Anorectal function after partial intersphincteric resection in ultra‐low rectal cancer

Aim To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of intersphincteric resection (ISR), in terms of postoperative anorectal function, for ultra‐low rectal cancer in mainland China. Method A total of 43 patients who consecutively underwent curative partial ISR for ultra‐low rectal cancer between 2006 and 2009 were enrolled in the study. Defaecatory function was assessed, using detailed questionnaires, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. The Wexner score was used to assess faecal continence, and anal manometry studies were performed to analyse anal sphincter function. Results Overall defaecatory function was assessed as being satisfactory in 41 of 43 patients. Twelve months after surgery, the mean Wexner score was 4.0 ± 3.6. Anal manometry studies showed a significant change at 3 months and further, gradual, improvement over the following year. During the postoperative period, maximum squeeze pressure reached a normal value of 174.1 ± 19.5 mmHg (P = 0.041) by 6 months and resting pressure was 42.4 ± 5.6 mmHg by 12 months, which was close to the preoperative level (P = 0.038). Conclusion Because of the satisfactory recovery of defaecatory function and good oncological results, partial ISR may be recommended as an effective sphincter‐preserving operation for patients with ultra‐low rectal cancer.     

低位直肠癌经肛内外括约肌间切除术后肛肠动力学研究

目的 检测3种不同治疗方法下低位直肠癌经肛内外括约肌间切除术(ISR)患者术后肛肠动力学指标,观察不同治疗方法对排便功能的影响.方法将113例低位直肠癌ISR患者分为3组,分别为新辅助化疗联合腹腔镜直肠前切除ISR组(A组,n=32):腹腔镜直肠前切除ISR组(B组,n=43):开腹直肠前切除ISR组(C组,n=38),采用肛肠压力监测仪分别检测3组术前、术后3、6、9、12个月肛管动力学、结肠末端动力学、肛管结肠末端动力学相关指标,观察并对比其变化趋势.结果 肛管静息压A、B、C组术后3个月[(33.53±6.58)、(24.69 ±5.62)、(14.86±5.54) mm Hg(1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa)]均分别低于术前[(49.37±14.32)、(47.32±7.87)、(46.50±10.02) mm Hg] (P ＜0.05),且A组[(33.53±6.58) mm Hg]比同期B、C组[(24.69±5.62)、(14.86±5.54) mm Hg]降低幅度小(P＜0.05).3组直肠肛管抑制反射阳性率于术后3个月均降低(P＜0.05),且A组比同期B、C组高(P＜0.05).球囊排出试验时间、初始排便容量阈值及最大耐受容量A组均较B组提前3个月恢复至术前水平(P＜0.05),较C组提前6个月恢复至术前水平(P＜0.05).结论新辅助化疗联合腹腔镜直肠前切除对排便动力学影响小.     

Long-term results of intersphincteric resection for low rectal cancer

INTRODUCTION: In the treatment of very low rectal cancer, a distal resection margin of more than 1 cm can be obtained by partial internal sphincteric resection, allowing a sphincter preserving surgery. Thus, intersphincteric resection (ISR) has been proposed as an alternative to abdominoperineal resection for selected low rectal cancer. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to assess the morbidity, mortality, and the long-term oncologic and functional results of ISR. METHODS: Charts of patients who had ISR between 1992 and 2004 were reviewed. Cancer-related survival and locoregional recurrence rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Functional outcome was assessed by using a standardized gastrointestinal functional questionnaire. Incontinence was assessed by the continence score of Wexner. RESULTS: Ninety patients (59 males, 31 females) with a tumor at a median distance of 35 mm (range, 22-52) from the anal verge had an ISR. Thirty-seven patients (41%) had preoperative radiotherapy.Histologically complete remission after neoadjuvant radiotherapy (ypT0) was observed in 7 patients (8%), 12 patients (13%) were pT1, 35 patients (39%) pT2, 32 patients (36%) pT3, and 4 patients (4%) pT4. Five patients (5.5%) had synchronous liver metastases. R0 resection was obtained in 85 patients (94.4%). The median distal resection margin on the fixed specimen was 12 mm (range, 5-35) and was positive in 1 case. The circumferential margin was positive (< or =1 mm) in 4 patients (4.4%). There was no mortality. Complication rate was 18.8%: anastomotic leakage occurred in 8 patients (8.8%) and 1 patient had an anovaginal fistula. Five patients (5.6%) underwent secondary abdominoperineal resection: 1 for positive distal margin, 1 for colonic J-pouch necrosis, and 3 for local recurrence. ONCOLOGIC RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 56.2 months (range, 13.3-168.4), local, distant, and combined recurrence occurred in 6 (6.6%), 8 (8.8%), and 2 patients, respectively. Thirteen patients (14.4%) died of cancer recurrence. Five-year overall and disease-free survival was 82% (80-97) and 75% (64-86), respectively. In univariate analysis, overall survival was significantly influenced by pTNM stage and T stage (pT 1-2 vs. 3-4: P = 0.008 and stage I-II vs. III-IV: P = 0.03). In multivariate analysis, we did not find any impact on local recurrence-free survival for the investigated prognostic variables. FUNCTIONAL RESULTS: For a total of 83 patients the mean stool frequency was 2.3 +/- 1.3 per 24 hours. Forty-one percent of patients had stool fragmentation, one-third nocturnal defecation, 19% fecal urgency, and 36% followed low fiber diet. Thirty-four patients (41%) were fully continent, 29 patients (35%) had minor continence problems, and 20 patients (24%) were incontinent. After adjustment for age, gender, tumor level, and pTNM stage, preoperative radiotherapy was the only factor associated with a risk of fecal incontinence [OR (IC 95%) = 3.1 (1.0-9.0), P = 0.04]. CONCLUSION: In selected patients, ISR is a safe operation with good oncologic results. It achieves good functional results in 76% of patients. Functional results are significantly altered by preoperative radiotherapy.     

