高频超声小探头辅助内镜下粘膜切除术治疗微小直肠类癌的回顾性分析

目的归纳直肠类癌内镜超声图像特征与染色放大内镜腺管开口形态特点,探讨高频超声小探头辅助内镜下粘膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)治疗微小直肠类癌的安全性、可行性。方法37例直肠隆起性病变,予内镜下观察病灶腺管开口,小探头高频超声探测病灶来源、大小、性质及浸润性;其中29例行EMR。结果共8例经病理检查确诊为直肠类癌,平均病变直径(6.25±2.46)mm,内镜下扁平或轻度隆起,呈黄白色,表面粘膜正常,腺管开口Ⅰ型,超声内镜下表现为低回声团影,多局限于粘膜下层,不侵犯固有肌层,未探及直肠周围淋巴结,病理均显示残端肿瘤完全切除。操作过程顺利,无穿孔和大出血等严重并发症出现,随访6~54月,未见一例复发、转移,但1例死于结肠癌。结论高频超声小探头检查可初步明确病变来源及层次,可安全有效地指导直肠微小类癌EMR的治疗。     

放大肠镜在结直肠肿瘤样病变诊断治疗中的应用价值

目的 探讨应用放大肠镜诊断结直肠肿瘤样病变及指导治疗的价值。方法 用放大肠镜对61例结直肠肿瘤患者的78个病灶进行了染色后的放大观察，按工藤分型进行了腺管开口类型诊断；同步进行镜下摘除或手术切除后，将放大肠镜诊断结果与组织病理诊断结果相比较，分析其一致性。结果（1）依据放大肠镜所见，诊断腺瘤等肿瘤性病变，总体符合率为96.2％，敏感性98.4％，特异性85.7％；（2）依据放大肠镜的诊断，对70个（89.7％）良性病变进行了同步微创治疗；（3）结合放大观察的肠镜检查，为决定其他8个病灶的治疗方案提供了重要依据。结论 放大电子肠镜诊断结直肠肿瘤样病变及时、准确，利用它可以同步完成病变的微创治疗。     

肠镜检查对大肠癌术前分期及指导治疗的意义

目的 探讨肠镜检查对大肠癌诊断及术前分期的价值,并评价术前确定大肠癌分期对指导治疗的意义。方法 通过系统地采用电子结肠镜、放大电子肠镜、超声大肠镜检查,对28例大肠癌患者进行了术前分期,并制定了相应的治疗方案。结果 本组资料28例经系统的肠镜检查诊断,分为早期癌组15例,进展期癌组13例,术前分期与术后病理的符合率为100％;浸润深度与病理诊断的符合率为89％（25／28）。早期癌组中,11例病变局限于粘膜层,4例局限于粘膜下层,对其中6例距肛门小于6cm的早期直肠癌患者,选择了肠镜下切除或局部手术切除的治疗方法,至目前随访12－40个月,肠镜检查均无复发。结论 术前对大肠癌正确的临床分期在治疗选择,特别是早期癌的治疗选择方面具有指导意义。在强调治愈性切除的基础上,使大肠癌的手术治疗更具个体化和科学性,从而提高患者的术后生存质量。     

小儿过敏性紫癜纤维结肠镜下结肠粘膜病变形态研究

目的：研究小儿过敏性紫癜结肠粘膜病理改变，临床意义及其治疗措施。方法：采用纤维结肠镜对临床确诊为过敏性紫癜患儿结肠腔内病变形态进行观察及处理。结果：过敏性紫癜患儿共９２例，通过内镜观察发现，４７例（５１．１％）患者儿结肠粘膜病变，镜下表现位于全结肠粘膜及粘膜下呈不同程度水肿、血肿，重者粘膜糜烂和溃疡。其中腹型紫癜２４／３３例（７３．７３％），单纯皮肤型紫癜８／２３例（３４．７８％），关节型５／１１     

检测大肠癌细胞中端料酶活性的临床意义

目的 探讨端粒酶作为大肠诊断、治疗和预后参数的价值。方法 应用ＰＣＲ－ＴＲＡＰ－ＥＬＩＳＡ方法,检测大肠癌、癌旁和正常大肠粘膜组织的端料酶活性表达。结果 端粒酶在大肠癌、癌旁和正常大肠粘膜组织中表达的阳性率分别为８４．８％（３９／４６）、２０．０％（６／３０）和０（０／２０）,大肠癌组织中料酶表达阳性率明显高于癌旁和正常大肠粘膜（Ｐ〈０．００１）。早期大肠癌（ＤｕｋｅｓＡ期）即有６６．７％即有６６．７％者存在端粒酶活化。肿瘤组织学分级越低,端粒酶表达阳性率越高（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论 端料酶可能是大肠癌亚性浸润的早期事件,可作为诊断大肠癌的一个有用的辅助指标,并有助于预测预后和指导治疗方案的选择。     

