Rubratoxin B mycotoxicosis in the Mongolian gerbil

The LD50 for rubratoxin B dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide and administered to Mongolian gerbils by ip injection was 2.0 (2.26-1.77) mg/kg body weight. The gross alterations observed at autopsy were pallor and mottling of the kidneys and liver and congestion of the spleen. The histopathological alterations seen were renal tubular degeneration and necrosis, degenerative changes in hepatocytes, and congestion of the spleen. The morphopathogenesis of lesions after a single ip LD50 dose was evaluated in a second study. The histopathological alterations that were observed were focal degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes and renal tubular degeneration and necrosis. Hepatic lesions were observed in gerbils killed between 2 and 12 hr after dosing and included multifocal cytoplasmic vacuolation and coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes. The renal lesions were first observed 2 hr after dosing and increased to maximum severity at 40 hr after dosing. Tubular regeneration accompanied ongoing tubular necrosis at the end of the test period. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum were increased 4 hr after dosing, peaked at 24 hr and remained elevated to the end of the test period. Serum K+ concentration was increased 16 hr after dosing and remained elevated to the end of the test period. In a third study, rubratoxin B was administered ip once daily for 7 days at doses of 25, 50 or 75% of the ip LD50. Toxicity was dose related and cumulative with multiple doses. Histopathological alterations included renal tubular degeneration and necrosis, mild tubular dilation and focal necrosis of hepatocytes. In a fourth study, rubratoxin B was administered ip at a dose of 25% of the ip LD50 once daily for 7 days. Histopathological alterations included renal tubular degeneration, mild renal tubular dilation and focal necrosis of hepatocytes. Activities of AST and ALT in serum were slightly increased after multiple doses of rubratoxin B. Results of urinalysis indicated hepatic and renal tubular damage.     

Rubratoxin B mycotoxicosis in the Syrian hamster

The LD50 for rubratoxin B dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide and administered to Syrian golden hamsters by ip injection was 0.4 (0.2-0.8) mg/kg body weight. The greatest number of deaths occurred 6-24 hr after administration. Gross alterations consisted of congestion of the liver, spleen and kidneys and histopathological alterations involved congestion of the spleen and congestion and mild degenerative changes in hepatocytes. In a second study, rubratoxin B was administered ip daily for 1 wk at doses of 25, 50 and 75% of the ip LD50. Mortality was greatest in the 50 and 75% dose groups. Toxicity was cumulative with multiple doses. Gross alterations were similar to those found in the LD50 study. Histopathological alterations included renal tubular degeneration and necrosis and focal necrosis of hepatocytes. The morphopathogenesis of lesions following a single ip LD50 dose was evaluated in a third study. Histopathological alterations were limited to the kidney and were characterized by renal tubular degeneration and necrosis. Renal lesions were first seen at 2 hr after administration and increased in severity to a maximum at 20 hr. Tubular regeneration was first seen at 24 hr and was found to the end of the test period (72 hr). Serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum concentrations of total and indirect bilirubin were increased by 8 hr after dosing and returned to control values by the end of the test period. In a fourth study, rubratoxin B was administered ip daily for 1 wk at a dose of 25% of the ip LD50. Gross alterations were similar to those in the other studies. Histopathological alterations included progressive renal tubular degeneration and necrosis. Serum activities of AST and ALT and concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were progressively increased with increasing numbers of doses. Urinalysis indicated progressive renal tubular damage.     

Relationship between endogenous colony stimulating factors and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells: role of cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors.

1. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) usage is associated with gastrointestinal inflammatory damage and aggravation of gut inflammatory conditions. NSAIDs also exert a preventive effect against colon cancer that seems to be due to increased colon cell apoptosis. NSAIDs have been shown to modulate the release of colony stimulating factors (CSFs) in some cells. In the present study we analysed the effect of these drugs on secretion of CSFs and apoptosis in human colon epithelial cells (HT-29). 2. HT-29 cells secreted bioactive levels of GM-CSF, G-CSF and M-CSF when stimulated with IL-1ss and TNF-alpha, and diclofenac (10(-7)-10(-4) M), indomethacin (10(-7)-10(-4) M) and sodium salicylate (10(-5)-10(-2) M) induced concentration-dependent increases in GM-CSF secretion. 3. Reduced secretion of G-CSF and M-CSF and increased cell apoptosis were observed with the highest concentrations of these non-selective NSAIDs. 4. No changes in any CSF release or HT-29 cell apoptosis were detected in the presence of the COX-2 selective inhibitor DFP (10(-7)-10(-4) M). 5. Neither the exogenous addition of CSFs nor the blockade of secreted CSFs modified apoptosis in HT-29 cells stimulated with cytokines and/or NSAIDs. 6. These results suggest that colon epithelial cells can contribute to local inflammatory responses by releasing CSFs and thus extend the life span of local leukocytes. Modulation of CSF levels by non-selective NSAIDs may be involved in the pro-inflammatory effects of these agents in the gut.     

粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子与乙型肝炎疫苗协同诱导的特异性免疫应答

目的考察粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(Gm-csf)对乙型肝炎疫苗免疫原性及诱导的体液免疫效果的加强作用。方法将Gm-csf和乙肝疫苗分别采用4种不同的免疫顺序,联合免疫BALB/c小鼠。定期用酶联免疫吸附法检测小鼠产生的抗乙型肝炎表面抗原(抗-HBsAg)的抗体水平。结果联合免疫Gm-csf,可提高小鼠产生的抗-HBsAg抗体水平;②单次免疫后7 d,混合疫苗组的血清抗体滴度最高,为疫苗组的7.5倍;直至免疫后35 d,混合疫苗组仍为最高,为疫苗组的9.2倍;③二次免疫后14 d,混合疫苗组血清中抗体滴度与疫苗组相比有显著性提高(P<0.05),随后GM+疫苗组、混合疫苗组和疫苗+GM组血清中抗体滴度都先后达到峰值,分别为疫苗组的10.0,10.1,8.2倍。④小鼠血清中抗体水平达到稳定状态后,用乙肝疫苗原液进行挑战实验,抗体快速达到峰值,分别为挑战实验前的9.2,5.2,12.8,4.8倍。结论通过Gm-csf的联合免疫,可提高乙型肝炎疫苗的免疫原性,增强乙型肝炎疫苗诱导的体液免疫水平。     

粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子与乙肝疫苗协同诱导小鼠细胞免疫应答

目的考察粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(Gm-csf)对乙型肝炎疫苗免疫原性及诱导的细胞免疫效果的加强作用。方法将Gm-csf和乙型肝炎疫苗分别采用4种不同方式免疫BALB/c小鼠,免疫后,制备脾细胞,再以相应的HBsAg体外刺激,酶联免疫法(ELISA)测定细胞因子分泌水平,MTT法测定脾细胞对抗原刺激指数;以YAC-1细胞为靶细胞,测定细胞毒性T淋巴细胞活性;同时ELISA法测定血清中特异性抗体IgG1和IgG2a。结果GM+疫苗组小鼠脾细胞产生的IFN-γ水平最高,显著高于其它组(P<0.05),而各免疫组IL-5水平没有显著差别(P>0.05);GM+疫苗组小鼠脾细胞对抗原刺激的刺激指数显著高于其它各组(P<0.05);GM+疫苗组小鼠脾细胞对YCA-1的杀伤性显著高于其它各组(P<0.01)。结论通过Gm-csf的联合免疫,可提高乙型肝炎疫苗的免疫原性,增强乙型肝炎疫苗诱导的细胞免疫水平。     

大肠杆菌表达重组人粒细胞—巨噬细胞集落刺激因子的中试纯化

重组人粒细胞 -巨噬细胞集落刺激因子 (rHuGM -CSF)表达产物在大肠杆菌中以包涵体的形式存在。方法　包涵体高压匀浆破菌抽提后 ,经凝胶过滤层析、复性、离子交换层析及凝胶过滤层析等纯化步骤。结果终产物纯度达 97% ,比活性达 1 2× 10 7U/mg蛋白 ,测定N端 2 0个氨基酸系列与其DNA系列推导的氨基酸系列完全一致。     

