孕前体重、孕期增重与新生儿出生体重的关系

目的探讨孕前体重和孕期增重对新生儿出生体重及身长等的影响,为降低巨大儿发生率、减少妊娠并发症提供临床资料。方法用自编问卷调查929例足月单胎产妇的孕前体重和孕期增重,随访至分娩。记录新生儿出生体重、身长、头围、胸径等体检数据,运用SPSS软件分析孕前体重、孕期增重与新生儿出生体重等的关系。结果①孕前低体重组新生儿出生体重、身长、头围、胸径、巨大儿发生率均明显低于理想体重组和超重组(P<0.05)。②孕期增重过多组巨大儿发生率、头围、胸径均明显大于增重不足和增重正常组(P<0.01),而3组间新生儿出生体重,身长两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05),即孕期增重越多新生儿出生体重越大,身长越长。③孕前低体重和正常体重的孕妇随着孕期增重过多,其新生儿出生体重、身长、头围、胸径明显增大。结论孕前体重,孕期增重均与新生儿出生体重及身长等发育指标有关。孕妇应根据自身条件注意调整孕期的增重范围,以便获得良好的妊娠结局。     

Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and placental weight determine birth weight in normal Jamaican infants

Birth weight is related to neonatal health and long-term risk of chronic disease. Since animal studies have shown that birth outcome is related to placental function, the present project was designed to explore the relationship between birth weight and placental growth and composition with maternal factors during pregnancy among normal term pregnancies in 51 primiparous and 40 multiparous women delivering at the University Hospital of the West Indies. Both groups were followed from 15 weeks of gestation to term. The primiparous group was generally younger than the multiparous (mean age 22 +/- 4 versus 31 +/- 5 yr). They were significantly lighter (55 +/- 8 versus 61 +/- 9 kg) with a lower body mass index (21 +/- 3 versus 23 +/- 4 kg/m2) during early pregnancy, but gained more weight during pregnancy, 11 kg compared with 8 kg, respectively. The duration of pregnancy was similar for both groups. Although the size of the placenta was not significantly different between the two groups, the mean weight of the multiparous placentae was more than that of the primiparous placentae. Also, for all mothers both placental weight and initial maternal weight related directly to birth weight. Placental non collagen protein (NCP), sodium and potassium contents were significantly higher for multiparous women and were related to birth weight. The primiparous group had babies who were significantly lighter, 3.03 kg compared with 3.36 kg, for the multiparous and this could be attributed to differences in placental function and maternal weight. When account was taken of the difference in maternal weight at the start of pregnancy and the difference in placental weight, parity no longer explained any of the differences in birth weight. It is concluded that maternal body weight at the time of becoming pregnant and the early development of the placenta determine the efficiency with which nutrients might be delivered to the foetus and hence foetal growth. The difference in birth weight between primiparous and multiparous women can be explained by the differences in maternal weight at the time of becoming pregnant.     

The relationship of placental weight with birth weight

To assess the relationship between placental weight and birth weight, two hundred forty six pregnant mothers, who were otherwise healthy, were prospectively followed in a city hospital during antenatal period until delivery and immediate post-partum period. Height of mothers was measured initially and weight measured at each visit during the antenatal check-up. Placental weight and birth weight of babies were measured by one of the authors immediately after delivery by a weighing scale. Eighty one percent of the mothers were between the age group of 20-29 years. The BMI of 92% mothers was 18.5 and above. Most of the mothers came both with primigravida (42%) or second gravida (33%) and in 25% cases 3rd or onwards. In 49% cases the placental weight was between 401-500 gm, in 30% cases >500 gm and in 21% cases 400 gm or less. There was delivery of appropriate-birth-weight babies in 85% cases and low-birth-weight babies in 15% cases. It was observed that a very strong correlation existed between placental weight and birth weight (r = 0.391, p<0.001). Even this correlation was stronger in small for gestational age babies. However, there was no correlation between placental weight and APGAR score at one minute. It is concluded that increment of birth weight occurs with increase of placental weight. If placental weight can be measured by ultrasonography in second or early third trimester of pregnancy birth weight is possible to be assessed and appropriate measure can be taken to increase the birth weight.     

