AmCAD-UT Detection在甲状腺结节超声诊断中的应用

目的 评估计算机辅助诊断（CAD）系统AmCAD-UT Detection（安克侦）用于甲状腺超声的诊断效能及临床价值。方法 采集171例甲状腺结节患者的甲状腺超声图像，分别由安克侦及4名超声科医师（A、B、C、D，分别具有10年、5年、1年及1个月以上甲状腺超声诊断经验）单独及以安克侦辅助医师分析图像，并根据美国放射学会甲状腺影像报告和数据系统（ACR-TIRADS）指南进行分类；以病理结果为金标准，绘制安克侦及4名医师辅以安克侦前后根据ACR-TIRADS指南对结节进行分类的ROC曲线，计算ACR-TIRADS指南诊断良恶性结节的最佳截断值及AUC，评价其诊断效能。结果 共纳入205个甲状腺结节，89个良性、116个恶性病变。ACR-TIRADS指南诊断良恶性结节的最佳截断值为TR5级。安克侦诊断甲状腺恶性结节的敏感度与医师B差异无统计学意义（P=1.00），特异度则低于医师A及B（P均<0.05），其AUC与医师A、B、D差异均有统计学意义（Z=4.34、3.71、2.76，P均<0.05）。辅以安克侦后，4名医师诊断甲状腺结节的敏感度（93.10%、90.52%、85.34%、75.00%）及AUC值（0.95、0.93、0.86、0.86）均较前提高（P均<0.05），特异度则仅医师C、D较前改善（P均<0.05）。结论 安克侦对诊断甲状腺结节具有一定价值，敏感度与具有5年诊断经验的超声科医师相似，用以辅助可提高超声科医师、尤其是低年资医师对于甲状腺结节的诊断效能。     

常规超声和超声造影鉴别诊断甲状腺皱缩结节与乳头状癌

目的 评价常规超声和超声造影（CEUS）鉴别诊断甲状腺影像报告和数据系统（TI-RADS）4类及以上甲状腺皱缩结节（MTN）与甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）的价值。方法 纳入52例MTN、53个结节（MTN组）和47例PTC、48个结节（PTC组）,比较组间常规超声和CEUS特征差异,评价MTN特异性超声征象诊断MTN的效能。结果 组间TI-RADS分类差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。常规超声显示组间结节位置、纵横比、钙化形态、钙化位置、血流分布、囊壁塌陷征、同心圆征及声晕差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;结节最大径及回声特点差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）;组间结节CEUS增强模式和壁增强模式差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。根据常规超声囊壁塌陷征、同心圆征、黑白双晕及CEUS结节无增强、壁增强诊断MTN的特异度及阳性预测值均为100%;无增强模式诊断MTN的敏感度、准确率与阴性预测值均显著高于常规超声指标及壁增强（P均<0.05）。结论 CEUS诊断MTN的效能显著优于常规超声,鉴别MTN与PTC具有较高临床价值。     

超声多因素分析预测甲状腺髓样癌

目的 筛选超声独立预测甲状腺髓样癌（MTC）征象，并分析其诊断效能。方法 选取经病理证实的24例MTC（29个病灶）及同期45例甲状腺良性结节患者（49个病灶），回顾性分析患者性别及超声征象，包括病灶形态、单发与多发、双侧与单侧、边缘、内部回声、内部成分、微钙化、纵横比及血流状况。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析筛选MTC的独立预测因素，计算比值比（OR）及其95%置信区间（CI）。绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线，计算MTC与甲状腺良性结节之间差异有统计学意义因素的曲线下面积（AUC）。结果 多发结节、双侧发病、结节纵横比>1在MTC与甲状腺良性结节之间差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.20）；甲状腺结节血流丰富、低回声、内部微钙化为MTC独立危险预测因素（P均<0.05）。AUC值显示低回声、血流状况、形态不规则、微钙化、边缘不规则诊断MTC效能中等，其中低回声的诊断效能相对较好[AUC=0.77，95%CI（0.68，0.89）]。结论 不同超声征象对MTC的诊断效能不同，甲状腺结节血流丰富、低回声、内部微钙化可作为鉴别诊断MTC与甲状腺良性结节的参考。     

对比细针穿刺细胞学检查、测定穿刺洗脱液甲状腺球蛋白及BRAF基因诊断甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移的效能