低位直肠癌经腹括约肌间切除术后患者肛门功能的影响因素分析

目的：探讨经腹括约肌间切除（ISR）术后肛门功能情况及其影响因素。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2012年12月福建医科大学附属协和医院结直肠外科同一组医师实施经腹ISR治疗的96例低位直肠癌患者临床和随访资料。采用Wexner排粪失禁评分评估肛门功能,并通过Cox比例风险模型分析肛门功能的影响因素。结果96例经腹ISR患者均完成Wexner评分量表的评估,平均随访时间32．7月,其中83例（86．5％）排粪控制良好（Wexner评分小于10分）。Wexner评分与术后随访时间呈线性负相关（r＝-0．078,P＝0．003）。单因素分析显示,肿瘤距肛缘距离（P＝0．043）、吻合口距肛缘（P＝0．001）及新辅助放化疗（P＝0．001）与术后肛门失禁有关。多因素分析显示,吻合口距肛缘小于2 cm（P＝0．020）和新辅助放化疗（P＝0．001）是经腹ISR术后排粪失禁的独立危险因素。结论经腹ISR术后多数患者肛门功能良好,吻合口距肛缘不足2 cm和新辅助放化疗是影响术后肛门功能的独立危险因素。     

内括约肌切除术治疗超低位直肠癌的初步报道

目的：评价内括约肌切除术（ISR）在超低位直肠癌的应用效果。方法：回顾性分析我院2004年5月至2006年4月14例ISR手术的临床资料。结果：本组病人无死亡率，有2例并发症。所有病人的远切缘和侧切缘都为阴性。根据Kirwan分级，病人的控便功能满意。结论：在超低位直肠癌根治术应用ISR技术，既彻底达到了肿瘤根治效果，又保留了肛门的主要功能，提高了病人的生活质量。     

Function after intersphincteric resection for low rectal cancer and its influence on quality of life

Aim The aim of the study was to investigate function and quality of life after different types of intersphincteric resection (ISR). Method Between January 2006 and February 2008, 45 patients (34 men and 11 women) with distal third rectal cancer underwent curative ISR. Function was evaluated using the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center bowel function questionnaire and Wexner score, anal manometry and measurements of rectal capacity were also performed. Quality of life was assessed using the Serbian version of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, quality of life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ‐C30) and the translated version of the fecal incontinence quality of life scale (FIQL). Results There were no postoperative deaths. Partial ISR was performed in 22 (48.9%) patients, subtotal ISR was performed in 19 (42.2%) patients and total ISR was performed in four (8.9%) patients. Anastomotic leakage occurred in nine (20%) patients. Five (11.1%) of 45 patients had major (complete) incontinence and a further six (13.3%) patients had continuing frequent faecal leakage 12 months after ileostomy reversal. There was no significant difference in quality of life between the groups in the EORTC QLQ‐C30 scale, but this was significantly altered by internal anal sphincter resection in two of the FIQL scales (coping/behaviour and depression/self‐perception). Conclusion Although ISR does not affect quality of life in general, the extent of internal anal sphincter resection has a negative impact on symptom‐specific quality of life owing to faecal incontinence.     