孕前体重、孕期增重与妊高征及新生儿出生体重的关系

目的 探讨孕妇孕前体重(体质量)指数及孕期体重增加情况对妊高征及新生儿出生体重的影响。方法 测量769例足月单胎初产妇孕前的身高、体重和孕期体重增加情况,计算孕前体重指数,并随访妊高征、巨大儿和低体重儿的发生情况。结果(1)孕前肥胖孕妇妊高征和巨大儿的发生率明显高于孕前消瘦和理想体重的孕妇(P<0.01和P<0.05),而后两组间无差别(P>0.05);孕前消瘦孕妇低体重儿的发生率明显高于孕前理想体重和肥胖的孕妇(P<0.01),而后两组间无差别(P>0.05)。(2)无论孕前体重指数如何,当孕期体重增加≥18kg时妊高征和巨大儿的发生率明显增高(P<0.01),而当孕期体重增加<9kg时低体重儿的发生率明显增高(P<0.01)。(3)对孕前消瘦和理想体重的孕妇,孕期体重增加≥18kg时,妊高征的发病率明显增高,而对孕前肥胖的孕妇,孕期体重增加≥9kg时,妊高征的发病率明显增高(P<0.05);孕前理想体重孕妇孕期体重增加≥18kg时巨大儿的发病率明显增高(P<0.01),孕前消瘦和肥胖的孕妇随孕期体重的增加巨大儿的发病率也增加,但无统计学意义;对孕前消瘦和理想体重的孕妇孕期体重增加<9kg时,低体重儿的发病率明显增高(P<0.01)。结论 孕前体重指数和孕期增重是妊高征及新生儿出生体重的重要影响因素。     

孕前体重、孕期增重与妊高征及新生儿出生体重的关系

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of pre-pregnant body mass index (BMI) and weight gain during pregnancy on the occurrence of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and birth weight. METHODS: Pre-pregnant BMI and pregnancy weight gain of 769 mothers giving full-term birth to a single baby for the first time were measured and the pregnancy outcomes were followed up. RESULTS: (1) The incidence of PIH and fetal macrosomia was significantly higher in the overweight group than in the normal weight and underweight groups (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively), but differed little between the latter two groups (P>0.05). Underweight mothers were more likely to give birth to babies with low birth weight than the normal and overweight mothers (P<0.01), but the likelihood was similar between the latter two groups (P>0.05). (2) Irrespective of the pre-pregnant BMI, PIH and fetal macrosomia occurred at higher rates with the mothers with pregnancy weight gain no less than 18 kg (P<0.01), whereas low birth weight was significantly more likely with mothers with pregnancy weight gain less than 9 kg (P<0.01). (3) A weight gain during pregnancy over 18 kg gave rise to higher risk of PIH in normal and underweight mothers, but in overweight group, PIH occurred at a significantly higher rates when a weight gain more than 9 kg was recorded (P<0.05). The incidence of fetal macrosomia was significantly higher when the maternal weight gain exceeded 18 kg in the normal weight group (P<0.01), and low birth weight occurred more frequently in relation to a maternal weight gain less than 9 kg in the normal and underweight groups (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Pre-pregnant BMI and weight gain during pregnancy can be important factors influencing the occurrence of PIH and the neonates' birth weight.     

孕妇孕期增加体重与新生儿出生体重的相关性研究

目的 探讨孕妇孕期增加体重与新生儿出生体重的关系.方法 回顾分析669例产妇资料,均为初产、单胎妊娠,年龄25~34岁,孕前体重指数(BMI)为(18.5~23.9)kg/m2.将孕期增加体重分为三组:A组(体重增加≤9 kg,n=60)、B组[体重增加(9~18)kg,n=305]和C组(体重增加≥18 kg,n=45).记录每例新生儿的出生体重,并进行相关性分析.结果 A组、B组和C组新生儿出生体重分别是(2993.43 ± 348.70)g、(3161.68 ± 464.56)g和(3330.82 ± 415.81)g,差异有统计学意义.结论孕妇孕期增加体重与新生儿出生体重呈正相关.     

