甲状腺上皮样血管肉瘤临床病理观察

目的探讨原发于甲状腺的上皮样血管肉瘤的临床病理特点及鉴别诊断要点。方法报道1例甲状腺上皮样血管肉瘤,并结合文献对其临床病理特点及鉴别诊断和预后进行讨论。结果患者为老年女性,以颈部包块伴声音嘶哑就诊。CT显示颈部巨大软组织肿块伴气管受压。组织学显示,瘤组织大部分排列成实性片状,瘤细胞核大,空泡状,含有明显的核仁,部分瘤细胞胞质空泡化,内含红细胞。除实性区域外,还可见内衬不典型内皮细胞的不规则互相吻合的血管腔。周围淋巴结内见肿瘤转移。免疫组化:瘤细胞Ckpan(AE1/AE3)、CK19、CD31、CD34和FⅧRAg(+),TG、TTF-1、calcitonin、S-100、EMA和HMB45(-)。结论原发于甲状腺的上皮样血管肉瘤是一种罕见的肿瘤,恶性程度较高,确诊主要依靠组织学和免疫组化检查,临床主要应与甲状腺未分化癌鉴别。     

肠道上皮样血管肉瘤2例临床病理观察

目的 探讨肠道上皮样血管肉瘤临床病理特征、诊断、鉴别诊断及免疫组化表达特征.方法 回顾性分析2例肠道上皮样血管肉瘤患者的临床病理资料,在光学显微镜下对其进行形态学观察,借助免疫组织化学进一步对上皮样血管肉瘤的特点进行分析.结果 2例均发生在老年男性肠道.镜下见肿瘤细胞弥漫分布,瘤细胞呈上皮样形态,可见裂隙样结构及核旁空...     

假肌源性(上皮样肉瘤样)血管内皮瘤2例临床病理观察

目的探讨假肌源性(上皮样肉瘤样)血管内皮瘤(PH/ES-H)的临床病理特征、免疫组化及鉴别诊断。方法对2例PH/ES-H临床病理学及免疫组化染色进行分析,并复习相关文献。结果 2例PH/ES-H均为男性,年龄47岁和70岁,分别因颈肩区复发性肿块及左拇指外伤后软组织肿块就诊。镜下见肿瘤组织形态类似于上皮样肉瘤,由密集成片或略呈结节状增生的卵圆形或圆形的上皮样细胞及梭形细胞组成,二者之间相互移行;可伴有局灶性坏死。其中1例局部区域肿瘤细胞见胞质内空泡形成,但不含红细胞,也无明显的血管腔形成。免疫组化标记示肿瘤细胞上皮性及血管内皮细胞标记(可表达其中的一项或多项)均(+)。结论 PH/ES-H是一种少见的中间性或低度恶性的血管内皮瘤,形态上具有上皮样肉瘤或上皮样血管内皮瘤的部分特点,诊断时必须结合免疫组化结果与之进行鉴别。     

卵巢原发性血管肉瘤2例临床病理观察

目的探讨卵巢原发性血管肉瘤的临床病理特征及鉴别诊断。方法收集2例卵巢原发性血管肉瘤的临床资料,进行组织病理学观察和免疫组化染色,并复习文献。结果 2例患者年龄为36岁和37岁,平均年龄36.5岁;临床以腹胀、腹部肿块为主要症状。镜下肿瘤组织由上皮样及梭形细胞组成,轻到中度核异型性,瘤细胞呈实片状或形成大小不等的囊腔,部分小腔隙中含有红细胞。免疫组化:CD31、CD34和vimentin呈广泛强(+),上皮标记物CK(AE1/AE3)为(-)。结论卵巢原发性血管肉瘤罕见,预后差,极易误诊。     

骨上皮样血管内皮瘤2例报道并文献复习

目的 探讨骨上皮样血管内皮瘤的临床病理学特征和鉴别诊断。方法 观察和分析2例骨上皮样血管内皮瘤的病理形态特征和免疫组化标记，并结合文献复习，总结骨上皮样血管内皮瘤的临床病理学特点和鉴别诊断。结果 最常见的临床症状是骨疼痛；X线呈溶骨性骨破坏；肿瘤多呈分叶状，瘤细胞呈条索状、巢状或散在分布于透明变性的黏液基质中；CD34、CD31、CK和vimentin( )，EMA部分( )。结论 原发于骨的上皮样血管内皮瘤是一种少见的低度恶性的血管源性肿瘤，需与转移癌、骨上皮样血管瘤和上皮样血管肉瘤等鉴别。     

