Postoperative Peritonitis After Digestive Tract Surgery: Surgical Management and Risk Factors for Morbidity and Mortality,a Cohort of 191 Patients

Background

Postoperative peritonitis (POP) following gastrointestinal surgery is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, with no clear management option proposed. The aim of this study was to report our surgical management of POP and identify pre- and perioperative risk factors for morbidity and mortality.

Methods

All patients with POP undergoing relaparotomy in our department between January 2004 and December 2013 were included. Pre- and perioperative data were analyzed to identify predictors of morbidity and mortality.

Results

A total of 191 patients required relaparotomy for POP, of which 16.8% required >1 reinterventions. The commonest cause of POP was anastomotic leakage (66.5%) followed by perforation (20.9%). POP was mostly treated by anastomotic takedown (51.8%), suture with derivative stoma (11.5%), enteral resection and stoma (12%), drainage of the leak (8.9%), stoma on perforation (8.4%), duodenal intubation (7.3%) or intubation of the leak (3.1%). The overall mortality rate was 14%, of which 40% died within the first 48 h. Major complications (Dindo–Clavien >?2) were seen in 47% of the cohort. Stoma formation occurred in 81.6% of patients following relaparotomy. Independent risk factors for mortality were: ASA?>?2 (OR?=?2.75, 95% CI?=?1.07–7.62, p?=?0.037), multiorgan failure (MOF) (OR?=?5.22, 95% CI?=?2.11–13.5, p?=?0.0037), perioperative transfusion (OR?=?2.7, 95% CI?=?1.05–7.47, p?=?0.04) and upper GI origin (OR?=?3.55, 95% CI?=?1.32–9.56, p?=?0.013). Independent risk factors for morbidity were: MOF (OR?=?2.74, 95% CI?=?1.26–6.19, p?=?0.013), upper GI origin (OR?=?3.74, 95% CI?=?1.59–9.44, p?=?0.0034) and delayed extubation (OR?=?0.27, 95% CI?=?0.14–0.55, p?=?0.0027).

Conclusion

Mortality following POP remains a significant issue; however, it is decreasing due to effective and aggressive surgical intervention. Predictors of poor outcomes will help tailor management options.

     

Risk Factors for Morbidity and Mortality Following Gastroenterostomy

Background  Morbidity and mortality following traditional surgical treatment of gastric outlet obstruction is high. The aim of this work was to identify risk factors predictive of postoperative complications and mortality following gastroenterostomy. Methods  One-hundred sixty-five consecutive patients subjected to open gastroenterostomy from January 1996 through July 2003 were included. Data on vital signs and operative variables were retrieved from medical records and recorded retrospectively. Risk factors for postoperative complications and mortality within 30 days after operation were analyzed with multiple logistic regression. Results  The 30-day complication and death rates were higher after emergency operations (80% and 60%) than after elective operations (32% and 25%). A multivariate analysis disclosed that hypoalbuminemia (≤32 g/l), comorbidity, high age, and hyponatremia (<135 μmol/l) were significantly associated with postoperative death, whereas hypoalbuminemia, comorbidity, high age, and emergency operation were predictors of postoperative complications. Conclusions  Complications and mortality after gastroenterostomy due to gastric outlet obstruction are associated with modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Prior to surgery means should be taken to correct low albumin and sodium levels to prevent complications. In addition, the surgeon should consider alternative treatment modalities including laparoscopic gastroenterostomy, self-expanding metallic stents, or tube gastrostomy to relieve or palliate gastric outlet obstruction.     

Increased Morbidity and Mortality of Emergency Laparotomy in Elderly Patients

Background

There is an increasing incidence of elderly patients requiring emergency laparotomy. Our study compares the outcomes of elderly patients undergoing emergency laparotomy against the outcomes of non-elderly patients.

Methodology

Patients who underwent emergency laparotomy between 2015 and 2017 from the National University Hospital, Singapore, were included. Apart from demographic data, indication of surgery and surgical procedure performed were collected. Prospectively collected nutritional scores were evaluated. Outcome measures included duration of surgery, length of ICU and total hospital stay, post-operative complications, and mortality indices. We performed multivariate Cox regression analysis to determine the contribution of various risk factors towards overall survival following emergency laparotomy.

