扎托洛芬凝胶剂的制备及体外研究

目的制备扎托洛芬凝胶剂,考察其体外渗透性、释放性和稳定性。方法采用紫外分光光度法测定扎托洛芬的含量,采用Franz扩散池分别考察载药凝胶剂体外渗透性和释放性,采用正交试验设计筛选处方,探讨了氮酮、卡波姆浓度及丙二醇用量对扎托洛芬凝胶剂经皮渗透的影响,并对凝胶剂初步稳定性进行了考察。结果扎托洛芬的线性范围为16.0~56.0μg/mL,日内日间精密度的RSD均小于0.6%,平均回收率为98.67%,RSD为1.45%;凝胶剂外观细腻,黏度适宜,pH 6.8~7.0,最佳处方含0.75%卡波姆、15%丙二醇、1%月桂氮卓酮,其体外经皮渗透(以小鼠皮为屏障)符合Higuchi方程,体外释放(以赛璐芬膜为屏障)符合零级动力学方程;室温留样3个月稳定性良好。结论扎托洛芬凝胶剂制备工艺简单,体外渗透性良好,制剂稳定性好。     

萘普生微乳经皮给药系统的处方前研究

目的:测定萘普生的表观溶解度和油水分配系数.研究溶解度、促渗剂、接受液对萘普生体外经皮渗透性能的影响.方法:采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定萘普生在水、不同pH缓冲液、各种油相和表面活性剂中的溶解度.通过摇瓶法测定萘普生的表观油水分配系数.以累积渗透量、稳态渗透速率常数和渗透系数为评价指标研究5种促渗剂和5种接受液对萘普生体外经皮渗透行为的影响.结果:32℃时,萘普生在水中的平衡溶解度为25.7 mg·L-1,在各种油相和表面活性剂中的溶解度约是水中的200～4 000倍.萘普生在正辛醇/水体系中的表观油水分配系数为2.5(logP);在正辛醇/缓冲液体系中的表观油水分配系数随pH值的升高而减小.促渗剂的促渗效果不明显,有的还会抑制渗透;萘普生在以20%丙二醇-生理氯化钠溶液、pH 7.4缓冲液、20%乙醇-pH 7.4缓冲液、20%聚乙二醇400-pH 7.4缓冲液作为接受液时,均有良好的渗透效果,10 h累积透过量最小可达2.08 mg.结论:萘普生是一种优良的经皮给药模型药物,开发其经皮给药微乳制剂有望提高疗效、减少毒副作用.微乳可选择将萘普生溶解在油或表面活性剂中的方法制备,pH 7.4的缓冲液可作为其透皮制剂的接受液.     

注射用氯诺昔康的制备及稳定性研究

目的制备注射用氯诺昔康并考察其稳定性。方法以含量、有关物质、pH值为指标,筛选处方及制备工艺;考察3批样品的稳定性。结果最佳处方为氯诺昔康4.0g、丙二醇4.0g、甘露醇100g、氢氧化钠1mol/L适量,以该处方制备的3批样品在市售包装条件下经加速、室温留样试验考察,质量稳定。结论处方设计合理,工艺可行。     

氯诺昔康注射剂的研制——处方前溶解度研究

目的为难溶性非甾体抗炎药氯诺昔康注射剂的制备进行处方前溶解度研究。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定氯诺昔康在溶液中的溶解度。研究了pH值、潜溶剂、胶束形成及环糊精包合作用对氯诺昔康溶解度的作用。结果氯诺昔康的溶解度ST随着pH值的升高而呈指数规律增加,与表面活性剂浓度Csurf和羟丙基β环糊精(HPβCD)浓度呈线性关系;logST与三种潜溶剂分数fc间具有良好的线性关系(r>0.98)。结论常用可注射表面活性剂和潜溶剂对氯诺昔康的溶解度提高作用不显著,通过控制pH值和使用HPβCD包合,可使氯诺昔康在水溶液中的溶解度达到注射液的浓度要求。     

pH对甘草次酸经皮渗透性的影响

目的考察介质的pH对甘草次酸经皮渗透性的影响。方法采用HPLC法测定甘草次酸在不同pH介质中的饱和溶解度,采用摇瓶法测定其在不同pH正辛醇/PBS缓冲液中的表观油水分配系数,采用体外Franz扩散池法考察不同pH的甘草次酸饱和溶液在离体小鼠皮上的经皮渗透性。结果 pH5.0～10.8时,甘草次酸饱和溶液的稳态透皮速率随pH升高而增大,而表观渗透系数随pH升高而减小。结论甘草次酸在介质中饱和时,可通过调节pH来改善甘草次酸的稳态透皮速率。     

