Electroacupuncture Attenuates Spinal Nerve Ligation-Induced Microglial Activation Mediated by p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase

Objective

To investigate whether analgesic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) is affected by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) on microglia.

Methods

There were two experiments. The experiment 1: 40 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the normal, surgery, EA and sham EA groups, and the L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) on the right side was used to establish neuropathic pain model. EA was applied to bilateral Zusanli (ST36) and Kunlun (BL60) at 24, 48 and 72 h after SNL for 30 min, once per day. The paw withdrawal thresholds (PWTs) were measured before surgery (as base) and at 24, 25, 49 and 73 h after surgery. Phospho-p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK), oxycocin-42 (OX-42, marker of microglia), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, marker of astrocyte) in bilateral spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH) were detected by immunofluorescence, respectively. The experiment 2: 40 male SD rats were cannulated for SNL-induced neuropathic pain, and then were randomly divided into the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), EA plus DMSO, 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfonylpheny)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole (SB203580) and EA plus SB203580 groups. SB203580 (30 nmol/L) was administered 5 min prior to EA treatment. The PWTs and OX-42 in bilateral SCDH were measured as mentioned above.

Results

SNL-induced neuropathic pain reduced PWTs and increased the expression of p-p38 MAPK and OX-42 in bilateral lumbar SCDH of rats (P<0.01). Spinal p-p38 MAPK was only co-localized with OX-42 in our study. EA treatment significantly alleviated SNL-mediated mechanical hyperalgesia, and suppressed the expression of p-p38 MAPK and OX-42 in lumbar SCDH (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Intrathecal injection of low dose SB203580 had no influence on PWTs (P>0.05), but significantly inhibited the expression of OX-42 positive cells in bilateral SCDH (P<0.01 or P<0.05). EA plus SB203580 synergistically increased PWTs, and reduced the expression of bilateral spinal OX-42 (P<0.01 or P<0.05).

Conclusions

The central mechanism of EA-induced anti-hyperalgesia may be partially associated with the reduced expression of p-p38 MAPK, and subsequently reducing the activation of OX-42 in neuropathic pain. Therefore, EA may be a new complementary and alternative therapy for neuropathic pain.

     

黄芪对哮喘大鼠肺组织p38蛋白激酶表达的影响

目的 探讨支气管哮喘大鼠肺组织p38蛋白激酶（p38 MAPK）表达的变化以及黄芪注射液对其影响。方法 应用鸡卵清蛋白（OVA）腹腔注射致敏和反复超声雾化吸入刺激复制大鼠哮喘模型。随机分成3组：正常对照组、哮喘模型组和黄芪干预组。分别采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）和蛋白质印迹检测支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）IL-5含量和肺组织磷酸化p38MAPK表达的变化,并观察BALF中EOS计数以及肺组织病理学变化。结果哮喘模型组大鼠肺组织磷酸化p38MAPK表达水平及BALF中IL-5含量和EOS计数均较正常对照组显著增加（P〈0．01）;黄芪干预组的上述改变较哮喘模型组显著降低（P〈0．01）,肺组织病理学损伤程度明显减轻。肺组织磷酸化p38 MAPK表达水平与BALF中IL-5含量和EOS计数之间分别呈显著正相关（r=0．73,0．65,P〈0．01）。结论 p38 MAPK可能参与了支气管哮喘的发病过程,黄芪对哮喘的治疗作用可能部分与抑制磷酸化p38 MAPK的表达有关。     

p38MAPK信号通路与心脏重构关系的研究进展

心脏重构是一种常见的病理生理状态,包括心肌肥厚及间质纤维化,是各种心血管疾病发展为慢性心功能不全、心力衰竭的重要环节,由多种体内外刺激因素通过启动细胞内共同信号转导通路而促发/激活。有研究表明,p38丝裂原蛋白活化激酶(MAPK)激活参与心脏重构并在其中起着重要作用,用特异性抑制剂阻断该信号通路可明显减轻心脏重构。该文就p38MAPK对心脏重构重要环节影响的研究进展予以综述。     

