隆形成实验检测乏氧肿瘤细胞放射敏感性。Western blot检测乏氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)和GLUT1蛋白含量。结果 SMMC7721和U251MG细胞乏氧(1%O₂)培养24和48 h,lincRNA-p21的表达随培养时间的增加逐渐升高。24和48 h与0 h组相比,lincRNA-p21表达明显升高(t=5.13、7.49、8.90、10.11,P<0.05)。稳定转染lincRNA-p21 siRNA下调乏氧肿瘤细胞中lincRNA-p21的表达(t=144.81、334.32,P<0.05)。乏氧(1%O₂)培养48 h,敲低lincRNA-p21细胞SMMC7721和U251MG发生G₂/M期阻滞(t=7.05、10.18,P<0.05);细胞凋亡明显增加(t=42.27、24.79,P<0.05);HIF-1α和GLUT1蛋白含量减少,放射敏感性增强,放射增敏比(SER)约为1.23、1.31。结论 乏氧促进肿瘤细胞中lincRNA-p21表达。敲低lincRNA-p21增强乏氧肿瘤细胞放射敏感性,其机制可能与敲低lincRNA-p21诱导细胞G₂/M期阻滞和细胞凋亡,并导致HIF-1α蛋白水平下降有关。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.