睾酮经皮吸收相关理化性质及体外经皮渗透特性的研究

目的测定睾酮(testosterone,TS)的平衡溶解度、油水分配系数等理化性质,考察促透剂对其体外经皮渗透特性的影响,以指导用于女性性功能障碍治疗的睾酮涂膜剂研发工作。方法建立含量测定方法,测定睾酮在9种介质中的平衡溶解度及油水分配系数;采用体外改良扩散池法,以药物累计渗透量(Q)、经皮渗透速率(Js)、滞后时间(t)及增渗比(ER)为评价指标,考察6种促透剂对其经皮吸收的促进作用。结果睾酮在水相介质中溶解度小,PEG400可增溶作为扩散池接收介质;lg P值为3.7,为典型脂溶性药物。质量分数5%肉豆蔻酸异丙酯(IPM)的体外经皮渗透作用最为显著,增透倍数可达2.43倍,但其滞后时间相对较长;溶解能力与促透能力排序无规律性关联。结论睾酮适于构建经皮给药系统,促透剂的应用可在不同程度上影响其皮肤渗透性(提高或降低),其溶解药物能力与促透能力不成正比,以上结果可为涂膜剂处方设计提供实验基础。     

氯诺昔康包合物冻干粉的制备及质量考察

目的：制备氯诺昔康冻干粉并考察其质量。方法：以羟丙基-β-环糊精（HP-β-CD）为增溶剂，采用搅拌法制备伊曲康唑包合物冻干粉，采用高效液相色谱法测定氯诺昔康含量。结果：HP-β-CD较好地增大了氯诺昔康的溶解度，氯诺昔康包合物冻干粉的pH、渗透压、澄明度等性质均符合中国药典2005年版冻干粉质量要求。结论：氯诺昔康包合物冻干粉制备工艺可行。     

吡喹酮凝胶剂的研制

绘制了吡喹酮在丙二醇－乙醇－水系统中的相图，通过均匀设计确定了１％吡喹酮凝胶剂中各溶媒所占的最佳比例为：４０％（ｗ／ｗ）丙二醇，４５％（ｗ／ｗ）乙醇，５％（ｗ／ｗ）水。以卡波普９４０为基质制备了吡喹酮凝胶剂，考察了其体外经皮渗透性、月桂氮酮的促渗作用以及其体外释放。结果表明吡喹酮凝胶剂的体外经皮渗透为零级过程，皮肤为其经皮渗透的限速屏障，月桂氮酮能有效促进其体外经皮渗透，其体外释放符合Ｈｉｇｕｃｈｉ方程。     

茶碱透皮贴片的制备及其体外渗透性研究

目的:制备茶碱透皮贴片,并考察其体外经皮渗透性。方法:以丙烯酸酯压敏胶为骨架材料,月桂氮酮和丙二醇为促渗剂,用离体人皮和Franz扩散池作为体外经皮释药模型,研究茶碱贴片体外渗透性。结果:茶碱贴片中的药物经皮渗透符合零级动力学,4%月桂氮酮和20%丙二醇有较好的促进渗透作用,其增渗倍数分别为不含促渗剂的茶碱对照贴片的2.30和2.04倍。结论:茶碱贴片体外经皮渗透作用较好。     

氯诺昔康口腔崩解片的制备

目的:对氯诺昔康口腔崩解片的处方及制备工艺进行研究,并评价其质量。方法:以片剂崩解时限、口感为指标,采用正交试验设计优化处方。通过直接压片法制备氯诺昔康口腔崩解片,并测定了其体外崩解时间、溶出度等质量指标。结果:所得片剂完整光洁、口感良好,能在20 s内崩解完全,5 min内体外溶出度超过85%。结论:氯诺昔康口腔崩解片达到了设计要求,方便患者服药。     

酮咯酸氨丁三醇凝胶剂体外经皮渗透研究

目的：考察凝胶剂作为酮咯酸氨丁三醇透皮给药载体的可行性。方法：制备卡波姆940药物凝胶，采用Franz扩散池用离体大鼠皮肤进行体外经皮渗透实验，以HPLC法测定渗透介质中药物含量并求算累积渗透量及稳态透皮速率。结果：以1．0％卡波姆940为凝胶基质，以硼砂溶液调节凝胶的pHN6．0时所制备的凝胶为最佳凝胶基质。3％的月桂氮革酮及5％的丙二醇均可以显著提高凝胶中药物的经皮渗透，且两者联用存在协同作用。结论：本实验的凝胶基质可为生产提供参考依据。     

