Exendin-4对严重烫伤大鼠早期心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的了解exendin-4对烫伤大鼠早期心肌细胞凋亡的作用和机制。方法 54只健康成年SD大鼠,随机分为正常对照组(N组,n=6)、单纯烫伤组(S组,n=24)和烫伤加exendin-4组(E组,n=24)。S组和N组大鼠采用30%TBSAⅢ°烫伤模型,伤后按Parkland公式补液抗休克。E组伤后给予exendin-4。采用DNA切口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测左室心肌细胞凋亡;免疫荧光法检测心肌组织caspase-3活性。结果 S组大鼠于伤后6h,心肌细胞凋亡指数即升高,12h达高峰,48h仍显著高于正常对照组;心肌组织caspase-3活性于伤后6h开始增强,12h达高峰,伤后24h仍显著高于N组。E组较S组,在伤后6、12、24、48h大鼠心肌细胞凋亡指数显著降低(P<0.05),心肌组织caspase-3活性在伤后6、12、24h也显著降低(P<0.05)。统计学分析表明心肌细胞凋亡指数与心肌组织caspase-3活性呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。结论 Exdendin-4可抑制烫伤大鼠早期心肌细胞凋亡,其机制可能是通过抑制心肌组织caspase-3活性,从而抑制心肌细胞凋亡。     

丙戊酸钠对50％TBSAⅢ度烫伤大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的 研究丙戊酸钠(VPA)对致死性烫伤大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响.方法 48只雄性SD大鼠分为3组,假烫组:采用37℃水浴,浸泡后腹腔内注射0.25 mL生理盐水,烫伤组:100℃水浴中背部浸泡15 s、腹部浸泡8 s,烫伤后腹腔内注射0.25 mL生理盐水;VPA组:烫伤后腹腔注射VPA治疗(300 mg/kg,溶于0.25 mL生理盐水).分别于伤后3、6 h两个时间点取腹主动脉血,测定血浆肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)水平;然后处死动物取心肌组织,TUNEL方法 检测心肌细胞凋亡率,Western blot测定心肌组织内诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达,NO检测试剂盒测定心肌内NO水平、caspase-3活性试剂盒测定心肌内caspase-3活性.结果 与假烫组比较,烫伤组伤后3 h和伤后6 h组CK-MB水平、心肌细胞凋亡率明显上升,caspase-3活性明显增加,iNOS表达水平、NO水平明显增高(均P<0.05);VPA组CK-MB水平、心肌细胞凋亡率与烫伤组比较明显下降,caspase-3活性明显降低,iNOS表达水平、NO水平明显减少,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05).结论 在致死性烫伤大鼠治疗中,VPA能降低CK-MB水平,减少心肌细胞凋亡,保护心脏功能,可能与降低心肌组织内caspase-3活性、iNOS表达水平、NO水平有关.     

川芎嗪对严重烧伤大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的:观察川芎嗪(TMP)对烧伤后大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响及初步机制探讨.方法 选健康Wistar大鼠50只,随机分为5组,对照组、烧伤组(即B组,造成30%TBSAⅢ度烧伤)、烧伤 TMP组(B TMP组,烫伤后即刻腹腔注射TMP,20mg/kg)、烧伤 SB202190组(B SB组,烫伤后立即注射SB202190,10mg/kg)及烧伤 TMP SB202190组(B TMP SB组).放射免疫法测定TNFα含量,末端标记(TUNEL)法检测凋亡细胞、RT-PCR,免疫组化分析心肌Fas、caspase-8、Bcl-2和Bax基因表达,荧光分析法测定Caspase-3活性.结果 与对照组比较,B组大鼠心肌细胞凋亡指数(17.46±2.45),心肌中TNFα含量,Fas、caspase-8和Bax蛋白水平及caspase-3活性均显著性升高,但Bcl-2蛋白表达显著低于对照组(P<0.01).B TMP组大鼠心肌TNFα含量、心肌细胞凋亡指数(4.15±0.41),心肌Fas、caspase-8和Bax表达水平及caspase-3活性均显著性低于B组,而Bcl-2蛋白表达水平则显著高于B组(P<0.01).结论 TMP对烧伤后心肌细胞凋亡有较好的抑制作用,其机制可能是TMP通过降低TNFα的生成及调节凋亡相关基因的表达.     