具有上皮样细胞形态软组织肿瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断

着重探讨软组织肿瘤中瘤细胞具有上皮样形态的某些肿瘤的亚型,如硬化性上皮样纤维肉瘤、上皮样平滑肌肿瘤、上皮样血管内皮瘤、上皮样恶性周围神经鞘瘤,以及瘤细胞具有上皮样细胞但不能确定分化的软组织肿瘤,如上皮样肉瘤、横纹肌样瘤、促纤维性小圆细胞性肿瘤、透明细胞肉瘤、血管周上皮样分化的肿瘤和混合瘤肌上皮瘤副脊索瘤,这些肿瘤的组织形态、免疫表型和电镜均有各自的特点,旨在提高对此类肿瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断水平。     

远心型上皮样肉瘤5例临床病理分析

目的 探讨上皮样肉瘤的临床病理特征及诊断与鉴别诊断.方法 分析5例上皮样肉瘤的临床病理特征并进行文献复习.结果 5例均为手术切除标本,均位于四肢.镜下均呈特征性结节性生长.肿瘤细胞有两种形态:一类为大的多角形或卵圆形细胞,胞质丰富,嗜伊红,类似上皮样细胞;另一类为梭形细胞,丰满似纤维母细胞样,两种细胞逐渐移行.免疫组化示肿瘤细胞vimentin、CK、EMA、CD34、S-100呈不同程度(+).结论 上皮样肉瘤是一种少见的独特的病变,典型病例诊断不难.对取材较少或镜下表现不典型,尤其是结节中心坏死较小甚至无坏死时,易与滑膜肉瘤、上皮样血管内皮瘤、上皮样恶性神经鞘瘤等混淆,需综合临床资料、镜下特点及免疫组化等特点进行鉴别.     

肺上皮样血管肉瘤临床病理观察

目的探讨肺上皮样血管肉瘤(PEA)的临床病理特征、生物学行为和鉴别诊断。方法分析1例肺上皮样血管肉瘤的临床表现、组织学特征、免疫组化结果并行文献复习。结果本例镜下显示瘤组织大部分以梭形细胞为主,弥漫片状分布,形似纤维肉瘤,可见瘤细胞形成的空泡状单细胞性血管腔,部分呈上皮细胞巢状结构的区域见瘤组织呈条索状分布,背景广泛黏液样变,坏死及核分裂易见,并伴有淋巴结转移。免疫组化示肿瘤细胞vimentin、CD34、和CD31(+),EMA少量灶性(+);Ki-67增殖指数不均一,梭形细胞区20%～70%。结论肺上皮样血管肉瘤罕见,具有独特的病理形态学特征,高度恶性,预后不良。需要与上皮样血管内皮细胞瘤、纤维肉瘤、恶性孤立性纤维性肿瘤、低分化腺癌、恶性间皮瘤、转移性胃肠间质瘤等相鉴别。     

下肢上皮样血管内皮瘤误诊1例分析并文献复习

目的:探讨下肢上皮样血管内皮瘤诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗及误诊原因。方法:分析下肢上皮样血管内皮瘤临床表现、组织病理学和免疫组化特征,讨论其诊断、鉴别诊断和治疗等。结果:下肢原发性上皮样血管内皮瘤在术前误诊为假性动脉瘤,术中发现为血供丰富之实性肿瘤,予扩大切除。组织病理学提示肿瘤细胞呈梭形上皮样,核分裂不明显。免疫组化染色显示F、CD34、CD31、vimentin阳性;而SMA、CK、S-100、desmin蛋白阴性,证实为上皮样血管内皮瘤。结论:上皮样血管内皮瘤诊断依靠组织病理学和免疫组化,需与假性动脉瘤、转移性癌、血管肉瘤等鉴别。因其有潜在恶性,故治疗以局部扩大切除为主。     

胰腺原发性平滑肌肉瘤临床病理观察

目的 探讨胰腺原发性平滑肌肉瘤的临床特征、影像学表现、病理形态特点、诊断和鉴别诊断及预后.方法 分析1例胰腺原发性平滑肌肉瘤,结合病理形态特点、免疫组化表现及与其他胰腺梭形细胞肿瘤的鉴别诊断,并进行文献复习.结果 胰腺原发性平滑肌肉瘤由梭形的平滑肌样细胞构成,在胰腺组织中呈浸润性生长,有坏死,伴有丰富的血管生成.免疫组化:SMA和vimentin(+),calponin(±),ALK、AE1/AE3、CD117和S-100(-).结论 胰腺原发性平滑肌肉瘤是一种胰腺罕见的肉瘤,预后较差,免疫组织化学染色对于明确诊断有重要作用.     

