重症监护室阴沟肠杆菌感染的耐药监测

目的对近年耐第三代头孢的阴沟肠杆菌进行β-内酰胺酶监测,以指导临床用药。方法收集来自重症监护室的各种标本中对第三代头孢耐药的阴沟肠杆菌165株,用三维试验检测ESBLs与AmpC酶。结果165株阴沟肠杆菌中,产ESBLs120株,占72.7%,产AmpC酶40株,占24.24%。结论我院重症监护室对第三代头孢耐药的阴沟肠杆菌主要产ESBLs,体外试验表明对亚胺培南敏感率为97.66%,对其他抗生素敏感性差。     

重症监护病房产ESBLs及AmpC酶阴沟肠杆菌耐药性研究

目的监测医院重症监护病房患者感染阴沟肠杆菌产AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的耐药性特征。方法采用酶提取物三维试验方法检测AmpC酶和检测ESBLs。结果 86株阴沟肠杆菌中检出单产ESBLs 21株、单产AmpC酶20株、同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs株即SSBL阳性株15株,检出率分别为24.4%、23.3%和17.4%;产酶阴沟肠杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药率大部分均高于既非产Ampc酶又非产ESBLs菌株,即SSBL(-)。结论重症监护病房产AmpC酶和ESBLs的阴沟肠杆菌呈多药耐药,对于产AmpC酶阴沟肠杆菌临床经验用药应首选头孢四代抗菌药物,对于产ESBLs酶阴沟肠杆菌临床经验用药,应首选碳青霉烯类抗菌药物。     

多重耐药阴沟肠杆菌流行状况及耐药机制的研究

目的了解多重耐药阴沟肠杆菌的流行状况及耐药机制。方法58株临床分离的对第三代头孢菌素耐药的阴沟肠杆菌进行琼脂稀释法药敏试验、表型筛选法和聚合酶链反应克隆测序。结果58株阴沟肠杆菌表型筛选结果显示，高产AmpC酶株、单产ESBLs株和同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs株的检出率分别为65．52％、13．79％和20．69％；58株阴沟肠杆菌对多种抗菌药物耐药，高产AmpC酶菌株、单产ESBLs菌株和同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs菌株对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的敏感率分别为55．3％、87．5％和16．7％；对哌拉西林／他唑巴坦的敏感率分别为28．9％、50％和8．3％；对头孢吡肟的敏感率分别为97．4％、37．5％和16．7％；对亚胺培南的敏感率均为100％；58株临床分离株ESBLs编码基因的测序结果显示，分别为SHV-2、SHV-2a、SHV-12、CTX-M-14和CTX-M-3型ESBLs；58株临床分离株的ampD基因PCR扩增显示49株阳性，占84．48％，对其中8株进行克隆测序，均存在可疑的羧基端突变位点。结论产生AmpC酶和ESBLs是阴沟肠杆菌对头孢菌素耐药的主要机制。     

113株阴沟肠杆菌ESBLs和AmpC酶的携带率及耐药性分析

目的：了解两种超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs和AmpC酶)在阴沟肠杆菌中的分布及其对常用抗菌药物的敏感性。方法:常规培养分离细菌，采用VITEK或API系统鉴定细菌。K-B纸片琼脂扩散法测定细菌对抗菌药物的敏感性；双纸片确认试验检测：ESBLs；三维试验确认法检测AmpC酶。结果:113株阴沟肠杆菌中产ESBLs和AmpC酶的阳性率分别为26．55％和42．48％；ESBLs和AmpC酶共同存在者为9．73％。阴沟肠杆菌对氨苄西林、头孢哌酮、阿米卡星、环丙沙星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟和亚胺培南佰司他汀的耐药率分别为98．2％，66．4％，45．1％，23．0％，17．7％，9．7％和4．4％。产ESBLs菌株对头孢吡肟和亚胺培南/西司他汀的耐药率为6．7％和3．3％；产AmpC酶菌株对头孢吡肟和亚胺培南/西司他汀的耐药率为12．5％和2．1％；非产酶菌株对头孢吡肟和亚胺培南佰司他汀的敏感率为100．0％。结论：阴沟肠杆菌产EESBLs和AmpC酶的状况已十分突出，尤其是产AmpC酶的阴沟肠杆菌已逐渐成为引起医院感染的流行菌，应引起临床高度关注。临床应根据体外药敏试验合理选择抗菌药物，以减少阴沟肠杆菌耐药株的产生和流行。     

阴沟肠杆菌产AmpC酶与ESBLs的研究

目的 检测临床标本分离的阴沟肠杆菌,了解产AmpC酶和ESBLS的情况,分析耐药性以指导临床用药.方法 收集2007年1-12月同济医院检验科分离到的阴沟肠杆菌121株,用改良的三维试验检测AmpC酶和ESBLs.结果 121株阴沟肠杆菌中,产ESBLs的菌株有56株,占45.3%;产AmpC酶的菌株有35株,占28.9%,产AmpC酶和ESBLs的有18株,占14.9%,非产AmpC酶和ESBLs的有9株.占7.4%;体外的抗菌药物敏感试验显示,头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、环丙沙星、亚胺培南的耐药率分别为53.8%、24.4%、32.5%、0;氨苄西林和头孢唑林的耐药率高达96.7%和94.2%.结论 2007年检测到的阴沟肠杆菌主要产ESBLs,对碳青酶烯类药物敏感率最高,对氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类及第四代头孢类药物敏感率也较高,对其他类药物敏感率较低.     