氯胺酮对糖尿病神经痛大鼠p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶表达的影响

目的:观察氯胺酮对糖尿病神经病理痛大鼠神经系统中p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)的影响,探讨其作用的信号机制。方法:16只雌性Wistar大鼠注射链脲菌素复制糖尿病神经病理痛模型。随机分为糖尿病组(D组)和氯胺酮组(K组),另设对照组(C组)。K组大鼠经氯胺酮处理。均测机械痛阈和神经传导速度(NCV),免疫组化和ELISA法检测脊髓和背根神经节(DRG)磷酸化p38MAPK(p-p38MAPK)水平。结果:与对照组比较,糖尿病组和氯胺酮组MWT和NCV均下降,脊髓和DRG中p-p38MAPK水平均升高(P<0.05),但糖尿病组变化幅度明显(P<0.05)。结论:氯胺酮对大鼠糖尿病神经病理痛有疼痛治疗和神经保护作用,其机制可能是阻断p38MAPK信号通路。     

p38丝裂素活化激酶与脑缺血性损伤关系的研究进展

丝裂素活化激酶(MAPK)级联信号转导途径是许多信号转导通路的整合点。许多酪氨酸激酶都可以通过刺激信号级联反应激活丝裂原活化蛋白激酶通路。p38 MAPK通路是MAPK家族主要成员之一。p38 MAPK在脑缺血后早期被激活,参与炎性反应、自由基损伤、细胞凋亡等病理、生理过程,在脑缺血神经元死亡过程中发挥重要的调控作用。p38 MAPK抑制剂可望成为脑缺血性损伤临床治疗的有效途径。     

地塞米松对哮喘患者外周血单个核细胞p38MAPK表达的影响

目的探讨支气管哮喘患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)p38MAPK表达的变化及地塞米松(DEX)对其的影响。方法分离培养哮喘患者和正常健康者的PBMCs。分别采用蛋白质印迹和ELISA方法检测PBMCs核蛋白p38MAPK的表达及细胞上清液中IL -4、IL- 5的蛋白质浓度。结果哮喘对照组PBMCs核蛋白p38MAPK表达及细胞上清液中IL -4、IL- 5的蛋白质浓度较正常对照组显著升高(P<0. 001),DEX处理组核蛋白p38MAPK表达及细胞上清液中IL- 4、IL- 5的蛋白质浓度较哮喘对照组显著降低(P<0. 01)。通过直线相关分析发现,PB MCs核蛋白p38MAPK表达与培养上清液中IL- 4、IL- 5蛋白质含量之间均呈显著正相关(r分别=0. 71、0. 64,P均<0. 01)。结论p38MAPK可能参与支气管哮喘的病理生理过程。DEX可能通过作用于p38MAPK这一靶点发挥其抗炎效应。     

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶通过抑制 mTOR 信号通路缓解糖尿病大鼠肾脏细胞外基质沉积

目的：高糖高脂饮食加小剂量链脲佐菌素（streptozocin ,STZ）诱导大鼠糖尿病模型,尾静脉注射人重组腺相关病毒介导的截断突变型腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶基因AMPK‐CA（AMPKα1312,T172 D）,观察AMPK基因治疗对糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用并进行相关机制研究。方法24只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为糖尿病组（n＝16）和普通饮食组（n＝8）,糖尿病组以高糖高脂饮食加小剂量STZ诱导糖尿病模型,8周后再将其随机分为两组,分别经尾静脉导入表达持续激活型AMPK‐CA的重组腺相关病毒rAAV2‐AMPK‐CA和rAAV2‐GFP作为对照,观察12周后处死实验动物,留取肾脏组织。PAS染色观察比较各组大鼠肾脏的病理改变,Real‐time PCR法检测各组细胞外基质的 mRNA 水平变化, Western blot法检测Ⅳ型胶原蛋白α1（Col4α1）、腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（AMPK）及磷酸化AMPK、磷酸化的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（p‐ACC）、雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）、磷酸化的mTOR及其下游分子磷酸化水平改变。结果与正常对照组（C组）相比,转染rAAV2‐GFP组（GFP组）糖尿病大鼠肾脏内p‐AMPK和p‐ACC蛋白水平显著降低（均 P＜0.05）;与rAAV2‐GFP组相比,转染 rAAV2‐AMPK‐CA的糖尿病大鼠（CA组）体内p‐ACC表达活性显著升高,肾重/体重、肾小球体积、肾小球系膜基质增生等指标有明显改善,细胞外基质纤维连接蛋白（FN）、Col4α1、Col4α5 mRNA表达水平,以及Col4α1、信号分子p‐mTOR、磷酸化的真核延伸因子激酶2（p‐eEF2K）及磷酸化的起始因子4E结合蛋白1（p‐4EBP1）蛋白表达水平显著降低（均 P＜0.05）。结论 rAAV2介导的AMPK‐CA基因治疗可能通过增加糖尿病大鼠肾脏AMPK活性,抑制mTOR信号通路,缓解基质沉积,对糖尿病大鼠肾脏起保护作用。     

The Relationship between p38MAPK and Apoptosis during Paclitaxel Resistance of Ovarian Cancer Cells