胃原发性上皮样血管肉瘤1例报道并文献复习

目的探讨胃上皮样血管肉瘤的临床病理特征、治疗及预后。方法对1例原发于胃的上皮样血管肉瘤进行组织形态学、免疫组织化学分析，并复习相关文献。结果临床表现及大体病理无特征性；镜下瘤细胞呈上皮样特征，异型性明显，表达CD31、CD34、Vim。结合文献，消化道原发性上皮样血管肉瘤男性多于女性，平均发病年龄为60．4岁。结论消化道上皮样血管肉瘤是一种罕见的高度恶性肿瘤，术前确诊困难，预后差，转移率高，平均生存时间为7个月，主要与上皮样血管内皮瘤、恶性黑色素瘤、转移癌等鉴别。     

肺上皮样血管肉瘤临床病理观察

目的 探讨肺上皮样血管肉瘤（EA）的病理形态学特点及其鉴别诊断。方法 对1例肺EA的组织病理学、免疫组化结果进行观察分析，结合文献进行讨论。结果 肿瘤有大片的坏死出血区。瘤细胞具上皮细胞的形态学特征，异型性明显，CD31和vimentin（＋）。结论 肺EA具有软组织EA的一般病理形态学特征，但出血、坏死更为显著。CD31是敏感性较高的标记物。主要与上皮样血管内皮瘤、恶性间皮瘤、硬化性血管瘤、肺腺癌相鉴别。     

血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤的临床病理学观察

目的探讨肾脏和肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(AML)、肺脏透明细胞"糖"瘤(CCST)、子宫血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤(PEComa)的共同病理学特征及共同的诊断和鉴别诊断要点。方法对肾脏和肝脏AML、肺脏CCST、子宫PEComa各1例的标本进行病理形态学和免疫组织化学观察。结果 4例不同部位和3种命名的肿瘤有相同的形态学,主要表现瘤细胞以上皮样细胞的组成,呈薄壁血管周围排列,免疫组化4例均HMB45阳性(4/4),3例SMA阳性(3/4)。结论上述发生在不同部位、不同命名的肿瘤,在形态和免疫组化上有共同特点:即血管周排列、瘤细胞呈上皮样;免疫组化表达黑色素标记物,亦可表达平滑肌标记物,这些特点支持统一为血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤(PEComas)的看法。     

Association of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha mutations with gastric primary site and epithelioid or mixed cell morphology in gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) carry activating mutations of the KIT gene encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT. In a previous study we were able to show an association between the lack of KIT mutations (wild-type GISTs) and the presence of a significant epithelioid tumor component. A very recent study described the occurrence of PDGFRalpha mutations in KIT wt GISTS. Therefore, we studied a panel of 87 GISTs for mutations in the hot spot regions of the PDGFRalpha gene with single strand conformation polymorphism analysis and sequencing and correlated the PDGFRalpha status with pathomorphological data. We detected 20 cases with exon 18 mutations but none with exon 12 mutations. The mutations were located in the second kinase domain of PDGFRalpha with 16 point mutations, and four larger deletions of 9 to 12 bp. All cases with mutations in the PDGFRalpha gene revealed wild-type KIT in common regions of mutation, ie, exons 9 and 11. Most interestingly, the occurrence of PDGFRalpha mutations was significantly associated with a higher frequency of epithelioid or mixed morphology (18 of 20 cases, P < 0.0001) and gastric location (all cases, P = 0.0008). Our data indicate that GISTs represent distinctive entities, differing in genetic, biological, and morphological features.     

原发性右心房恶性间皮瘤临床病理观察

目的 探讨原发性右心房恶性间皮瘤的临床病理学特点及其鉴别诊断。方法 对1例右心房恶性间皮瘤进行免疫组化观察并结合文献复习其临床病理特点。结果 原发性心房恶性间皮瘤组织形态为瘤细胞向上皮及肉瘤样分化，核分裂象易见，有坏死。免疫表型：calritinin（＋＋）、Vim（＋＋）、CK（＋）、EMA（＋）。结论 原发性右心房恶性间皮瘤非常罕见，恶性度高。形态学上应与纤维肉瘤、滑膜肉瘤及转移腺癌等鉴别。免疫组化标记有助于鉴别诊断。     