结肠镜下早期结直肠癌的检出率

早期结直肠癌是指肿瘤局限于粘膜（Tis期）或粘膜下（T1期）的病变，其5年生存率可达97．6％。有学者报道结肠镜下检出率在18．3％～22％左右。作者就早期结直肠癌的检出经验予以报道。病例与方法采用OlympusCF10L或CF20HL和CF230L结肠镜。检查前予肠道准备和镇静。末行内镜放大及靛蓝脂红染色。早期癌病理组织学检查源于活俭或息肉摘除或手术切除标本，所有粘膜内肿瘤（Tis）为粘膜下浸润，T1期肿瘤主要根据内镜大体形态分为：带蒂型、绒毛型、扁平型等。并对得到治疗的早期癌进行随访并分析总结。结果本组2198例，其中95例为浸润性…     

大肠癌患者粪便中C-erbB-2扩增和p53突变的检测及临床意义

目的　建立大肠癌患者粪便 Ｃｅｒｂ Ｂ２ 扩增及ｐ５３ 突变的检测方法,探讨大肠癌的基因诊断的临床意义。 方法　以差异聚合酶链反应（ Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ） 、 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ单链构象多态性分析（ Ｓ Ｓ Ｃ Ｐ） 银染技术,分别检测大肠癌患者粪便 Ｃｅｒｂ Ｂ２ 扩增及ｐ５３ 突变。 结果　１４ 例中查出 Ｃｅｒｂ Ｂ２ 扩增７ 例（５０ ％ ） ,ｐ５３ 突变８ 例（５７ ％ ） ,二基因联合检出１１ 例（７９ ％ ） 。２ 例粪便潜血试验（ Ｆ Ｏ Ｂ Ｔ） 阴性中,１ 例 Ｃｅｒｂ Ｂ２扩增及ｐ５３ 突变均阳性,另１ 例ｐ５３ 突变阳性。 结论　联合多基因检测能对大肠癌的基因诊断提供更多的帮助,粪便 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 标本的 Ｃｅｒｂ Ｂ２ 扩增及ｐ５３ 突变分析可为筛查尚无出血或 Ｆ Ｏ Ｂ Ｔ 假阴性的大肠癌及大肠癌高危个体的一种新的有效手段。     

P^53基因突变与大肠癌临床预后的关系

目的：Ｐ＾５３基因突变被认为是腺瘤－腺癌序列突变中的一处重要因素，并具有预后意义。本文旨在探讨大肠癌Ｐ＾５３基因突变的临床意义及其对预后的价值。材料与方法：对手术切除的６９例大肠癌分别采集癌灶组织及远切端下沉大肠粘膜组织，应用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ法进行Ｐ＾５３基因第５￣８外显子检测；另对２９例患者加作癌旁淋巴结的Ｐ＾５３基因突变检测，并与常规病理检查对比。结果：大肠癌Ｐ＾５３基因突变率为５２．１７％（     

原发性纵隔肿瘤的外科治疗：附180例报告

本文报告我院２７年外科手术治疗，并经病理证实的原发性纵隔肿瘤１８０例。男９８例，女８２例。其中神经源肿瘤的例（８６．１１％），畸胎类肿瘤５７例（３１．６７％），胸腺瘤２８例（１６．５６％），囊肿１５例（８．３３％），其它肿瘤１５例（８．３３％）。本文对纵隔肿瘤的诊断，不同纵隔肿瘤的临床特点，以及术中注意事项进行了讨论。     

原发性腹膜后肿瘤术后复发的再手术治疗

目的提高复发性腹膜后肿瘤的手术切除率和生存率。方法回顾性分析了我院１９８７年至１９９５年原发性腹膜后肿瘤术后复发而再手术治疗的患者３４例,其中恶性肿瘤３３例,良性肿瘤１例。共行手术５３次,完整切除肿瘤４２次（７９．２％）,姑息切除８次（１５．１％）,探查活检３次（５．７％）。结果复发性腹膜后肿瘤患者肿瘤完全切除者,１、２年生存率分别为７１．２％和６５．３％,而姑息切除和探查活检者均在１年内死亡。结论重视复发性腹膜后肿瘤的术前诊断、准备及术中处理是确保手术安全和提高生存率的关键,强调对复发性腹膜后肿瘤应积极争取完整手术切除。     

Endoscopic mucosal resection

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a widely used and important technique for the treatment of colorectal neoplasms. The choice must be made between EMR and surgical resection in treating submucosal invading carcinoma. Our study suggests that EMR may be adapted to the treatment of sm1a and sm1b carcinoma without invading vessels. Endoscopic findings suggestive of submucosal invasion are depressed-type tumor, large size, hardness, ulceration on the top of the lesion, etc. We have conducted studies on the surface structure of colorectal neoplasms (pit pattern) and showed that pit patterns are useful in the qualitative and quantitative diagnosis of lesions, when employing magnifying endoscopy. The VN-type pit pattern indicates that the lesion is most likely sm-massive cancer. This type of cancer should not be treated by EMR. Although minute colorectal cancer can be treated by EMR. We believe that the importance of endoscopic diagnosis and treatment will increase.     

