围术期神经认知障碍的中枢机制：基于脑电图和磁共振成像的研究进展

围术期神经认知障碍(PND)是围术期常见疾病,给患者及社会带来沉重负担。由于PND的发病机制复杂且缺乏可靠的诊断及干预手段,而脑电图(EEG)及磁共振成像(MRI)具备提供客观指标的优势,因此两者应用于PND的研究逐渐成为热点。本文对PND患者术中量化脑电指标、EEG频谱分析、EEG功能连通性分析、EEG非线性动力学分析以及围术期MRI分析进行综述,旨在探索EEG和MRI对预测及诊断PND的临床价值。     

穴位神经刺激仪的预先镇痛作用及对T淋巴细胞免疫功能的影响

预先镇痛(Pre-emptive analgesia)即在伤害性刺激发生前给予镇痛治疗以减轻伤害后的疼痛。本研究拟观察韩氏穴位神经刺激仪的预先镇痛作用，并探讨预先镇痛对围术期外周血T淋巴细胞及其亚群表达能力的影响。     

舒芬太尼对硬膜外阻滞下子宫全切术后患者的超前镇痛作用

超前镇痛指在伤害性刺激之前采取措施阻止伤害性感受传人或阻止中枢神经致敏，使伤害性刺激诱发疼痛感减轻的效应。非甾体抗炎药通过降低周围局部组织致敏，局麻药通过阻滞伤害感受的传人，中枢抑制剂通过降低疼痛中枢兴奋性等产生超前镇痛。舒芬太尼是芬太尼N-4位的噻吩基衍生物，脂溶性更高，镇痛效能更强。本研究拟评价舒芬太尼对硬膜外阻滞下子宫全切术后患者的超前镇痛作用。     

咪唑安定对大鼠丘脑束旁核感受伤害性刺激神经元的干预反应研究

目的 研究咪唑安定对大鼠丘脑束旁核感受伤害性神经元对感受外周伤害性刺激的干预反应。方法 微电极探查束旁核神经元（n=6），对找到的每个感受伤害性刺激神经元均实施以下步骤：（1）记录基础放电（A组）。（2）记录基础的伤害性刺激的放电反应（B组）。（3）平静5min后（原则上放电恢复到刺激前水平），静脉给予咪唑安定0.2mg,2min后记录伤害性刺激下的放电反应（C组）。（4）5min后，静脉给入咪唑安定的特异性拮抗剂吗泽尼0.05mg,2min后记录伤害性刺激的放电反应（D组）。结果 A组和B组差异有显著性，符合外周伤害性刺激使中枢痛敏神经元兴奋的正常重量反应。C组与B组差异有显著性，与A组差异无显著性，提示在咪唑安定的干预下，外周的伤害性刺激不能使中枢痛敏神经元兴奋，即咪唑安定对痛觉有抑制作用。D组与C、A组有显著性差异，而与B组无显著性差异，提示氟吗泽尼拮抗了咪唑安定的抑痛作用后，使中枢痛敏神经元恢复对外周伤害性刺激的敏感性。结论 咪唑安定可以显著性的抑制大鼠丘脑束旁核感受伤害性神经元对外周伤害性刺激的兴奋反应。     

BIS指导下不同麻醉方法对胆囊切除术患者围术期细胞免疫功能影响的比较

围术期伤害性刺激可诱发机体过度应激反应,引起免疫功能(以细胞免疫为主)抑制,影响预后[1].有效的麻醉方法可控制应激反应.临床常采用BIS监测麻醉深度[2],BIS指导下异丙酚复合麻醉和七氟醚复合麻醉是临床常用的麻醉方法.这两种方法对于围术期免疫功能的影响尚有待研究.本研究拟比较BIS指导下七氟烷复合麻醉与异丙酚复合麻醉对胆囊切除术患者围术期细胞免疫功能的影响,为临床麻醉方法的选择提供参考.     

术后静脉镇痛与硬膜外镇痛对腹部手术病人炎性反应影响的比较

手术创伤可诱发术后炎性反应、疼痛和应激反应,强烈的应激反应可抑制免疫功能,免疫功能低下可加重炎性反应,过度的炎性反应不利于病人预后.术后静脉镇痛或硬膜外镇痛是围术期管理的措施之一.尽管静脉镇痛可有效地缓解疼痛,但不能阻断伤害性刺激诱发的应激反应;而硬膜外镇痛不但可有效地缓解疼痛,而且可阻断伤害性刺激诱发的应激反应.本研究拟通过比较术后静脉镇痛和硬膜外镇痛对腹部手术病人炎性反应的影响,比较两种方法镇痛的效果,为临床术后镇痛提供参考.     