Clonal growth in vitro of human cells with fibroblastic morphology; comparison of growth and genetic characteristics of single epithelioid and fibroblast-like cells from a variety of human organs

A methodology has been described for reliable cultivation in vitro of dispersed fibroblastic cells obtained from normal human organs. The procedure has permitted establishment of stable cell lines from almost every sample taken, among which the following organs were represented: skin, spleen, amnion, lung, liver, bone marrow, brain, muscle, and heart. Equally good growth has been achieved with cells from embryonic or adult tissues. The methods previously developed whereby single cells plated in Petri dishes grow into isolated macroscopic colonies can successfully be applied to the plating of human fibroblastic stocks. Plating efficiencies in the neighborhood of 50 to 60 per cent are readily achieved with such strains. The resulting colonies can be picked and clonal stocks established. Fibroblastic morphology is maintained in the colonies arising from every single cell of such clonal stocks. All of the single cells from epithelioid clonal strains also maintain their integrity throughout repeated subculture. Since the difference between clonal stocks of these two types is always maintained whenever the respective single cells are plated in the same medium, regardless of the previous history of these stocks, it may be concluded that a true genetic difference exists in these cell lines. In addition to the morphological differences between epithelioid and fibroblastic cell strains, the latter have more demanding nutritional requirements for single cell growth. Thus, single cells of fibroblastic lines almost never produce colonies with high efficiency unless the growth medium which is sufficient for epithelioid cells is supplemented with embryo extract, or a cell feeder layer. Fibroblastic cells are also more resistant to tryptic digestion of the bond uniting the cells to glass surfaces. By use of differential media, growth of both fibroblastic and epithelioid cells, respectively, has been obtained, from dispersed single cells obtained by trypsinization of a specimen of human embryonic lung.     

骨原发性恶性上皮样血管肿瘤临床病理分析

目的探讨骨原发性恶性上皮样血管肿瘤的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法对4例骨原发性上皮样血管内皮细胞瘤(EHE)和2例上皮样血管肉瘤(EA)进行临床、光镜及免疫组化分析。结果 4例EHE中3例行刮除术,1例行化学治疗,均存活。2例EA分别行单纯化疗和手术治疗,1例失访,1例2个月后死亡。镜检:EHE的肿瘤细胞呈巢状、片状或条索状排列,间质常黏液样变性或透明变性,瘤细胞轻度异型,常见胞质内空泡。EA主要由呈实性片状、巢状排列的上皮样肿瘤细胞组成,瘤细胞异型性大,核呈空泡状,核仁显著,核分裂易见。免疫组化:瘤细胞CD31和vimentin(+)。结论 EHE低度恶性,EA高度恶性,两者鉴别主要依靠病理学特征,治疗和预后均差异较大,准确诊断是正确治疗的前提。     

梭形和上皮样细胞痣的临床病理学特点及鉴别诊断

目的分析梭形和上皮样细胞痣临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法对1例梭形和上皮样细胞痣进行组织学观察和免疫组化标记，同时复习相关文献。结果梭形和上皮样细胞痣由梭形和上皮样细胞构成，梭形细胞排列成束状，上皮样细胞排列成巢或单个细胞散在分布。免疫组化S-100和HMB45（＋），CK（-）。结论梭形和上皮样细胞痣是一种较为少见的黑色素细胞良性肿瘤，应注意与黑色素瘤相鉴别。     

Luteal hypoplasia and in vitro granulosa cells proliferation in cows

Two groups of cows were set up. In one group ovulation was induced, leading to luteal hypoplasia (FSH non-injection group or group 1). In the other group ovulation was induced and FSH injected simultaneously to improve luteinization (FSH injection group or group 2). Granulosa cells were collected from the ovarian follicles of the cows of the two groups immediately before ovulation. Their ability to proliferate and secrete progesterone in vitro was compared between the two groups. Granulosa cells proliferated in vitro more rapidly in group 2 than in group 1. Therefore, FSH injection was proved to be very effective for the proliferation of these cells. Cultured granulosa cells showed the same morphology, regardless of the FSH injection. They presented changes from fibroblast-like cells to epithelioid cells after adhering to a coverslip. They were transformed to epithelioid cells, however, earlier in group 2 than in group 1. Their ability to secrete progesterone in vitro was essentially the same between the two groups. Progesterone secretion decreased gradually in amount in both groups with the advance in culture. Therefore, it was considered that luteal hypoplasia might have been caused by a low ability of granulosa cells, which would be transformed to lutein cell, to proliferate.