Extending the horizons of restorative rectal surgery: intersphincteric resection for low rectal cancer

Objective Radical resection of tumours of the distal rectum has generally entailed an abdominoperineal excision, but the recognition of shorter safe distal resection margins, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and the application of the technique of intersphincteric resection (ISR) have led to the prospect of restorative surgery for patients with distally situated tumours. The present study examines the indications, techniques and outcomes following ISR. Method A literature search was performed to identify studies reporting outcomes following ISR for low rectal cancer. The outcomes of interest included short‐term adverse events, functional and manometric results, postoperative quality of life and oncologic outcomes. Results Twenty‐one studies reflecting the experience of 13 units and 612 patients were included. Operative mortality following ISR was 1.6% (inter‐unit range 0–5%) and anastomotic leak rate 10.5% (inter‐unit range 0–48.4%). The pooled rate of local recurrence was 9.5% (range 0–31% between units) with an average 5‐year survival of 81.5%. Most studies recorded a significant reduction in resting anal pressure but not squeeze pressure following surgery, but urgency was reported in up to 58.8% of patients. Functional outcomes and quality of life may be improved using colonic j‐pouch reconstruction. The use of chemoradiotherapy can offer benefits in terms of oncologic result, but at the cost of worse functional outcomes. Conclusion Careful case selection and counselling is required if satisfactory results are to be achieved following ISR for low rectal cancers. In selected patients, however, the technique offers sphincter preserving surgery with acceptable oncologic and functional results.     

Systematic review of robotic low anterior resection for rectal cancer

Background

Potential advantages of robotic surgery, such as 3-dimensional high-definition vision, wrist-like movements of instruments, stable camera holding, motion filter for tremor-free surgery, and improved ergonomics, may provide better clinical, oncological, and functional outcomes in rectal cancer surgery, as suggested in many comparative studies. However, there has not been a systematic review specific to LAR/TME for rectal cancer that includes both robotic versus laparoscopic and robotic versus open comparative studies.

Methods

The PubMed and Scopus databases were systematically searched in a two-step process, first for all robotic publications, and then within those results, for studies that compared perioperative, oncologic, or functional outcomes of robotic versus laparoscopic or open LAR/TME. Randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and independent database population studies were included in the analysis.

Results

Thirteen publications reporting on 24,526 patients met the inclusion criteria. Two studies compared robotic and open surgery, ten compared robotic and laparoscopic surgery, and one study compared all three. Robotic surgery resulted in increased operating times, reduced blood loss, fewer transfusions, shorter hospital stay, and comparable oncologic outcomes versus open surgery, and reduced conversion and impotency rates versus laparoscopic surgery.

Conclusions

Robotic surgery is comparable to open and laparoscopic surgery concerning oncologic outcomes and seems to provide some clinical and functional benefits, although evidence is limited.

     

Anastomotic stricture after ultralow anterior resection or intersphincteric resection for very low-lying rectal cancer

Surgical Endoscopy - Anastomotic stricture following colorectal cancer surgery is not a rare complication, but proper management of anastomotic stricture located close to the anal verge is...     

Incidence and patterns of recurrence after intersphincteric resection for very low rectal adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and patterns of recurrence, or oncologic safety, after intersphincteric resection (ISR) without radiotherapy for very low rectal adenocarcinoma. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred eight consecutive patients with T1-T3 rectal cancers located 1 to 5 cm (median 3 cm) from the anal verge underwent ISR. A retrospective analysis of prospectively recorded data from the 106 patients not receiving radiotherapy was performed. RESULTS: There were 23 T1, 40 T2, and 43 T3 tumors. Morbidity and mortality rates were 33% and 1%, respectively. The 3-year rates of overall local recurrence and survival were 5.7% and 95%, respectively. The 3-year cumulative local recurrence rate was 0% for the patients with T1-T2 tumors as compared with 15% for those with T3 tumors (p=0.0012). In T3 tumors, the 2-year local recurrence rate was 5% for patients with negative surgical margins as compared with 33% for those with positive margins (p=0.0001). The incidences of distant recurrence for stages I, II, III, and IV disease were 4%, 5%, 18%, and 33%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: ISR does not increase local or distant recurrences. For T1-T2 tumors, meticulous dissection and irrigation after closure of the distal stump allows local control without radiotherapy. With T3 tumors, preoperative therapy should be considered if resection margins are estimated to be insufficient.     