Results

A total of 170 emergency laparotomies were performed. Compared to non-elderly patients, elderly patients had a significantly longer mean stay in hospital (31.5 vs. 18.6 days, p = 0.006) and mean stay in ICU (13.1 vs. 5.3 days, p = 0.003). More elderly patients suffered from post-laparotomy complications compared with non-elderly patients (65.8% vs. 37.4%, p < 0.001). 30-day mortality (31.5% vs. 8.8%, p = 0.019) and 1-year mortality (27.9% vs. 14.3%, p = 0.023) were higher in elderly patients compared with non-elderly patients. Interestingly, there was no statistically significant difference between elderly and non-elderly groups in both the global 3-MinNS as well as the global SGA nutritional scores. ASA status (HR 2.61, 95% CI 1.05–6.45, p = 0.038) was an independent risk factor for decreased survival following emergency laparotomy. Notably, while age ≥ 65 demonstrated a significant correlation with survival on univariate analysis (HR 1.03 (1.01–1.05), p = 0.003), this effect was lost following multivariate regression (HR 1.01 (0.453–2.23), p = 0.989).

Conclusion

Elderly patients suffer worse morbidity and mortality following emergency laparotomy. This is likely contributed by comorbidities resulting in higher ASA status.

     

老年髋部骨折术后1年死亡风险及危险因素分析

目的了解老年髋部骨折术后1年内死亡率及相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年12月我院收治的1004例髋部骨折患者的资料,其中男329例,女675例;年龄60~104岁,平均年龄(80.01±8.14)岁。根据手术后1年内是否存活,分为死亡组和存活组。死亡组158例,男69例,女89例;年龄61~98岁,平均年龄(82.56±7.42)岁。存活组846例,男260例,女586例;年龄60~104岁,平均年龄(79.53±8.18)岁。比较死亡组与存活组患者年龄、性别、合并症、手术时机、固定方式的差异,先进行单因素分析,初步筛选出有意义的因素,再将有统计学差异的危险因素带入多因素Logistic回归分析中,筛选出术后1年内患者死亡的独立危险因素。结果单因素分析发现:高龄、男性、股骨转子间骨折、冠心病、心律失常、痴呆、肺部感染、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)、心功能不全、合并症数量≥4种、延期手术、神经阻滞麻醉、血红蛋白及白蛋白水平低是术后1年死亡的危险因素。多因素Logistic回归分析发现:高龄(OR=1.002,P=0.055)、男性(OR=1.980,P=0.000)、冠心病(OR=1.657,P=0.020)、痴呆(OR=1.883,P=0.042)、心功能不全(OR=1.999,P=0.030)、白蛋白水平低(OR=0.915,P=0.000)是术后1年内死亡的独立危险因素。结论老年髋部骨折术后1年死亡率高达15.7%,高龄、男性、冠心病、痴呆、心功能不全、白蛋白水平低是术后1年死亡的独立危险因素。     

Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis Risk Factors,Associated Morbidity and Mortality in Trauma Patients

World Journal of Surgery - The literature on upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT) is not as abundant as that on lower extremities. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for UEDVT,...     

Perioperative and Long-Term Morbidity and Mortality for Elderly Patients Undergoing Thoracic Aortic Surgery

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Effects of Delayed Hip Fracture Surgery on Mortality and Morbidity in Elderly Patients

Background  

The effects of delaying hip fracture surgery on mortality and morbidity in elderly patients are not completely understood.     

Risk Factors for Early Mortality in Liver Transplant Patients

Background

Liver transplantation (LT) is an established treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease. The significant advances in surgical technique, immunosuppression therapy, and anesthesiological management have dramatically improved short- and long-term outcomes. The aim of this study is to correlate specific surgical and anesthesiological variables with causes of early death in LT recipients.

Morbidity and Mortality After Gastrectomy: Identification of Modifiable Risk Factors

Background

Morbidity after gastrectomy remains high. The potentially modifiable risk factors have not been well described. This study considers a series of potentially modifiable patient-specific and perioperative characteristics that could be considered to reduce morbidity and mortality after gastrectomy.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study includes adults in the ACS NSQIP PUF dataset who underwent gastrectomy between 2011 and 2013. Sequential multivariable models were used to estimate effects of clinical covariates on study outcomes including morbidity, mortality, readmission, and reoperation.