Rubratoxin B mycotoxicosis in the Swiss ICR mouse

The LD50 for rubratoxin B dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide and administered to ICR mice by ip injection was 0.31 (0.22-0.43) mg/kg body weight. Gross alterations consisted of congestion of the liver and spleen and pallor and mottling of the kidneys. The histopathological alterations seen were hepatic and splenic congestion and renal tubular degeneration. The morphopathogenesis of lesions following a single ip LD50 dose was evaluated in a second study. Hepatic lesions were observed in mice killed between 8 and 40 hr after dosing and included diffuse sinusoidal congestion with mild sinusoidal ectasia, leucostasis, multifocal cytoplasmic vacuolation and necrosis of individual hepatocytes. Renal lesions were mild, not time-dependent, and consisted of mild degenerative changes in tubular epithelial cells of the outer stripe of the outer zone of the medulla. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum were increased 2 hr after dosing, peaked at 4 hr and returned to control values by the end of the test period. In a third study, rubratoxin B was administered ip daily for 1 wk at doses of 25, 50 and 75% of the ip LD50. Toxicity was dose related and cumulative with multiple doses at the highest dose. In a fourth study, rubratoxin B was administered ip at a dose of 75% of the ip LD50 daily for 1 wk. Histopathological alterations included hepatic congestion and mild sinusoidal ectasia, multifocal necrosis of hepatocytes, splenic congestion and mild renal tubular degeneration. Serum activities of AST and ALT were increased after multiple doses of rubratoxin B.     

Oxidation of recombinant methionyl human granulocyte colony stimulating factor

The oxidation of methionine residues in recombinant methionyl human granulocyte colony stimulating factor with hydrogen peroxide has been investigated. Kinetic data of the oxidation were obtained by using reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography. The stability-indicating capability of this system was confirmed with micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. In the pH range 1.9–7.5, the k_obs value for the oxidation process is constant. Above pH 7.5, k_obs tends to increase with increasing pH. In the pH range 1.9–11.8, four oxidation products were detected in RP-HPLC. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that one mono-, one di- and two trioxidation products were formed. Using the cyanogen bromide cleavage method the nature of the oxidation products was determined. The mono-oxidation product is the protein with Met¹²¹ oxidized, while the dioxidation product has oxidized Met¹²¹ and Met¹²⁶ residues. The trioxidation products are the proteins with Met¹²¹, Met¹²⁶ and Met¹³⁷ or Met⁰, Met¹²¹ and Met¹²⁶ oxidized.     

粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子与三种不同来源的乙肝疫苗协同诱导的特异性免疫应答的比较

目的比较粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(Gm-csf)对三种不同来源的乙肝疫苗免疫原性及诱导的体液免疫效果的加强作用。方法将重组Gm-csf和三种不同来源的乙肝疫苗分别按相同程序,联合免疫小鼠,定期用酶联免疫吸附法检测小鼠产生的抗乙型肝炎表面抗原(抗-HBsAg)的抗体水平。结果免疫1周后,CHO细胞疫苗组、汉逊酵母疫苗组、啤酒酵母疫苗组血清中抗-HBsAg抗体阳性率分别为90%,10%,0%;免疫2周后分别为100%,40%,40%;二次免疫后,三个实验组小鼠血清中抗体持续增加。结论通过Gm-csf的联合免疫,可提高乙型肝炎疫苗的免疫原性,增强乙型肝炎疫苗诱导的体液免疫水平。     

Acetylcholine and nicotine stimulate the release of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor from cultured human bronchial epithelial cells

Primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE-cells) were established to measure granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) release. HBE-cells showed a basal GM-CSF release (82±20 ng/well/24 h; 30 donors), which was increased by interleukin-1 β (IL-1β, 1 ng/ml) by 270%. This effect was blocked by 1 μM dactinomycin or 10 μM cycloheximide, i.e. the stimulatory effect of IL-1β depended on de-novo synthesis. Histamine (100 μM) and acetylcholine (100 nM) stimulated GM-CSF release more than two-fold above the baseline. Nicotine (1 μM) increased GM-CSF release to a similar extent, and this effect was prevented by 30 μM (+)-tubocurarine. The stimulatory effect was attenuated or even lost with high agonist concentrations (10 μM acetylcholine; 100 μM nicotine) suggesting receptor desensitization. The muscarinic receptor agonist oxotremorine did not affect GM-CSF release. Serotonin, substance P and calcitonin-gene related peptide had no effect on GM-CSF release. In conclusion, acetylcholine can trigger GM-CSF release from human airway epithelial cells via stimulation of nicotinic receptors. Received: 20 November 1997 / Accepted: 23 January 1998     