二氮嗪预处理对缺血再灌注大鼠心肌NF-κB和caspase-3表达的影响

目的 研究二氮嗪(Diazoxide, DZ)开放线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道对缺血再灌注损伤所致大鼠心肌组织NF-κB和caspase-3表达的影响.方法 采用离体工作心脏灌注模型,大鼠随机分为正常对照组,缺血再灌注组,DZ治疗组, DZ抑制剂-格列苯脲组.采用TUNEL 法检测心肌细胞凋亡,Western印迹法测定心肌NF-κB活性, 酶标法测caspase-3活性.结果 DZ组大鼠心肌细胞凋亡指数明显低于I/R组,高于对照组.与正常对照组相比, 心肌组织NF-κB和caspase-3活性在缺血再灌注后有显著性增加(P＜0.01).DZ处理后, NF-κB和caspase-3活性与缺血再灌注组相比有明显下降(P＜0.01); 格列苯脲组NF-κB和caspase-3活性明显高于DZ治疗组(P＜0.01).结论 心肌缺血再灌注损伤使凋亡指数,NF-κB和caspase-3活性明显升高, 二氮嗪(DZ)开放线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道可下调心肌组织NF-κB和caspase-3的表达,这可能有助于减轻缺血再灌注所致心肌细胞凋亡的发生.     

PI3K/Akt信号途径抑制烧伤后大鼠缺血缺氧心肌细胞凋亡

目的 探讨PDK/Akt信号途径在烧伤后大鼠缺血缺氧心肌细胞凋亡中的作用及机制.方法 首先建立模拟烧伤的动物模型,通过Western blot观察P13K/Akt信号途径的活化规律,TUNEL实验观察烧伤大鼠心肌凋亡.然后建立离体培养的缺血缺氧心肌细胞模型,并分为对照组、单纯缺血缺氧组、LY294002处理组或IGF-1处理组,应用ELISA观察缺血缺氧心肌细胞凋亡.并通过DEVD荧光检测caspase-3酶活性,RT-PCR检测p53、Bax的转录活性.结果 烧伤后大鼠心肌组织内P13K和pAkt表达逐渐增加,伤后3 h达高峰;烧伤3 h后,大鼠心肌细胞凋亡率显著增加;应用LY294002特异性抑制P13K/Akt通路后,大鼠心肌细胞凋亡率较对照组增加更为显著(P<0.05).缺血缺氧导致体外培养心肌细胞凋亡增加,caspase-3活性逐渐增强,p53、Bax mRNA表达量逐渐升高;与单纯缺血缺氧组相比,应用LY294002阻断P13K/Akt途径活化后,心肌细胞凋亡数量增加更显著(P<0.05),caspase-3活性增高更为明显(P<0.05),053、Bax mRNA表达量均显著升高(P<0.05);用IGF-1预先激活P13K/Akt途径后,与单纯缺血缺氧组比较,心肌细胞caspase-3活性明显降低(P<0.05).结论 P13K/Akt信号途径在缺血缺氧心肌细胞中具有抗凋亡作用,该作用与P13K/Akt调控促凋亡基因p53、Bax的表达,抑制caspase-3凋亡反应有关,并为心肌缺血缺氧损害的临床防治提供新思路及实验依据.     

重组人生长激素对严重烫伤大鼠早期心肌组织MPO活性的影响

目的观察重组人生长激素（rhGH）对严重烫伤大鼠早期心肌组织髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性的影响。方法 SPF级SD大鼠60只,雄性,随机分为对照组（B组,n=30）,治疗组（R组,n=30）。复制30%TBSAⅢ°烫伤模型,伤后B组按Parkland公式补液,R组在B组补液基础上于伤后6h始予rhGH 3U/（kg.d）皮下注射,两组均于烫伤后各时相点：0、12、24、48、96h检测血清心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）含量和心肌组织MPO活性。结果 B组伤后不同时相点cTnI含量及MPO活性显著升高（P〈0.01）,伤后12h升高最为显著。心肌MPO活性升高与cTnI水平存在显著正相关（r=0.969,P〈0.01）。R组相应时相点cTnI含量及MPO活性与B组趋势一致,但较B组显著升高（P〈0.05或0.01）;病理切片显示：R组较B组炎细胞浸润、心肌损伤均有所加重。结论严重烫伤后早期大鼠存在局灶性心肌炎,早期应用rhGH加重了烫伤后大鼠心肌损伤。     