妊娠中晚期增重速度与孕期总增重和新生儿出生体重的关系

目的 探讨妊娠中晚期体重增长速度与孕期总增重和新生儿出生体重的关系.方法 回顾性分析2011年8月至2012年2月在北京妇产医院进行常规产前检查和分娩的孕妇临床资料,记录年龄、分娩孕周、身高、孕前体重、分娩前体重、孕期体重监测数据、新生儿出生体重、性别等资料.对资料进行t检验、单因素方差分析、Spearman相关性分析和多元线性回归分析.结果 孕妇妊娠中期增重速度[(0.68±0.26) kg/周]大于妊娠晚期增重速度[(0.52±0.25)kg/周],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).妊娠中期增重速度与孕期总增重(r=0.446,P＜0.01)、新生儿出生体重(r=0.123,P＜ 0.01)皆呈正相关;而妊娠晚期增重速度只与孕期总增重呈正相关(r=0.560,P＜ 0.01),与新生儿出生体重则无显著相关性(r=-0.025,P＞0.05);巨大儿组和正常体重儿组孕妇的孕前BMI[(22.3±2.9) kg/m2 vs.(20.8±2.8) kg/m2]、孕期总增重[(18.5±4.3)kg vs.(16.6±4.6)kg]和妊娠中期增重速度[(0.74±0.26)kg/周vs.(0.67±0.26)kg/周]相比,巨大儿组皆高于正常体重儿组,P值均＜0.01;而2组的妊娠晚期增重则无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 不同孕期体重增长速度对新生儿出生体重的影响可能不同,妊娠中期增重速度对新生儿出生体重的影响大于妊娠晚期增重速度.     

Prevalence of attempting weight loss and strategies for controlling weight.

CONTEXT: Overweight and obesity are increasing in the United States. Changes in diet and physical activity are important for weight control. OBJECTIVES: To examine the prevalence of attempting to lose or to maintain weight and to describe weight control strategies among US adults. DESIGN: The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a random-digit telephone survey conducted in 1996 by state health departments. Setting The 49 states (and the District of Columbia) that participated in the survey. PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged 18 years and older (N = 107 804). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reported current weights and goal weights, prevalence of weight loss or maintenance attempts, and strategies used to control weight (eating fewer calories, eating less fat, or using physical activity) by population subgroup. RESULTS: The prevalence of attempting to lose and maintain weight was 28.8% and 35.1 % among men and 43.6% and 34.4% among women, respectively. Among those attempting to lose weight, a common strategy was to consume less fat but not fewer calories (34.9% of men and 40.0% of women); only 21.5% of men and 19.4% of women reported using the recommended combination of eating fewer calories and engaging in at least 150 minutes of leisure-time physical activity per week. Among men trying to lose weight, the median weight was 90.4 kg with a goal weight of 81.4 kg. Among women, the median weight was 70.3 kg with a goal weight of 59.0 kg. CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss and weight maintenance are common concerns for US men and women. Most persons trying to lose weight are not using the recommended combination of reducing calorie intake and engaging in leisure-time physical activity 150 minutes or more per week.     

孕期体重增长与新生儿出生体重的关系

目的探讨正常孕期体重增长与出生体重的关系,指导合理控制体重增长,改善妊娠结局。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至12月间分娩的1002例正常足月单胎孕产妇孕前体重指数,孕期增重等与新生儿体重的关系。结果体重及体重指数增加与新生儿体重有相关性,随体重指数增加新生儿体重、产后出血量及手术产几率均增加,体重指数正常者孕期平均增重16.87±4.85kg,体重指数增加6.42±1.78,新生儿出生体重理想。结论根据不同体重指数控制孕期体重增长范围,减少手术产几率和产后出血量和母儿并发症。     

Heart weight and heart weight/body weight ratio in a Jamaican adult autopsy population. A preliminary study

The heart weight and heart weight/body weight (HW/BW) ratio were assessed in an adult autopsy population and compared with commonly used reference values. Examination of 127 adult post-mortem cases (80 males and 47 females, aged 17 to 91 years) revealed that the mean heart weight and the HW/BW ratios of both genders were significantly greater than the reference values, particularly so in the hypertensive patients. These findings suggest that the Jamaican adult heart is significantly heavier than values used from reference tables. In both genders, heart weight was significantly and positively correlated with body weight and body mass index but not height, for non-hypertensive and hypertensive subjects. The present data are preliminary and not comprehensive enough to establish definitive reference values for the Jamaican population. However, this information needs to be taken into consideration when making pathologic diagnoses using heart weight as a criterion in post-mortem diagnosis.     