目的 对比细针穿刺细胞学检查（FNAC）、测定细针穿刺洗脱液甲状腺球蛋白（FNA-Tg）及检测BRAF基因诊断超声疑似甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）颈部转移淋巴结的效能。方法 回顾性分析95例接受甲状腺改良根治术并经病理证实的PTC患者资料,甲状腺改良根治术前或术后超声检查发现疑似颈部转移淋巴结118枚。全部患者均接受细针穿刺活检术,对穿刺标本分别进行FNAC、FNA-Tg及BRAF基因检测。以术后病理作为金标准,计算敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确率,构建ROC曲线对比分析3种方法诊断转移淋巴结的效能。结果 FNAC、FNA-Tg及基因检测诊断PTC颈部淋巴结转移的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率分别为63.95%（55/86）、100%（32/32）、100%（55/55）、50.79%（32/63）及73.73%（87/118）,91.86%（79/86）、100%（32/32）、100%（79/79）、82.05%（32/39）及94.07%（111/118）和80.23%（69/86）、100%（32/32）、100%（69/69）、65.31%（32/49）及85.59%（101/118）。FNAC、FNA-Tg、BRAF基因检测的AUC分别为0.820、0.991、0.874,FNAC与FNA-Tg检测、BRAF基因与FNA-Tg检测间AUC差异均有统计学意义（P<0.001）,FNAC与BRAF基因检测AUC差异无统计学意义（P=0.099）。结论 FNA-Tg检测对超声疑似PTC颈部转移淋巴结的诊断效能高于FNAC和BRAF基因检测。     

超声诊断伴周边环形钙化甲状腺结节良恶性的价值

目的 探讨超声对伴周边环形钙化良恶性甲状腺结节的鉴别诊断价值。方法 回顾分析经手术病理确诊的73例伴周边环形钙化甲状腺结节的超声声像图特征,分析良恶性甲状腺结节的声像图特点,并进行统计学分析。计算各声像图特征对伴周边环形钙化良恶性甲状腺结节的鉴别诊断效能。结果 73例患者中,良性甲状腺结节58例（58/73,79.45%）,恶性甲状腺结节15例（15/73,20.55%）。良、恶性结节的平均最大径、边界和内部回声、钙化周围有无声晕差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。良恶性结节伴结节性甲状腺肿的构成比差异、钙化厚薄是否均匀和钙化的连续性差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。以伴结节性甲状腺肿诊断良性甲状腺结节的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为77.59%（45/58）、60.00%（9/15）、88.24%（45/51）、40.91%（9/22）;钙化厚薄不均诊断恶性甲状腺结节的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为53.33%（8/15）、87.93%（51/58）、53.33%（8/15）、87.93%（51/58）。钙化连续中断诊断恶性甲状腺结节的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为73.33%（11/15）、68.97%（40/58）、37.93%（11/29）、90.91%（40/44）。结论 超声对于伴环形钙化甲状腺结节良恶性判断有一定的价值,钙化厚薄不均、连续性中断对诊断恶性病变价值更高。     

伴桥本甲状腺炎的甲状腺良恶性结节:超声特征及甲状腺超声征象报告与数据系统诊断价值

目的 探讨伴桥本甲状腺炎（HT）的甲状腺良恶性结节超声表现特征以及美国放射学会（ACR）甲状腺超声征象报告与数据系统（TI-RADS）的诊断价值。方法 根据ACR TI-RADS回顾性分析129例HT合并208个甲状腺结节的声像图特征,包括结节成分、回声、形态、边缘及局灶性强回声。将病灶分为恶性组和良性组,对2组各超声征象进行统计学分析。以病理结果为金标准,获得ACR TI-RADS分类评分诊断伴HT甲状腺恶性结节的敏感度、特异度、准确率及AUC。结果 208个结节中,49个恶性结节,159个良性结节;2组成分、回声、形态、边缘、局灶性强回声差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。2组局灶性强回声特征中,无强回声或大彗星尾、点状强回声钙化差异有统计学意义（χ²=57.29、64.87,P均<0.001）,粗钙化、周围型钙化和混合钙化差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。ACR TI-RADS分类评分诊断甲状腺结节的AUC为0.924（P<0.01）,敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为91.84%、84.27%、86.05%。结论 HT可能导致良性结节声像图特征趋向恶性;ACR TI-RADS鉴别伴HT良恶性甲状腺结节准确率较高。     