To investigate the relationship between p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and cell apoptosis during the paclitaxel resistance of ovarian carcinoma cell lines, flow cytometry (FCM) and PI staining were employed to determine the effect of p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 on the apoptosis of A2780/Taxol cells, a drug-resistant human ovarian carcinoma cell line. p38MAPK protein expression in SB203580-treated cells was immunochemically measured. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of paclitaxel on A2780/Taxol cells was determined by MTT assay. MDR-1 mRNA, and expression of p38MAPK and phospho-p53 protein were detected by RT-PCR and West- ern blotting, respectively. The apoptosis rate of A2780/Taxol cells was (19.7±1.04)% 24 h after SB203580 treatment. A significant difference in apoptosis rate was found among experiment group, control group and untreated group (P<0.05). The relative reversal rate of A2780/Taxol cells to pacli- taxel was (57.18±2.01)%. As compared with the control group and the untreated group, p38MAPK protein and MDR-1 mRNA in SB203580-treated cells was substantially decreased. The expression of p53 protein was significantly increased. It is concluded that p38MAPK pathway is related to pacli- taxel resistance of ovarian carcinoma, and blockade of this pathway can promote the apoptosis of the drug-resistant cells and reverse the drug-resistance. Moreover, p38MAPK-mediated apoptosis in pa- clitaxel-resistant ovarian carcinoma cells depends on the activation of p53.     

脂多糖诱导大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞p38蛋白激酶基因的表达

目的探讨脂多糖 (LPS)诱导的肺泡巨噬细胞 (AM) p3 8蛋白激酶mRNA及其蛋白质表达的变化。方法分离培养AM ,分别采用原位分子杂交和免疫细胞化学方法检测AM p3 8蛋白激酶mRNA及其蛋白质的表达。结果p3 8mRNA在正常对照组AM中有少量表达 ,LPS刺激后 p3 8mRNA表达显著增强 (P <0 .0 1 )。p3 8蛋白质在正常对照组AM中的表达呈弥散性分布 ,以胞浆为主 ,胞核较少 ;LPS刺激后 ,胞浆染色明显减弱 ,胞核染色明显增强 ,胞核染色阳性细胞的百分比由正常对照组的 6.1 2± 2 .0 5 %上升到 3 5 .2± 8.3 5 % ,为正常对照组的 5 .75倍 ,二者比较差异具有显著性 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论LPS刺激AM p3 8mRNA的表达增强 ,诱发 p3 8蛋白激酶由胞浆转位到胞核     

P38蛋白激酶对肺泡巨噬细胞环氧合酶-2mRNA表达的影响

目的　探讨 P3 8蛋白激酶对肺泡巨噬细胞环氧合酶 - 2 m RNA表达的影响。方法　采用蛋白质印迹、逆转录-聚合酶链反应 ( RT- PCR)和放射免疫分析法检测脂多糖 ( L PS)刺激的肺泡巨噬细胞 ( AM)核提取物 P3 8蛋白激酶、环氧合酶 - 2 ( COX- 2 ) m RNA及细胞培养上清血栓素 B2 ( TXB2 )和 6-酮 -前列腺素 F1α ( 6- Keto- PGF1α)含量的变化 ,并观察特异性 P3 8蛋白激酶抑制剂 SB2 0 3 5 80对 L PS作用的影响。结果　 L PS能显著刺激肺泡巨噬细胞 P3 8蛋白激酶活化 ,COX- 2 m RNA及细胞培养上清 TXB2 和 6- Keto- PGF1α含量随之增加 ( P<0 .0 1) ;SB2 0 3 5 80能显著抑制上述作用 ;P3 8蛋白激酶的活化与 COX- 2 m RNA及细胞培养上清 TXB2 和 6- Keto- PGF1α含量之间呈显著正相关 ( r=0 .862 ,0 .5 69,0 .715 ,均为 P<0 .0 1)。结论　 L PS刺激肺泡巨噬细胞 P3 8蛋白激酶活化可能参与了对 COX- 2 m RNA及其炎症介质的调控     

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶与高血压血管重构

高血压时,血管平滑肌细胞的增殖、细胞外基质的改变、内皮细胞损伤等因素均可引起血管的重构。p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶主要介导细胞的发生、分化、增殖、凋亡等多种病理生理过程。本文简要介绍了p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号转导通路与高血压血管重构的关系。     

p38蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)在癫疒间大鼠脑内的表达

 目的  观察p38蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38 MAPK)在癫疒间大鼠脑内的表达情况。方法  健康雄性SD大鼠随机分成正常对照组(n=8)和癫疒间组(n=8)。采用戊四氮腹腔注射建立癫疒间模型,大鼠点燃后的惊厥行为按照Racine的标准进行观察评分,采用Western blot和免疫荧光法比较两组大鼠脑内p38 MAPK的表达情况。结果  癫疒间组大鼠脑内p38 MAPK在皮层和海马的表达均显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01)。结论  p38 MAPK在癫疒间大鼠脑内表达上调。     