重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子注射液动员外周血干细胞10例

目的 :探讨重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG CSF)注射液动员外周血造血干细胞 (PBSC)的效果。方法 :对 6例恶性血液病病人 ,1d内静脉注射长春新碱 1～ 2mg·m- 2 及环磷酰胺 4～ 7g·m- 2 (分 4次 ,间隔 4h) ,外周血白细胞降至 1×10 9·L- 1以下时 ,加rhG CSF 6～ 8μg·kg- 1,皮下注射 ,qd× 5～ 7d ;对 4例健康供者在采集PBSC前 5d予rhG CSF 6～ 8μg·kg- 1,皮下注射 ,qd× 5d。白细胞升至 10× 10 9·L- 1以上时采集PSBC ,并进行CD+ 34 及粒 巨噬细胞集落形成单位 (CFU GM )检测。结果 :一次收集单个核细胞计数 (3.9±s 1.7)×10 8·kg- 1;CD+ 34 (4 .8± 2 .3)× 10 8·kg- 1;粒 巨噬细胞集落形成单位 (5± 3)× 10 4 ·kg- 1。未出现严重不良反应。结论 :rhG CSF无论对病人自体还是对健康供者均能安全、高效地动员PBSC ,满足移植所需要。     

Protective effect of amifostine on busulfan induced DNA damage in human hepatoma cells

Busulfan is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. However, as a bifunctional alkylating agent, during clinical use several side effects may occur. In addition, several in vivo and in vitro studies of busulfan have shown a range of genotoxic effects including DNA strand break and inhibition of DNA synthesis. Amifostine, an organic thiophosphate compound, has been shown to exert an important cyto-protective effect in many tissues. The aim of this study was to explore whether amifostine protects against busulfan-induced genotoxicity in HepG2 cell line. Our results showed that amifostine reduced the genotoxic effects of busulfan significantly in both type of experiment conditions, as measured via comet assay. Furthermore, amifostine decreased the intracellular ROS generation induced by busulfan and also increased the intracellular GSH levels in HepG2 cells. Altogether, our results suggest a protective action of amifostine against busulfan cytotoxicity and genotoxicity via various pathways. The most protective effect was observed with amifostine when it was administrated 24?h before busulfan treatment.     

重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子成品蛋白质含量测定方法的研究

目的研究重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子 (rhG CSF)成品蛋白质含量测定方法。方法用三氯醋酸 Lowry法和高效液相色谱外标法测定rhG CSF成品蛋白质含量。结果两种方法均能有效排除rhG CSF成品中甘露醇的干扰 ,与经典的Lowry法相比 ,蛋白质的回收率均大于 96 % ,RSD均 <5 %。结论三氯醋酸 Lowry法和高效液相色谱外标法均可用于测定rhG CSF成品的蛋白质含量 ,高效液相色谱法操作更简便 ,更准确。     

Prevention of human helper T-cell clone activation by cyclosporin A also blocks secretion of granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating activity

Cyclosporin A (CsA) blocks stimulation and growth of alloreactive T helper cell clones (Th-TCC), even in the presence of exogenous Interleukin-2 (IL-2). To examine whether this might reflect a generalised inhibition of cytokine production by these cells, their production of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factors (GM-CSF), thought not to be involved in the autocrine proliferation of the clones themselves, was investigated. Contrary to the prediction that only pathways relevant to T cell clonal expansion would be blocked by CsA, it was found that this immunosuppressive substance exerted a profound inhibitory activity on GM-CSF secretion, even in the presence of exogenous IL-2. Although a higher concentration of CsA was required to block GM-CSF secretion than to block proliferation, the former was not due to toxic effects on the cells, or permanently switching off the genes for GM-CSF, since upon further cultivation of the clones without CsA, alloantigen-specific responsiveness was restored. These results therefore show that clonal human T helper cell populations are sensitive to inhibition of GM-CSF secretion by CsA. Part of the immunosuppressive mechanism of action of CsA may therefore reside in this activity, since blockade of GM-CSF secretion by T helper cells would influence functional activities of antigen presenting cells.     