全身麻醉下的特征性脑电图表现及围手术期神经认知功能障碍

脑电图（electroencephalogram, EEG）及EEG相关指标是反映大脑意识状态的重要指标,目前临床主要依赖于BIS进行术中麻醉管理,进一步理解EEG波形的意义有助于更好地开展麻醉管理,预防术后不良事件的发生。文章系统介绍了不同麻醉药物诱发的EEG波性特征,以及EEG特征波形与围手术期神经认知功能障碍（p...     

不同麻醉和术后镇痛方法对下肢骨折内固定术病人炎性反应和血管内皮生长因子的影响

下肢多发骨折内固定手术创伤重,会对机体造成进一步损害,麻醉及术后镇痛可减轻伤害性刺激对机体的损害.目前,临床上针对这类手术,可采用静脉全身麻醉联合静脉术后镇痛、也可采用椎管内麻醉和术后镇痛.本研究拟从围术期炎性反应和术后愈合的积极因素的角度探讨适宜的麻醉与术后镇痛方法.     

围手术期心理支持疗法用于术后镇痛的临床研究

笔者将一系列心理方法试用于３２例围手术期病人以观察其术后镇痛效应。结果显示该法具有较强的心理镇痛效应，与膜外注射吗啡合用可攻得满意的术后镇痛，提出其机理可能为通过影响病人的认知过程激活内源性痛调制系统，抑制伤害性刺激在中枢的传递和整合，最终发挥心理镇痛作用。     

剖宫产术后左布比卡因-芬太尼-咪达唑仑病人自控硬膜外镇痛患者体液免疫功能的变化

手术伤害性刺激诱发的应激反应及炎性反应、术后镇痛药物(吗啡类药物)的免疫抑制作用可导致术后机体免疫功能下降[1,2].左布比卡因.芬太尼.咪达唑仑病人自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)是目前临床上采用的术后镇痛方法.本研究拟通过观察围术期细胞因子和免疫球蛋白的变化,评价左布比卡因一芬太尼一咪达唑仑PCEA对剖宫产术后体液免疫功能的影响.     

Update on the role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and coxibs in the management of acute pain

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Although NSAIDs have been shown to reduce postoperative analgesics, their ability to reduce opioid-related adverse effects and improve functional outcomes is questioned. Further, perioperative NSAID use may contribute to cardiovascular toxicity and impaired bone healing. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the role perioperative NSAIDs have on modulating nociception, their benefits when utilized as components of a multimodal analgesic regimen, and potential deleterious cardiovascular and osteogenic effects. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent research indicates that, in addition to peripheral blockade of prostaglandin synthesis, central inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 may play an important role in modulating nociception. Although nonspecific NSAIDs provide analgesic efficacy similar to coxibs, their use has been limited in the perioperative setting because of platelet dysfunction and gastrointestinal toxicity. Coxibs may be a safer alternative in that setting. Both coxibs and traditional NSAIDs may contribute to a dose-dependent increase in cardiovascular toxicity and impaired osteogenesis. When used short term at the lowest effective dose, however, NSAIDs may provide for analgesic benefit without significant toxicity. SUMMARY: When utilized as a component of a multimodal analgesic regimen for acute pain, short-term NSAID administration reduces opioid-related side effects and may contribute to improved functional outcomes without significant adverse effects.     