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶在雄性小鼠生殖细胞株中的表达

目的 检测p38 丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38 MAPK)在雄性小鼠生殖细胞株TM4、GC-1spg、GC-2spd(ts)中的表达,为深入研究p38 MAPK基因在雄性小鼠精子发生中的作用机制奠定理论基础.方法 应用逆转录-多聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测雄性小鼠生殖细胞株TM4、GC-1spg、GC-2spd(ts)中p38 MAPK基因的表达.结果 p38 MAPK基因在TM4、GC-1spg、GC-2spd(ts)细胞株中均为阳性表达.结论 p38 MAPK基因的表达在雄性小鼠精子发生中可能发挥重要作用.     

坐骨神经压迫性损伤大鼠背根神经节磷酸化p38MAPK表达的变化

目的:观察背根神经节(DRG)磷酸化的p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p -p38MAPK)在大鼠坐骨神经慢性压迫性损伤(CCI)后表达的变化,探讨慢性神经痛的发生机制。方法:2 4只雄性SD大鼠随机分成空白对照组(Naive组)、假手术组(Sham组)、坐骨神经结扎后7d组和1 4d组(CCI7d和CCI1 4d组) ,分别在各自的时间点灌注取材L4- 5背根神经节,用免疫组织化学方法观察磷酸化p38MAPK表达的变化。结果:坐骨神经结扎组背根神经节磷酸化的p38MAPK免疫阳性神经元数和染色深度均明显增加,与假手术组或空白对照组相比,差异具有显著性(P <0 .0 1 )。结论:坐骨神经损伤后背根神经节p38MAPK的激活与神经性疼痛的病理过程密切相关。     

高氧对幼鼠肺组织细胞凋亡及p38 MAPK丝裂原活化蛋白激酶的影响

目的 探讨高氧对幼鼠肺组织细胞凋亡及p38 MAPK丝裂原活化蛋白激酶表达的影响.方法 幼年Wistar大鼠90%氧气暴露建立高氧肺损伤模型,行肺组织病理学检查,应用TUNEL法检测肺组织的细胞凋亡,Western blot法检测p38 MAPK表达.结果 高氧暴露3 d可见肺组织水肿、出血、炎症细胞浸润等急性肺损伤改变.高氧3 d组的肺凋亡指数较空气对照组明显增加,凋亡发生的主要部位为肺泡、支气管上皮及血管内皮细胞.Westem blot结果显示高氧暴露1 d,肺组织的p38MAPK活性迅速升高,于第2天达到高峰,第3天活性有所下降,但仍高于空气对照组.结论 高氧暴露可以诱导肺组织发生细胞凋亡;高氧可以激活p38MAPK通路,参与高氧性肺损伤的调控;活化的p38MAPK可能参与了高氧诱导的肺组织细胞凋亡的调控.     

黄芪对脂多糖诱导大鼠急性肺损伤^p38 MAPK表达的影响

目的探讨脂多糖（LPS）诱导急性肺损伤（ALI）大鼠肺组织磷酸化p^38 MAPK表达的变化以及黄芪对其之影响。方法静脉注射LPS复制大鼠ALI模型。随机分成3组：正常对照组、ALI组和黄芪组。采用蛋白质印迹检测肺组织磷酸化p^38 MAPK的表达,并观察大鼠动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、肺湿/干重比（W/D）、支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）白蛋白、血清TNF-α的变化以及肺组织病理学改变。结果LPS诱导大鼠ALI时肺组织磷酸化p^38 MAPK的表达较正常对照组显著增加（P〈0.01）。黄芪注射液可显著抑制大鼠肺组织磷酸化p^38MAPK表达,降低W/D、BALF白蛋白以及血清TNF-α含量,使下降的PaO2回升,减轻肺组织病理学损伤。结论ALI时肺组织p^38 MAPK磷酸化表达增加;黄芪注射液对内毒素性肺损伤有保护作用,其机制可能与抑制磷酸化p^38 MAPK的表达有关。     

外源性p38调节活化蛋白激酶细胞内定位研究

目的 研究外源性调节活化蛋白激酶 (PRAK)在细胞内的定位.方法 将克隆在pET-14b上的PRAK亚克隆到绿色荧光蛋白载体pEGFP-C2上,随后转染Hela细胞,并通过荧光显微镜观察外源性PRAK导入真核细胞后在细胞内的分布.结果 重组质粒经酶切、PCR和测序鉴定正确无误,并在Hela细胞中得到高量表达.融合蛋白发出的绿色荧光表明EGFP-PRAK主要分布在细胞核中.结论 成功构建了PRAK绿色荧光蛋白融合载体,该载体能在哺乳动物细胞中进行表达,通过荧光显微镜观察外源性PRAK主要分布在细胞核内.     