美国甲状腺协会超声分类与细针穿刺细胞学检查诊断良恶性甲状腺结节

目的 评价美国甲状腺协会（ATA）超声分类与甲状腺细针穿刺（FNA）细胞学检查对良恶性甲状腺结节的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析342例甲状腺结节患者（共357个结节）的资料。所有患者均于超声检查后接受外科手术或FNA细胞学检查。根据2015年版ATA甲状腺结节诊治指南,对超声图像进行分类评估,并与术后病理结果对照,评价ATA超声分类及FNA细胞学检查的诊断效能。结果 357个甲状腺结节中,248个经术后病理确诊,包括233个恶性结节及15个良性结节。对照病理结果,超声ATA分类诊断甲状腺恶性结节的准确率为88.31%（219/248）,敏感度为90.99%（212/233）,特异度为46.67%（7/15）,阳性预测值为96.36%（212/220）,阴性预测值为25.00%（7/28）;FNA细胞学检查诊断甲状腺恶性结节的准确率为98.81%（83/84）,敏感度为100%（75/75）,特异度为88.89%（8/9）,阳性预测值为98.68%（75/76）,阴性预测率为100%（8/8）。ROC曲线分析显示,2种方法诊断恶性甲状腺结节的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.653和0.944（Z=2.397,P=0.017）。结论 ATA超声分类方法对鉴别良恶性甲状腺结节具有较高的诊断价值,FNA细胞学检查能更加有效地判断甲状腺结节性质。     

超声人工智能在甲状腺可疑结节良恶性鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声人工智能(AI)辅助诊断系统在甲状腺可疑结节良恶性鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析按美国放射学会甲状腺影像报告与数据系统(ACR TI-RADS)分类3～5类的甲状腺结节289个。将不同年资医师和超声AI辅助诊断系统分为低年资组、高年资组和AI组,分别以TR4、TR5为诊断恶性截断值,比较各组的灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和ROC曲线下面积(AUC)。结果 截断值TR4与TR5比较,低年资组、高年资组及AI组AUC分别为0.579 vs 0.752、0.684 vs 0.881、0.678 vs 0.856,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。以TR5为最佳截断值时,AI组对甲状腺结节诊断的灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和AUC均高于低年资组(P<0.05),且与高年资组相仿(P>0.05)。结论 超声AI辅助诊断系统对甲状腺可疑结节的最佳诊断恶性截断值为TR5,其诊断效能高于低年资医师,与高年资医师相仿。     

超微血管成像结合TI-RADS鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节

目的 探讨超微血管成像（SMI）技术结合2017年美国放射学会甲状腺影像报告和数据系统（TI-RADS）鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的价值。方法 首先以常规超声根据TI-RADS将179例患者的甲状腺187个结节分为TR 1~5类，之后结合SMI技术调整TI-RADS分类；通过ROC曲线确定最佳截断值，比较两种方法的鉴别诊断效能。结果 校正前TR 1~5类别实际恶性率分别为0、0、5.00%、37.74%和64.29%。经SMI校正后分别为0、0、5.56%、23.26%和66.36%。校正前敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率分别为75.00%、66.02%、64.29%、76.40%和70.05%，经SMI校正后分别为86.91%、64.08%、66.36%、85.71%和74.33%。校正后的AUC（Z=-2.616，P=0.009）和敏感度（Z=-1.988，P=0.047）均高于校正前。结论 SMI技术能显示甲状腺结节内穿支血流，与TI-RADS结合可提高诊断甲状腺结节的效能。     

CEUS定性分析诊断不同大小甲状腺良恶性结节

目的 探讨CEUS定性诊断不同大小甲状腺良恶性结节的价值。方法 根据甲状腺结节的最大径,将255例甲状腺结节患者的329个结节分为小结节组（最长径≤ 1 cm,n=166）和大结节组（最长径>1 cm,n=163）。采用χ²检验分别比较2组甲状腺良恶性结节CEUS特征的差异,并对CEUS特征进行赋值评分,绘制ROC曲线评价CEUS特征评分对不同大小良恶性甲状腺结节的鉴别诊断效能。结果 小结节组甲状腺良恶性结节增强程度、增强方式、增强达峰时结节边界、增强达峰时结节形态及增强均匀性差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;大结节组甲状腺良恶性结节增强程度、增强方式、增强达峰时结节边界、形态、增强达峰时结节增强均匀性、增强达峰时结节是否完全充填、增强后结节大小差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。ROC曲线结果显示,小结节组CEUS评分鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节的临界值为3.5分,AUC为0.889（P<0.001）,敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为77.90%、84.06%和78.66%;大结节组CEUS评分鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节的临界值为2.5分,AUC为0.910（P<0.001）,敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为90.40%、76.60%和81.13%。结论 CEUS定性分析对鉴别诊断不同大小甲状腺良恶性结节均有较高价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.