正常人肝细胞和肝癌细胞对力达霉素诱导的有丝分裂性细胞死亡的差异

[摘要]目的：探讨力达霉素（lidamycin, LDM）诱导人肝癌BEL-7402和正常人肝L-02细胞出现的有丝分裂性细胞死亡的差异。方法：采用MTT法观察LDM对BEL-7402和L-02细胞生长曲线的影响;使用Giemsa染色和流式细胞术观察有丝分裂性细胞死亡特征;用Western blot法检测蛋白表达变化。结果：LDM抑制BEL-7402和L-02细胞的生长,二者均表现出有丝分裂性细胞死亡的特征,即细胞体积增大、G2/M期阻滞、出现多核化,但BEL-7402细胞对LDM更敏感。在LDM处理的BEL-7402和L-02细胞中,与凋亡相关的Bax和Smac的蛋白表达水平没有增加,caspase-3和caspase-9未被活化,但L-02细胞的Akt通路被激活。结论：人正常L-02细胞对LDM引起的有丝分裂性细胞死亡明显低于人肝癌BEL-7402细胞,对LDM的反应敏感性存在差异的原因可能与Akt信号通路有关。     

Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in Macaca mulata

目的：研究重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ｒｈＧＭＣＳＦ）在恒河猴体内的药物动力学．方法：用酶连接免疫吸附测定法检测血浆中ｒｈＧＭＣＳＦ的含量．结果：ｉｖｒｈＧＭＣＳＦ后血药浓度时间曲线符合三房室模型．第１，２和３相的Ｔ１２分别为００５－００７ｈ，０１４－０５８ｈ和１４－４１ｈ．ＡＵＣ随剂量成比例增加．ｉｖ高剂量和低剂量的Ｃｌ和Ｋ１０都相似．ｓｃｒｈＧＭＣＳＦ后血药浓度的峰值为０９３±０１６μｇ·Ｌ－１，达峰时间为２６５±０１４ｈ，生物利用度为０６１．结论：恒河猴ｒｈＧＭＣＳＦ药物动力学数据为临床试验提供有用参考．     

Pomegranate peel extract polyphenols induced apoptosis in human hepatoma cells by mitochondrial pathway

This study was aimed to investigate the influence of pomegranate peel polyphenols (PPPs) on the proliferation and apoptosis of HepG2 cells (a kind of human hepatoma cells) and the related mechanism. The inverted fluorescence microscope and the flow cytometer (FCM) were used to test the changes of the cellular morphology, cell cycle, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm). The kit was used to measure the activities of caspase-3/9, and Western Blot was used to detect the expressions of apoptosis-associated proteins including p53, Bcl-2/Bax, Cyt-c and PARP. The results showed that the cells cycle of HepG2 arrested at the S-phase by PPPs and the amount of the early apoptotic cells and ROS level were increased obviously, the level of Cyt-c and the activity of Caspase-3/9 markedly were also increased by PPPs, as well as the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and the protein expressions of P53. It was concluded that PPPs could inhibit the growth of HepG2 cells by blocking the cell cycle and inducing the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in a dose-dependent manner.     

茶多酚锰络合物诱导肝癌细胞凋亡的差异蛋白质表达

目的研究茶多酚锰络合物(TP-Mn)诱导肝癌细胞HepG2凋亡过程中差异蛋白质的表达。方法 HepG2细胞分别与茶多酚(TP)700 mg·L-1,TP-Mn 700 mg·L-1,茶多酚锗(TP-Ge)700 mg·L-1作用48 h后,光学显微镜法观察细胞形态的变化;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率;双向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(2D-PAGE)法分离HepG2细胞表达的差异蛋白;肽质量指纹法鉴定差异蛋白质。结果光学显微镜检查发现,TP和TP-Mn组HepG2细胞数量明显减少,细胞皱缩变形,并出现死亡细胞;TP-Ge组HepG2细胞数量无明显减少。流式细胞仪检测发现,TP-Mn组细胞凋亡率为(30.1±0.7)%,明显高于TP组(12.3±0.4)%(P<0.05)。2D-PAGE结果显示,TP-Mn诱导HepG2细胞凋亡过程中表达了多种差异蛋白质;肽质量指纹法鉴定结果显示,其中匹配率较高的差异蛋白质为γ-肌动蛋白和酪氨酸3/色氨酸5-单加氧酶激活蛋白。结论 TP-Mn具有诱导HepG2细胞凋亡的能力,并有差异蛋白质表达。