围术期脑电监测与老年患者预后相关性的研究进展

脑电监测是通过电极将脑电活动记录下来的方法,可以连续、直观地反映人类大脑意识状态的改变。不同生理、病理状态可以观察到特殊的脑电模式,老年患者尤为明显。因此,围术期脑电监测与老年患者手术预后的关系备受关注。本文就围术期脑电监测与老年患者预后相关性的研究进展进行综述,为改善老年患者手术预后质量、探究脑电监测的临床意义提供参考。     

Value of preoperative EEG for carotid endarterectomy

Purpose: This study was designed to determine whether the preoperative, baseline electroencephalogram (EEG) can be used for intraoperative decision making during carotid endarterectomy, and to identify circumstances where the EEG can be eliminated. Methods: The charts of all patients undergoing carotid endartectomy at the authors' institution from June 1991 to May 1995 were reviewed to identify those patients that had adequate pre- and intraoperative EEG monitoring. EEGs during 331 carotid endartectomies in 303 patients were coded without knowledge of outcome; primary and secondary endpoints were EEG changes with clamping and clinical outcome, respectively. Results: The incidence of mortality and major neurological morbidity was 1.8%. Baseline-EEGs were abnormal in 105 patients (32%). Whereas baseline-EEG changes were highly predictive of EEG changes after anesthetic induction (P<.0001), they were not predictive of EEG changes with clamping or of clinical outcome. Prior stroke (CVA) predicted abnormal baseline-EEGs (P<.0001) and abnormal post-anesthetic EEGs (P<.0001) but did not predict changes with clamping or perioperative CVA. EEG changes with clamping occurred during 18% of operations; such changes were predicted only by contralateral occlusion (P<.0016) and EEG changes during a prior contralateral carotid endartectomy (P<.0001). The only variable that predicted an adverse neurological outcome was the presence of contralateral occlusion, which increased the likelihood of a perioperative neurological event seven-fold (P=.0038). Clinical outcomes in the 57 of 105 patients with abnormal baseline-EEGs and the 49 of 83 with prior CVA who were shunted were not different from those who were not. Conclusions: baseline-EEG is not of value for the prediction of adverse events during carotid endartectomy and can be eliminated. Because contralateral occlusion is highly predictive of changes with clamping, and patients undergoing a second carotid endartectomy will usually manifest EEG changes identical to those at the first, operative EEG monitoring can also be eliminated from both these circumstances. Finally, prior stroke does not lead to a higher incidence of clamp-induced EEG changes, and thus is not an indication for shunting in and of itself.     

Assessing pain objectively: the use of physiological markers

Pain diagnosis and management would benefit from the development of objective markers of nociception and pain. Current research addressing this issue has focused on five main strategies, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. These encompass: (i) monitoring changes in the autonomic nervous system; (ii) biopotentials; (iii) neuroimaging; (iv) biological (bio‐) markers; and (v) composite algorithms. Although each strategy has shown areas of promise, there are currently no validated objective markers of nociception or pain that can be recommended for clinical use. This article introduces the most important developments in the field and highlights shortcomings, with the aim of allowing the reader to make informed decisions about what trends to watch in the future.     

Effects of aging on current vocalization threshold in mice measured by a novel nociception assay

BACKGROUND: Age-related changes in nociception have been extensively studied in the past decades. However, it remains unclear whether in addition to the increased incidence of chronic illness, age-related changes in nociception contribute to increased prevalence of pain in the elderly. Although a great deal of evidence suggests that nociception thresholds increase with aging, other studies yield disparate results. The aim of this investigation was to longitudinally determine the effect of aging on nociception. METHODS: The authors developed a nociception assay for mice using electrical stimuli at 2,000, 250, and 5 Hz that reportedly stimulate Abeta, Adelta, and C sensory nerve fibers, respectively. A system was designed to automate a method that elicits and detects pain-avoiding behavior in mice. Using a Latin square design, the authors measured current vocalization thresholds serially over the course of mice's life span. RESULTS: For 2,000-Hz (Abeta), 250-Hz (Adelta), and 5-Hz (C) electrical stimuli, current vocalization thresholds first decreases and then increases with aging following a U-shaped pattern (P < 0.001). In addition, average current vocalization thresholds at youth and senescence are significantly higher than those at middle age for the 250-Hz (Adelta) and 5-Hz (C fiber) electrical stimulus (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Using a novel and noninjurious nociception assay, the authors showed that over the life span of mice, current vocalization threshold to electrical stimuli changes in a U-shaped pattern. The findings support the notion that age-related changes in nociception are curvilinear, and to properly study and treat pain, the age of subjects should be considered.     