孕前体重指数及孕期体重变化与新生儿出生体重的关系

目的 探讨孕妇孕前体重指数(BMI)、孕期总增重、孕中晚期增重速度的现状及对新生儿出生体重的影响.方法 收集了部分于2014年9月至2015年7月于首都医科大学宣武医院正常产检并分娩的孕妇进行前瞻性纵向研究.结果 ①孕中晚期增重速度及孕期总增重超出IOM标准组大于胎龄儿发生率高于低于IOM标准组.②孕中期增重速度与新生儿出生体重(r=0.439,P＜ 0.001)呈正相关.孕晚期增重速度与新生儿出生体重(r=0.224,P＜0.001)呈正相关.结论 孕中晚期增重速度与新生儿出生体重呈正相关.建议首都医科大学宣武医院加强孕妇孕期营养知识的宣教及孕期体重的监测及干预.     

孕前体质指数、孕期增重与子代出生体重的关系

目的 探讨孕前体质指数、孕期增重与子代出生体重的关系.方法 选取在妇幼保健机构体检的婴儿母亲,采用问卷调查的方式收集母亲的一般情况、孕期增重及子代出生体重、身长等情况.采用方差分析、x2检验和多因素Logistic回归模型等方法进行数据统计分析.结果 母亲孕前超重/肥胖的检出率为12.3%(199例),孕期增重过高的检出率为52.1%(842例).超重/肥胖组其子代出生体重、巨大儿和大于胎龄儿的发生率均较高(P<0.05),而子代的出生体重、巨大儿发生率、低体重儿发生率、小于胎龄儿发生率以及大于胎龄儿发生率均在孕期增重过高组,增重适宜组和增重不足组间存在差异(P<0.05).在控制了母亲年龄等因素后,孕前超重/肥胖增加了巨大儿(OR=1.7, 95% CI:1.2~2.6)、大于胎龄儿(OR=1.7,95% CI:1.1~2.5)的发生风险,孕期增重过高则增加了巨大儿(OR=1.7,95% CI:1.2~2.5)、大于胎龄儿(OR=1.7,95% CI:1.1~2.4)的发生风险.而孕期增重不足能增加低体重儿(OR=2.2,95% CI:1.1~4.4)、小于胎龄儿(OR=2.0,95% CI:1.2~3.4)的发生风险.结论 母亲孕前体质量指数及孕期增重均与巨大儿和大于胎龄儿的发生密切相关,且孕期增重不足与低体重儿和小于胎龄儿的发生也密切相关.孕期保健应该加强对孕妇体重的监测,防止其对新生儿出生结局产生不良影响.     

情趣双人操 燃情又燃脂

美好的时光总是希望能够和爱侣一起度过。外出旅行当然是最好的粘合剂，但漫漫长日更多的是在家里的闲暇时光呢!现在就来尝试一种全新的情趣体验吧。     

实施孕期体重管理的干预对胎儿出生体重的影响

目的探索孕期体重管理对胎儿出生体重的影响。方法选取在我院保健门诊建卡的单胎头位初产妇600例,以就诊时间将产妇随机分入干预组和对照组,每组各300例。干预组接受体重干预教育,对照组接受常规产科检查和教育。比较两组产妇自建卡起至分娩前BMI和体重的变化和低体重儿、巨大儿的发生率有无差异并评价其他妊娠并发症。结果干预组的分娩前BMI和体重的增幅、低体重儿、巨大儿、妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠高血压、剖宫产、早产的发生率均明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论系统管理孕期体重可有效控制体重增加,降低低体重儿、巨大儿的发生率和其他妊娠并发症的发生率。     

减重的药物治疗

一位重度肥胖的28岁女性（体质指数（BMI）37．9），患有2型糖尿病，高血压得到控制，以及睡眠呼吸暂停，她向你咨询关于如何减重的建议。她在过去的一年中通过减少进食量减轻了6kg，但最近体重一直停滞于此。她不想做外科减肥手术，并咨询药物治疗的替代方案。