透皮促进剂对吡罗昔康经皮渗透的影响及吡罗昔康凝胶剂体外透皮性质评价

目的考察透皮促进剂对吡罗昔康体外经皮渗透的影响,制备吡罗昔康凝胶并评价该制剂的经皮渗透特性。方法以大鼠皮肤作为试验材料,HPLC法测定药物浓度,采用智能透皮试验仪考察吡罗昔康经皮渗透参数。结果月桂氮革酮、薄荷醇、尿素均能促进吡罗昔康的渗透,其中月桂氮革酮和丙二醇联合应用时,促透效果最好;以羟丙基纤维素为基质的吡罗昔康凝胶比以卡波姆为基质的凝胶渗透效果好。结论选用月桂氮革酮与丙二醇为透皮促进剂,以羟丙基纤维素为基质制备的吡罗昔康凝胶剂,药物的经皮渗透性最佳。     

Feasibility of transdermal delivery of prazosin hydrochloride

Preformulation studies were conducted to determine the feasibility of a transdermal dosage form of prazosin hydrochloride (PZHC1). A target PZHC1 skin flux of 6.3 μg/cm²/h was set to attain a steady-state plasma concentration of 10 ng/ml (from a 20-cm² skin area). The octanol/water partition coefficient of the drug and its solubility in water, phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4), and propylene glycol were measured. PZHC1 flux through human cadaver skin was determined with and without 3% (w/v) azone as a penetration enhancer. The epidermis was found to be the rate-limiting barrier for the permeation of PZHC1 through the human cadaver skin. Transdermal delivery of prazosin may be feasible with a suitable penetration enhancer.     

刺山柑果凝胶膏剂的体外透皮研究

目的研究不同促透剂对刺山柑果凝胶膏中有效成分体外透皮吸收的影响,筛选有效的促透剂。方法选择不同质量分数的氮酮、丙二醇以及氮酮与丙二醇的不同质量比例组合物为促透剂,采用改良的Franz扩散池,以离体小鼠皮肤为透皮屏障,用HPLC测定接收液中有效成分芦丁的含量,考察不同促透剂对刺山柑果凝胶膏中芦丁的单位面积累积透过量和透皮速率常数的影响。结果 20mg.g-1氮酮促渗效果较好,其促渗倍数为1.26倍,芦丁的透皮速率常数为5.45μg.cm-2.h-1。结论不同促透剂对刺山柑果凝胶膏中有效成分的透皮吸收的影响有差异,其中20mg.g-1氮酮能够有效促进凝胶膏中芦丁的体外透皮吸收,可作为刺山柑果凝胶膏的促透剂。     

Transdermal Delivery of Isoproterenol HC1: An Investigation of Stability,Solubility, Partition Coefficient,and Vehicle Effects

Effects of solubility, partition coefficient, and selected adjuvants (propylene glycol and Azone) on percutaneous penetration of isoproterenol HC1 have been investigated using human cadaver skin. Isoproterenol was found to be stable (<1% decomposition) for 24 hr at 22 ± 0.5°C in the pH range 1 to 7 in the following solvents: water, normal saline, propylene glycol and a series of propylene glycol–water mixtures (10, 20, 40, and 60%; v/v); however, decomposition was significant beyond pH 8. In normal saline, the rate of decomposition increased significantly with an increase in temperature to 37°C. The solubility of isoproterenol HC1 decreased and its skin/vehicle partition coefficient increased with increasing proportions of propylene glycol in the vehicle, while the product of the solubility and partition coefficient appeared to plateau at 20% propylene glycol in water. Optimal penetration enhancing effects of Azone were seen when incorporated at a concentration of 1% (v/v) in the 20% (v/v) propylene glycol–water blend and, more significantly, when skin was pretreated with pure Azone for 60 min prior to application of the drug formulation.     