Índice de Analgesia/Nocicepção: avaliação da dor aguda pós‐operatória

Background and objectivesPatient self‐rating based scales such as Numerical Rating Scale, Visual Analog Scale that is used for postoperative pain assessment may be problematic in geriatric or critically ill patients with communication problems. A method capable of the assessment of pain in objective manner has been searched for years. Analgesia nociception index, which is based on electrocardiographic data reflecting parasympathetic activity, has been proposed for this. In this study we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of analgesia nociception index as a tool for acute postoperative pain assessment. Our hypothesis was that analgesia nociception index may have good correlation with Numerical Rating Scale values.MethodsA total of 120 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I and II undergoing any surgical procedure under halogenated‐based anesthesia with fentanyl or remifentanil were enrolled for the study. At the 15^th minute of arrival to the Postoperative Care Unit the patients’ pain was rated on a 0-10 point Numerical Rating Scale. The patients’ heart rate, blood pressure, and analgesia nociception index scores were simultaneously measured at that time. The correlation between analgesia nociception index, heart rate, blood pressure and Numerical Rating Scale was examined.ResultsThe study was completed with 107 patients, of which 46 were males (43%). Mean (SD) analgesia nociception index values were significantly higher in patients with initial Numerical Rating Scale ≤ 3, compared with Numerical Rating Scale > 3 (69.1 [13.4] vs. 58.1 [12.9] respectively, p < 0.001). A significant negative linear relationship (r2 = ‐0.312, p = 0.001) was observed between analgesia nociception index and Numerical Rating Scale.ConclusionAnalgesia nociception index measurements at postoperative period after volatile agent and opioid‐based anesthesia correlate well with subjective Numerical Rating Scale scores.     

Patients receiving knee arthroplasty with pre-existing long-term aspirin use suffer lower risk of perioperative complications but feel more postoperative pain

BackgroundAspirin has gained increasing use-popularity on account of its multiple benefits. The present study aimed to investigate how a pre-existing long-term aspirin use (L-AU) would affect perioperative complications and postoperative pain in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients.MethodsUtilizing the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, primary TKAs were divided into L-AU and non-L-AU cohorts. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to match the demographics and comorbidities characteristics. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were calculated for the risk analysis of perioperative complications and postoperative pain.ResultsThe popularity of L-AU in primary TKA patients had significantly increased from 1.5% (2005) to 10.5% (2014) in the U.S. Pre-existing L-AU was associated with decreased risks of most perioperative complications (any complication, adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.920), in-hospital mortality (aOR: 0.367), and shortened hospitalization stay (LOS) (aOR: 0.647), etc. However, L-AU was recognized as a risk factor of acute postoperative pain (aOR: 1.466) and slightly higher total cost (aOR: 1.047).ConclusionsFor the first time in the present study, it is found that pre-existing long-term aspirin use is benefic in reducing perioperative complication risk. According to this finding, future research might determine the optimal pre-operational taking time and dose of aspirin use. Consequently, orthopedic surgeons and healthcare providers could provide this valuable advice to specific patients prior to a planned arthroplasty and subsequently gain feasible clinical benefits.     

Postoperative pain--clinical implications of basic research

Postoperative incisional pain is a unique and common form of acute pain. Although ample evidence indicates that an efficeous postoperative pain treatment reduces patient morbidity and patient outcome, recent studies demonstrate that about 50-70% of patients experience moderate to severe pain after surgery indicating that postoperative pain remains poorly treated. Perhaps important reasons for this quandary are distinct mechanisms of incisional nociception compared to other pain conditions limiting our regimen to drugs designed for other clinical pain problems. Another reason might be the lack of an in depth knowledge about the pathophysiology and neuropharmacology of postoperative pain. Basic research offers important insights in the mechanisms of postsurgical incisional pain and the translation of experimental results into clinical practice will have important implications on the improvement of new multimodal treatment regimens based postoperative pain mechanisms. In the present review, recent developments in experimental postsurgical incisional pain research will be described and their possible relevance for clinical practice discussed.     

术后急性疼痛与睡眠障碍相互影响的研究进展

术后急性疼痛和睡眠障碍均是围术期管理的重大挑战,两者相互影响,疼痛可干扰术后睡眠,睡眠障碍则会导致痛觉敏化,加剧术后疼痛。目前两者相互影响机制尚未明确,防治策略尚缺乏统一的标准。因此,本文通过综述术后急性疼痛和睡眠障碍的定义、危害、相互影响机制及防治与管理策略的研究现状,以期为防治围术期并发症提供参考。