腹腔镜低位直肠癌经括约肌间切除术后吻合口漏的危险因素分析

目的探讨腹腔镜低位直肠癌经括约肌间切除术后吻合口漏的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2011年6月至2018年11月间火箭军特色医学中心肛肠外科行腹腔镜经括约肌间切除术治疗151例低位直肠癌患者的临床病理资料。结果本组151例患者均行预防性末端回肠造口,共26例(17.2%)患者发生吻合口漏,包括围手术期吻合口漏20例(13.2%)和迟发型吻合口漏6例(4%),其中B级吻合口漏(需积极干预治疗)24例(15.9%),C级(需再次腹腔手术)吻合口漏2例(1.3%)。单因素分析结果显示,BMI≥25 kg/m^2、肿瘤周径多3/4以及手术时间>240min与吻合口漏有关(P相似文献   

括约肌间切除术在超低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用

目的评价超低位直肠癌行括约肌间切除手术(ISR)后的肛门功能及肿瘤根治效果。方法近7年间本院为1 6例超低位直肠癌患者施行ISR手术。经腹按照TME原则游离直肠至肛提肌平面后,经肛门于括约肌间沟处切开肛管皮肤,分离内括约肌直至将直肠及内括约肌全部切除,再行结肠肛管吻合。术后7 d天开始肛门收缩功能锻炼,4周开始生物反馈训练。对Dukes B,C期患者,术后2周开始化疗,术后4周进行放疗。结果全组无术后死亡,无吻合口瘘。2例术后发生结肠黏膜脱出,2例肛管狭窄,1例切口脂肪液化。随访3个月至7年,无盆腔或吻合口局部复发;2例分别于术后1 7个月和2 1个月死于肝转移,1例术后6个月死于肺转移。按W illiams的排便自制标准,术后3,6,12个月分别有6 2.5%,8 0.0%,8 4.6%的患者达到功能良好效果。结论ISR手术并发症少,安全性高,肿瘤根治效果与排便功能的恢复满意。     

腹腔镜与开腹内外括约肌间切除术治疗低位直肠癌的长期疗效比较

目的:比较腹腔镜与开腹内外括约肌间切除术(intersphincteric resection,ISR)在低位直肠癌保肛患者中的手术效果及长期临床疗效。方法:回顾分析2006年1月至2010年8月行ISR的141例低位直肠癌患者的临床资料,其中腹腔镜组81例,开腹组60例,对比两组手术学指标、术后恢复情况、肿瘤学指标及长期疗效。腹腔镜组平均随访(56.6±15.8)个月,开腹组(58.2±18.9)个月。结果:相较开腹组,腹腔镜组术中出血量少(P0.001)、术后胃肠功能恢复快、住院时间短。腹腔镜组总并发症发生率低于开腹组(14.8%vs.33.3%,P=0.009)。两组标本远切缘、环周切缘病理学检查均为阴性;清扫淋巴结数量、肿瘤下缘距远切缘距离差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。局部复发率腹腔镜组6.2%,开腹组11.7%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.248)。腹腔镜组5年总生存率为79.0%,开腹组为75.0%(P=0.559)。结论:腹腔镜ISR治疗低位直肠癌安全、有效,具有明显的微创优势,根治效果好,长期疗效与开腹手术相近,并不影响患者的生存率。     

经肛门切除内括约肌的低位直肠癌保肛术40例临床经验

目的分析在全直肠系膜切除术（TME）基础上采用内括约肌切除（ISR）治疗低位直肠癌的手术经验和初步结果。方法2000年3月至2007年3月共40例低位直肠肿瘤患者接受TME基础上的ISR治疗。手术方式：腹部手术施行TME,会阴部手术施行ISR。术后随访了解并发症、肛门功能、肿瘤局部复发和转移情况。结果本组患者手术均成功完成,无手术死亡。术后随访3个月-7年（平均34个月）,39例术后获得较好的肛门功能,Kirwan分级1—3级。1例发生吻合口瘘,2例发生伤口感染,均经保守治愈。2例术后直肠癌局部复发,其中1例死亡。结论ISR治疗超低位直肠癌安全可行,在根治的前提下可良好地保留肛门功能。