Results

Three thousand six hundred and seventy-eight patients underwent gastrectomy. A majority of patients had distal gastrectomy (N?=?2,799, 76.1 %) and had resection for malignancy (N?=?2,316, 63.0 %). Seven hundred and ninety-eight patients (21.7 %) experienced a major complication. Reoperation was required in 290 patients (7.9 %). Thirty-day mortality was 5.2 %. Age (OR?=?1.01, 95 % CI?=?1.01–1.02, p?=?0.001), preoperative malnutrition (OR?=?1.65, 95 % CI?=?1.35–2.02, p?<?0.001), total gastrectomy (OR?=?1.63, 95 % CI?=?1.31–2.03, p?<?0.001), benign indication for resection (OR?=?1.60, 95 % CI?=?1.29–1.97, p?<?0.001), blood transfusion (OR?=?2.57, 95 % CI?=?2.10–3.13, p?<?0.001), and intraoperative placement of a feeding tubes (OR?=?1.28, 95 % CI?=?1.00–1.62, p?=?0.047) were independently associated with increased risk of morbidity. Association between tobacco use and morbidity was statistically marginal (OR?=?1.23, 95 % CI?=?0.99–1.53, p?=?0.064). All-cause postoperative morbidity had significant associations with reoperation, readmission, and mortality (all p?<?0.001).

Conclusions

Mitigation of perioperative risk factors including smoking and malnutrition as well as identified operative considerations may improve outcomes after gastrectomy. Postoperative morbidity has the strongest association with other measures of poor outcome: reoperation, readmission, and mortality.

     

Risk Factors for Mortality and Morbidity after Elective Sigmoid Resection for Diverticulitis: Prospective Multicenter Multivariate Analysis of 582 Patients

The prevalence of diverticular disease of the colon is increasing in occidental countries. It would be useful to further decrease the mortality and morbidity after elective sigmoid resection (ESR) for diverticulitis. The aim of this study was to identify modifiable preoperative and intraoperative risk factors for mortality and morbidity after ESR for diverticulitis. , A database of 2615 patients who underwent a colon or rectal resection with primary anastomosis between 1985 to 1998 has been constructed from prospective randomized studies published by a French surgical group. Of those patients, 582 had undergone ESR for diverticulitis, and they constitute the population of the present study. A total of 46 potential preoperative and intraoperative risk factors for mortality and morbidity have been studied by univariate and multivariate analysis. The operative mortality for our series was 1.2%, and the overall morbidity was 24.9%. The multivariate analysis revealed two statistically significant independent risk factors of mortality: age > 75 (odds-ratio = 7.9; 95%confidence interval [CI 1.7–36.6]; p = 0.01) and obesity (odds ratio = 5.2; 95%CI [1.1–27.9]; p = 0.04). The abdominal morbidity (AM) was 6.5% (38/582). The absence of antimicrobial prophylaxis administration with ceftriaxone was the only significant risk factor for AM in multivariate analysis (p = 0.003; odds ratio = 2; 95% CI [1.1–4]). The extraabdominal morbidity (EAM) was 18.4% (107/582). Both chronic pulmonary disease (p = 0.008; odds-ratio = 2.9; 95% CI [1.4–6]; p = 0.008) and cirrhosis (odds-ratio = 12; 95% CI [1.2–120]) proved to be significant risk factors for EAM. Weight control prior to surgery, routine administration of prophylactic preoperative antibiotics, and preoperative optimization of the respiratory status of patients with chronic pulmonary disease could decrease the postoperative mortality and morbidity associated with ESR for diverticulitis.     

Risk Stratification for Distal Pancreatectomy Utilizing ACS-NSQIP: Preoperative Factors Predict Morbidity and Mortality

Background  

Evaluation of risk factors for adverse outcomes following distal pancreatectomy (DP) has been limited to data collected from retrospective, primarily single-institution studies. Using a large, multi-institutional prospectively collected dataset, we sought to define the incidence of complications after DP, identify the preoperative and operative risk factors for the development of complications, and develop a risk score that can be utilized preoperatively.