Endoscopic morphological anticipation of submucosal invasion in flat and depressed colorectal lesions: clinical implications and subtype analysis of the kudo type V pit pattern using high-magnification-chromoscopic colonoscopy

OBJECTIVE: Focal submucosal invasive colorectal cancers (submucosa-sm1) can be managed by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) as local lymph node metastasis (LNM) are rare. Lesions are usually flat, depressed or mixed. In deeper vertical submucosal invasion (sm2-3) LNM rates exceed 10-15%. EMR within this group can be complicated by perforation, noncurative resection and may leave LNM untreated. It is therefore essential to differentiate accurately focal sm1 disease from submucosal sm2/3 disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the invasive type V pit pattern using high-magnification-chromoscopic-colonoscopy (HMCC) and submucosal invasive depth for flat and depressed colorectal lesions. METHODS: Total colonoscopy was performed by a highly selected single endoscopist using the Olympus C240Z on 850 patients between January 2001 and July 2003. Kudo type V pits were identified using 0.05% crystal violet (CV) applied directly to the lesion using a steel tipped catheter. Type V pits were graded into class V(n)A-C as described by Nagata. Morphology was documented using the Japanese Research Society classification (JRSC). Histological sections, with reference to mucosal invasive characteristics, acquired using EMR or surgical excision were then compared with the pit pattern. RESULTS: Fifty-one lesions showed a type V pit pattern. The kappa coefficient of agreement between pit the type V pit pattern and histologically confirmed submucosal invasion was 0.51 (95% CI). Following resection, 97% of lesions were correctly anticipated to have sm2 + invasion using pit type Vn(B) and Vn(C) as clinical indicators of invasive disease. Specificity was low at 50% with an accuracy of 78%. CONCLUSIONS: The type V pit pattern is useful for the in vivo staging of submucosal invasive depth in flat and depressed colorectal lesions and is as sensitive as conventional 7.5 MHz EUS. There was a tendency to over-stage lesions and hence the technique is limited by its low overall specificity.     

Reflux esophagitis,high-grade neoplasia,and early Barrett’s carcinoma—what is the place of the Merendino procedure?

Introduction  Because of the increasing frequency of Barrett’s cancer in Western industrialized countries, the management of reflux disease with the potential development of Barrett’s esophagus, neoplasia, and early carcinoma is very important. In case of established Barrett’s esophagus, the malignant degeneration of the specialized epithelium cannot definitely be prevented by antireflux surgery or continuous medication. Mucosal adenocarcinomas nearly never develop lymph node metastasis and can mostly be treated by endoscopic mucosectomy. The deeper the submucosa is infiltrated, the higher is the rate of lymph node metastasis which is, on the average, 30% for submucosal carcinoma. Conclusions  Therefore, radical subtotal esophagectomy is the treatment of choice for submucosal carcinoma, whereas distal esophageal resection with limited lymph node dissection is only indicated in mucosal carcinoma which cannot be completely removed by interventional endoscopy.     

早期结直肠癌非治愈性内镜切除术后追加腹腔镜手术的临床分析

目的 探讨早期结直肠癌非治愈性内镜切除术后追加腹腔镜手术的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2020年12月间于华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院经非治愈性内镜切除术后追加腹腔镜手术的早期结直肠癌病人的临床资料.结果 全组共35例病人,其中男性20例,女性15例,年龄(59.1±9.4)岁.肿瘤位于右半结肠6例...     

Prediction of lymph node status in patients with superficial esophageal carcinoma: analysis of 160 surgically resected cancers

BACKGROUND: The ability to predict lymph node metastasis in cases of superficial esophageal carcinoma before surgery would allow the identification of specific patients who do not require additional surgical resection after endoscopic local resection. METHODS: From 1980 to 2002 a total of 160 patients with superficial esophageal carcinoma, Tis or T1 tumors, underwent subtotal esophagectomy with lymph node dissection. On the basis of clinicopathologic data the risk factors for lymph node metastases are discussed. RESULTS: Patients with tumors that showed submucosal invasion, a nonflat shape, and lymphatic invasion had a higher risk for lymph node metastasis than the other patients. Multivariate analysis showed that the tumor depth and the macroscopic shape of the tumor were independent risk factors for lymph node metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Esophagectomy with lymph node dissection is recommended for patients with submucosal cancer. Local tumor resection can be recommended for patients with mucosal cancer without lymphatic invasion.     