Evaluation of transcutol as a clonazepam transdermal permeation enhancer from hydrophilic gel formulations

The influence of diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether (transcutol), alone or in combination with propylene glycol, on clonazepam permeation through an artificial membrane and excised rabbit ear skin from Carbopol hydrogels was investigated. Drug kinetic permeation parameters were determined for both series of experiments and compared. Rheological characteristics, drug solubility and membrane/vehicle partition coefficient for each gel formulation were also determined, and their role in the formulation performance was investigated. Both series of experiments showed an increase of drug permeation as a function of transcutol content in the formulation. The combination of transcutol and propylene glycol resulted in a synergistic enhancement of clonazepam flux. A different trend was found in experiments with gels containing mixtures of the two enhancers, where an increase (in the case of artificial membrane) or a decrease (in the case of rabbit ear skin) of drug permeation was found by increasing the transcutol/propylene glycol ratio in the mixture. Such a result is explained on the basis of the particular mechanism of action demonstrated for transcutol which associates the increase of drug solubility to the potent effect of a depot in the skin.     

透皮促渗剂对醋酸地塞米松壳聚糖凝胶透皮特性的影响

目的观察透皮促渗剂对醋酸地塞米松壳聚糖凝胶透皮特性的影响。方法实验分为无促渗剂组和促渗剂组。无促渗剂组为0.75%药物5%壳聚糖凝胶剂;促渗剂组根据含促渗剂不同又分为月桂氮酮+丙二醇、月桂氮酮、丙二醇+二甲亚砜、二甲亚砜+月桂氮酮组。以无毛大鼠皮肤为渗透屏障,进行体外渗透实验,分析该凝胶稳态透皮速率（Js）和Js提高率。结果无促渗剂组①Js为（3.75±0.56） μg&#8226;（cm2） 1&#8226;h 1。促渗剂组效果明显,其中二甲亚砜+月桂氮酮组②Js为（8.12±0.58） μg&#8226;（cm2） 1&#8226;h 1,月桂氮酮+丙二醇组③Js为（5.41±0.74） μg&#8226;（cm2） 1&#8226;h 1,丙二醇+二甲亚砜组④Js为（4.31±0.42） μg&#8226;（cm2） 1&#8226;h 1,月桂氮酮组⑤Js为（4.35±0.36） μg&#8226;（cm2） 1&#8226;h 1。与①比较,②的Js提高率为2.17%（P＜0.01）,与③④⑤比较,②的Js分别为1.51,1.89,1.87倍（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。结论混合促渗剂具有比单一促渗剂更好的促渗效果。     

Effect of propylene glycol,Azone and n-decylmethyl sulphoxide on skin permeation kinetics of 5-fluorouracil

The effect of propylene glycol (PG), azone (LDA) and n-decylmethyl sulfoxide (LDB) on the permeation course of fluorouracil through the hairless mouse skin was studied. Steady-state fluxes and permeability coefficients were measured in buffer solutions and in systems containing the enhancing agents. The permeation rates of fluorouracil have been shown to be highly pH dependent in the pH range of 5–9, the rate decreases with an increase in pH. The solubility of fluorouracil in pure propylene glycol at equilibrium measured by the solubility method was found to be 2.2 mg · ml^?1 at 25°C which is a relatively low value as compared to the solubility in water. The effect of various concentrations of propylene glycol in aqueous donor solutions on the drug permeation rate was examined at pH's 5.7 and 9.0. It was found that propylene glycol decreases the permeation flux when increasing concentrations are added to the aqueous pH 5.7 system; however, at pH 9, a strong enhancement effect was shown. PG was also found to decrease the drug reservoir in the hairless mouse skin e.g. 8.4 and 2.8 mg · (mg skin)^?1 for buffer pH 9 and PG/aqueous solution pH 9 systems, respectively. The concentration dependent enhancement effects of azone and n-decylmethyl sulfoxide have been measured. Both have been found to be potent enhancing agents. However, at relatively low concentrations such as 5%, Azone induced a 50-fold and n-decylmethyl sulfoxide only a two-fold enhancement of the drug steady-state flux. At high concentrations as much as 40%, n-decylmethyl sulfoxide appears to be more effective than Azone. The fluxes measured with these systems were 0.21, 0.17 and 0.003 mg · cm^?2 · h^?1 for the n-decylmethyl sulphoxide, Azone and PG/H₂O systems, respectively.     

Physicochemical properties of valsartan and the effect of ethyl alcohol, propylene glycol and pH on its solubility

The aqueous solubility and partition coefficient of valsartan were determined at room temperature. The effect of ethyl alcohol, propylene glycol and pH on its solubility was also investigated. It was found that both solvents increased the solubility of the drug in water. The solubilizing power of ethyl alcohol was found to be higher than that of propylene glycol. Valsartan solubility was also observed to increase at high pH values and its lipophilicity wasdemonstrated by the high positive value of the logarithm of partition coefficient.