从p38MAPK途径探讨参附注射液对脓毒症大鼠心功能的影响

【目的】探讨参附注射液对脓毒症大鼠心功能的保护作用及其可能机制。【方法】选用SD雄性大鼠40只,随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、模型组和参附注射液组。采用盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)复制脓毒症模型,36 h后取动脉血及左室心肌,检测血清中的肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素1(IL-1)水平,观察心肌组织匀浆上清液磷酸化p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p-p38MAPK)和p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)变化。【结果】于造模后36 h,模型组大鼠的左心室射血分数(LVEF)及左室短轴缩短率(LVFS)情况较假手术组显著降低(P0.05);参附注射液组大鼠心功能情况较模型组显著升高(P0.05),血清中TNF-α和IL-1水平及心肌组织匀浆上清液p-p38/p38MAPK水平较模型组显著降低(P0.05);假手术组上述指标水平与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。【结论】参附注射液对脓毒症心肌损伤具有修复作用,其机制可能与抑制心肌p38MAPK磷酸化,从而减轻该通路的炎症因子释放有关。     

电针夹脊穴通过磷酸化p38 MAPK信号通路对大鼠炎性痛阈的影响

目的观察电针夹脊穴对炎性疼痛大鼠痛阂的影响,从信号转导的角度探讨针灸镇痛的机制。方法采用经典的完全弗氏佐剂性关节炎疼痛模型,观测电针刺激对大鼠痛阈的影响,采用免疫组织化学法测定各组大鼠背根神经节（doral root ganglion,DRG）内磷酸化p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（phosphorylation—p38 mitogen activated protein kinase,p-p38MAPK）的含量,采用蛋白印迹法测定DRG内辣椒素受体1（vanilloid receptor1,VR1）含量。结果电针刺激影响大鼠DRG内P—p38MAPK和VR1含量,并可提高炎性疼痛大鼠的痛阂,降低p38MAPK受体阻断剂提高后大鼠的痛闽。结论电针影响炎性疼痛的机制与p38MAPK—VR1信号通路密切相关。     

Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in cardioprotection of morphine preconditioning

Background p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in ischemic preconditioning (IPC) may be essential to cardioprotection. We assessed whether protective effect of morphine-induced preconditioning (MPC) on myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury in rat hearts involved p38 MAPK activation. Methods Male Spargue-Dawley rats (weighing 300－350 g) were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 8 groups: control (CON, saline vehicle, n=9), SB 203580 (SB, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, n=6), MPC (n=6), IPC (n=9), SB+MPC, SB+IPC, MPC+SB, and IPC+SB (n=6). Infarct sizes (IS), a percentage of the area at risk (AAR), were determined by triphenyltetrazolium (TTC) staining. Tissue samples were processed from the entire AAR of left ventricle for the determination of p38 MAPK protein expression (5 hearts/group). The bands representing the proteins were visualized using an enhanced chemiluminescence detection system. Results The IS/AAR was significantly reduced by IPC (12.9±1.6)% or MPC (25.3±2.9)% compared to the control (52.7±5.5)%. SB 203580 administered prior to preconditioning abolished the effect of IPC (SB+IPC: (43.8±2.6)%, P&gt;0.05 vs CON, P&lt;0.01 vs IPC), but not MPC (SB+MPC: (30.7±0.9)%, P&lt;0.01 vs CON, P&gt;0.05 vs MPC). Treatment with SB 203580 prior to sustained ischemia diminished the protective effect of both MPC (MPC+SB: (42.4±2.9)%, P&gt;0.05 vs CON) and IPC (IPC+SB: (52.0±2.5)%, P&gt;0.05 vs CON) on IS/AAR. In the IPC group, phospho-p38 MAPK protein increased significantly within 5 minutes into ischemia and remained elevated at 30 minutes into reperfusion, while phospho-p38 MAPK protein in the MPC group only increased significantly at 30 minutes into reperfusion. Conclusion The activation of p38 MAPK just acts as a mediator of MPC,whereas it acts as both a trigger and a mediator in IPC.