严重烫伤大鼠早期心肌p38MAPK,TNF-α和超微结构变化及川芎嗪对其的影响

目的　研究川芎嗪下调 p3 8MAKP表达与活化对严重烫伤大鼠早期心肌产生保护作用。 方法　清洁级成年雄性Wistar大鼠 10 8只 ,随机分为假烫组 (A) ,烫伤对照组 (B)和烫伤 +川芎嗪组 (C) ,A组 8只 ;B、C两组各 48只 ,又分为 1、3、6、12、2 4、48h六个时相点 ,观察和检测心肌组织 p3 8MAKP的表达情况、TNF -α的含量 ,血清CK -MB含量和心肌细胞的超微结构变化。结果　烫伤对照组和烫伤 +川芎嗪组伤后 1小时心肌细胞内p3 8MAPK大量活化及核转位 ,3小时达高峰 ,6小时明显减弱 ,心肌组织TNF -α在伤后 6小时开始增加 ,12小时达高峰 ,48小时仍较高 ,而反映心肌细胞损伤指标CK -MB和超微结构异常变化基本上也是从伤后 6小时开始 ,12小时达峰值 ,烫伤 +川芎嗪组上述指标要比烫伤对照组明显下降和减轻。结论　心肌p3 8MAPK和TNF -α的含量、血清CK -MB含量和心肌细胞的超微结构异常变化 ,在时间上呈现数小时的时间差 ,从而得出 p3 8MAPK的活化在烧伤早期诱发心肌损伤过程中起到非常重要的作用 ,川芎嗪对严重烧伤早期心肌的保护作用可能是通过下调 p3 8MAKP表达、活化来实现的。     

HSP70在严重烧伤大鼠心肌中的表达及其保护作用的研究

目的 研究热休克蛋白70(HSP70)在严重烧伤大鼠心肌中的表达变化规律，并观察诱导热休克反应对烧伤后心肌损害的保护作用。方法 72只Wistar大鼠随机分为单纯烫伤组(B组)、亚砷酸钠预处理组(SA组)，于致伤前及30％TBSAⅢ度烫伤后3、6、12、24、48h检测血清心肌钙蛋白Ⅰ含量变化，Western blot检测心肌组织HSP70蛋白表达情况。结果 大鼠严重烧伤后3h心肌组织HSP70蛋白表达显著升高，伤后48h达高峰。大鼠烫伤后3h血清心肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnⅠ)含量即开始明显升高，伤后12h达高峰。亚砷酸钠预处理可显著诱导机体的热休克反应，SA组伤后多数时相点血清cTnⅠ含量显著低于B组，且波动幅度较小。结论 严重烧伤早期即可引起心肌组织HSP70蛋白表达显著增强，HSP70蛋白可能在烧伤后早期心肌损害中发挥其内源性抗损伤机制。     

大鼠烧伤后肠粘膜上皮细胞凋亡及其相关调控因子变化的研究

目的探讨大鼠烧伤后肠粘膜上皮细胞凋亡情况及相关调控因子变化的关系.方法 Wistar大鼠按随机数字表法分为烧伤组与正常对照组.动物于伤后6、12 h、1、3、5 d处死,流式细胞仪检测肠粘膜上皮细胞凋亡数,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡形态学变化,RT-PCR法检测肠粘膜bcl-2 mRNA表达的变化,荧光法检测肠上皮细胞caspase-3酶活性.结果烧伤后6 h至5 d肠上皮凋亡细胞数较正常组明显增加;TUNNEL检测显示:烧伤后6 h阳性细胞数较正常组即有增加,伤后1 d表达最强,以后稍有减弱,但仍强于伤前;肠粘膜bcl-2 mRNA表达在伤后12 h开始低于正常,至伤后5 d仍低于正常,烧伤后大鼠肠上皮细胞caspase-3的活性在伤后1 d明显升高,伤后3 d到峰值,然后迅速下降至正常范围内.caspase-3活性变化与细胞凋亡数呈显著的正相关(r=0.56,P<0.05);烧伤后bcl-2 mRNA的表达与细胞凋亡数呈显著负相关(r=-0.72,P<0.05).结论烧伤后肠粘膜上皮细胞凋亡增加,尤以伤后1、3 d最为明显, caspase-3,bcl-2参与了烧伤后肠粘膜上皮细胞凋亡的调控.     

乌司他丁对严重烫伤大鼠早期心肌损害保护作用

目的探讨乌司他丁(ulinastatin,UTI)对烧伤早期"休克心"的防治效果.方法 72只SD大鼠随机等分为单纯烫伤组(B组)和烫伤后乌司他丁治疗组(U组),建立30%体表面积Ⅲ度烫伤模型.检测烫伤前及伤后1、3、6、12 h和24 h血浆cTnI和CK-MB浓度,观察心肌组织病理学变化. 结果烫伤后3、6、12、24 h大鼠血浆cTnI、CK-MB均显著高于伤前(P<0.01),U组各时相点cTnI、CK-MB均显著低于B组(P<0.01或P<0.05).伤后3 h,光镜下可见心肌纤维肿胀,横纹紊乱,细胞界限不清、消失,胞浆破坏,细胞间质水肿,伤后6～12 h病变加重,可见心肌组织点片状溶解灶等.乌司他丁处理组病变显著减轻.结论严重烧伤早期即发生明显的心肌损害,乌司他丁能够显著减轻严重烧伤时心肌损害的程度,对烧伤后"休克心"的防治具有显著作用和疗效.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.