Surgical treatment of early gastric cancer

Around half the cases of gastric cancer are found in the early stage in Japan. With an expected good prognosis, many treatment options have been developed to maintain a good quality of life of the patients after the treatment. Gastric cancer is diagnosed with endoscopy, and the depth of invasion is diagnosed with endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound. One of the new treatments is endoscopic submucosal dissection. Improvements in surgical treatment are minimizing lymph node dissection, reconstruction methods, laparoscopy-assisted surgery, and sentinel node navigation surgery. Minimizing lymph node dissection for early gastric cancer is well described in the Guidelines for Gastric Cancer Treatments. Pylorus-preserving gastrectomy, jejunal interposition, pouch reconstruction, and Roux-en-Y reconstruction after distal gastrectomy are improvements in reconstruction after gastrectomy. More and more surgeons start laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy with lymph node dissection. Even with these improvements, the 5-year survival of early gastric cancer is more than 90% in Japan. Further improvements would be possible in the future.     

Risk factors predictive of lymph node metastasis in depressed early gastric cancer

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to identify risk factors predictive of regional lymph node metastasis in depressed early gastric cancer and further to establish an objective criterion useful to indicate additional surgical treatment in cases in which submucosal tumor extension becomes evident by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). METHODS: Data from 276 patients surgically treated for depressed early gastric cancer were collected, and the relationship between the patient and tumor characteristics, and the lymph node metastasis was retrospectively evaluated by multivariate analysis. RESULTS: In the multivariate logistic regression model, female sex, a larger tumor size (20 mm or more), submucosal invasion, and presence of lymphatic vessel involvement were found to be independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis. Among 145 patients with submucosally invasive carcinoma, no lymph node metastasis was observed in patients who showed none of the other three risk factors, whereas 14.3% and 23.3% of patients with one and two of these factors had lymph node metastasis, respectively. The lymph node metastasis rate was calculated to be 86.7% in patients who had all three factors. CONCLUSIONS: Submucosal invasion, female sex, tumor size of 20 mm or more, and lymphatic vessel involvement were significantly and independently related to the presence of lymph node metastasis in depressed early gastric cancer. The positive number of the latter three risk factors is a simple criterion to indicate additional surgical treatment in cases with submucosal invasion revealed first by EMR.     

Predictive factors for lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer with submucosal invasion: analysis of a single institutional experience

OBJECTIVE: An accurate assessment of a potential lymph node metastasis is an important issue for the appropriate treatment of early gastric cancer. Minimizing the amount of invasive procedures used in cancer treatment is critical for improving the patient's quality of life. Therefore, this study analyzed the predictive risk factors for a lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer with a submucosal invasion. METHODS: The data from 1043 patients surgically treated for early gastric cancer with submucosal invasion between 2002 and 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into 3 layers according to their depth: SM1, SM2, and SM3. The clinicopathological variables predicting a lymph node metastasis were evaluated. RESULTS: A lymph node metastasis was observed in 19.4% of patients. The tumor size, histologic type, Lauren classification, tumor depth, and perineural invasion showed a positive correlation with the rate of lymph node metastasis and N category by univariate analysis. Multivariate analyses revealed the tumor size (>or=2 cm) and lymphatic involvement to be significantly and independently related to lymph node metastasis. The presence of lymphatic involvement was the strongest predictive factor for a lymph node metastasis, being observed in 43.8% of cases in which a lymph node metastasis had been revealed. No lymph node metastasis was observed in the 12 cases with no lymphatic involvement, SM1 invasion, and tumor size <1 cm. CONCLUSIONS: Lymphatic involvement and tumor size are independent risk factors for a lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer with submucosal invasion. Minimal invasive treatment, such as endoscopic mucosal resection, may be possible in highly selective submucosal cancers with no lymphatic involvement, SM1 invasion, and tumor size <1 cm.     

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??Treatment strategies for gastric stump cancer HU Xiang. Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
Abstract The treatment strategies of gastric stump cancer are mainly based on the depth of tumor invasion. For early gastric stump cancer incompatible with endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), the total gastric resection is employed. The extent of lymph node dissection of intramucosal carcinoma is D1/D1+, and D1+/D2 for submucosal carcinoma, D2 for sutures or anastomotic carcinoma. The treatment principle for advanced gastric stump cancer is total gastric resection and D2 lymph node dissection. On the basis of lymph flow and metastatic regulation??D2+ lymph node dissection??16a2b1 resection and essential combined organ resection should be applied to curatively resectable advanced gastric stump cancer of stage T3 or T4.