阴沟肠杆菌产AmpC酶及ESBLs的检测与耐药性分析

目的探讨阴沟肠杆菌产AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)情况及耐药机制,以指导临床合理用药。方法收集2014年3月至2015年4月丹东市中心医院临床分离到的阴沟肠杆菌132株,通过双抑制剂扩散协同试验法检测AmpC酶及ESBLs,采用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验。结果 132株阴沟肠杆菌中,检出产AmpC酶的有34株,占25.76%;产ESBLs的有23株,占17.42%;同时产AmpC酶及ESBLs的有8株,占6.06%。产不同类型β-内酰胺酶其耐药性有所不同,产酶株的耐药性明显高于非产酶株,并呈现多重耐药现象。结论临床应加强对产酶阴沟肠杆菌的检测及耐药性监测,根据不同类型产酶菌株合理选择抗菌药物,以控制医院感染流行。临床治疗多重耐药阴沟肠杆菌感染应首选碳青霉烯类药物。     

基层医院产β-内酰胺酶阴沟肠杆菌的耐药性分析

目的分析山区基层医院阴沟肠杆菌(ECL)产β-内酰胺酶的耐药现状,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法用纸片扩散法(K-B法)对87株阴沟肠杆菌进行13种抗菌药物的敏感性试验,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的筛选按美国临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)推荐的确证法进行,去阻遏持续高产AmpC酶的检测采用双抑制剂扩散协同纸片法检测。结果从87株阴沟肠杆菌中检出产AmpC酶13株,占14.9%,产ESBLs24株,占27.6%,同时表达AmpC酶和ESBLs10株,占11.5%;产酶株对13种抗菌药物均显示了不同程度的耐药性或出现交叉耐药性。结论ESBLs和AmpC酶的产生是阴沟肠杆菌的重要耐药机制。     

107株阴沟肠杆菌产ESBLs和AmpC酶检测及耐药性分析

目的 了解近年来临床分离的阴沟肠杆菌对常用抗菌药物的敏感性,并检测分离株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)和AmpC酶的情况,指导临床合理用药。 方法 收集2016年1-12月湖南中医药大学第一附属医院分离自临床标本的阴沟肠杆菌,采用Vitek-2 Compact进行常规药敏试验,采用表型确证试验检测ESBLs,采用三维试验检测AmpC酶。 结果 共收集非重复分离阴沟肠杆菌107株,主要来源于呼吸内科(26/107,24.3%)、骨伤科(21/107,19.6%)、中心ICU(20/107,18.7%)等科室,以痰液(38/107,35.5%)和伤口分泌物(29/107,27.1%)等标本为主;阴沟肠杆菌对青霉素类、三代头孢菌素和头霉素类高度耐药,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南耐药率分别为13.1%、22.4%、0.9%。共检测出单产ESBLs菌株30株(28.0%),单产AmpC酶的菌株35株(32.7%);同时产ESBLs和AmpC酶菌株14株(13.1%);同时产ESBLs和AmpC酶菌株对常用抗菌药物的耐药率高于不产酶株,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)。 结论 产ESBLs、AmpC酶是阴沟肠杆菌多重耐药的重要机制;阴沟肠杆菌产酶株的检测,对指导临床抗菌治疗具有重要意义。     

阴沟肠杆菌去阻遏持续高产AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶的耐药调查

目的 了解阴沟肠杆菌去阻遏持续高产AmpC酶，或产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)及同时表达这两类酶的现状及耐药性，指导医生临床用药。方法 采用改良的酶提取物三维试验法，检测阴沟肠杆菌去阻遏持续高产AmpC酶，用表型确证试验检测ESBLs，并用K—B法对抗菌药物进行体外药敏试验。结果 在68株阴沟肠杆菌中，8株持续高产AmpC酶，14株产ESBLs，3株同时表达这两种酶。结论 产酶菌株对抗菌药物的耐药性远远高于不产酶菌，且多重耐药，改良的酶提取物三维试验法，能较好地检测阴沟肠杆菌持续高产AmpC酶，适用于临床常规检验，为临床医生使用抗菌药物提供合理建议，对预防和控制医院感染的发生有重要意义。     

β-内酰胺类抗生素对阴沟肠杆菌高产AmpC酶突变的选择作用

目的 比较哌拉西林／他哩巴坦、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟和亚胺培南对阴沟肠杆菌高产AmpC酶突变的选择能力。方法 以10株单纯诱导产AmpC酶的阴沟肠杆菌和5株诱导产AmpC酶并产超广谱β—内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的阴沟肠杆菌为对象，采用肉汤稀释渐进突变选择法筛选突变株，三维试验监测受试菌的AmpC酶产生情况，琼脂稀释法测定突变株的抗生素敏感性。结果 在单纯诱导产AmpC酶的阴沟肠杆菌中，头孢他啶和头孢噻肟对高产AmpC酶突变的选择能力最强。在诱导产AmpC酶并产ESBLs的阴沟肠杆菌中，哌拉西林／他唑巴坦对高产AmpC酶突变的选择能力最强。头孢吡肟对高产AmpC酶突变的选择作用较弱，但可逐渐增强部分受试菌对第三、四代头孢菌素的耐药性。亚胺培南对高产AmpC酶突变没有选择作用，也没有导致受试菌耐药性增强。结论 各种β—内酰胺类抗生素对阴沟肠杆菌高产AmpC酶突变的选择能力是不一致的，在治疗由阴沟肠杆菌引起的各种感染时，应选择具有高抗菌活性、低选择能力的β—内酰胺类抗生素。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.