Diabetes mellitus associated with processed and unprocessed red meat: an overview

According to American Diabetes Association “as many as 1 in 3 American adults will have diabetes by 2050” imposing a serious burden on healthcare services and highlighting a substantial need to reduce “new-cases” incidence. Diabetes is inextricably linked to diet, in the prevention-spectrum. Red-meat-intake has been positively associated with reduced glycemic control. However, divergence exists among meat subtypes (i.e. fresh and processed) and the magnitude of their impact on diabetes development. The present overview attempted to summarize the latest data regarding red-meat subtypes on the examined association. Four meta-analysis and 10 prospective studies, focusing on the role of fresh and processed red meat in diabetes prevention, were selected. All of studies highlighted the aggravating role of processed meat-products in diabetes incidence, while fresh meat reached significance in only half of them. Therefore, the contribution of fresh red meat on diabetes remains inconclusive. Valid conclusions seem more robust concerning processed-meat-consumption.     

2017年成都地区孕妇孕早中期红肉摄入及其对妊娠期糖尿病影响的前瞻性研究

目的 了解成都地区孕妇孕早、中期红肉摄入现状,探讨孕早、中期红肉摄入量对妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)的影响.方法 采用前瞻性研究,于2017年2-7月通过立意抽样方法选取成都市某三甲妇幼医疗机构产前门诊孕8～14周单胎健康孕妇为研究对象,于纳入时通过问卷调查收集孕妇...     

Cancers in Australia in 2010 attributable to the consumption of red and processed meat

Objectives: To estimate the proportion and numbers of cancers in Australia in 2010 attributable to consuming red/processed meat. Methods: We estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) for cancers causally associated with red/processed meat consumption (colon, rectum) using standard formulae incorporating prevalence of consumption (1995 National Nutrition Survey), relative risks associated with consumption and cancer incidence. We also estimated the proportion change in cancer incidence (potential impact fraction [PIF]) that might have occurred under two hypothetical interventions whereby Australian adults reduced their consumption of red/processed meat from prevailing levels to ≤100 g or ≤65 g per day, respectively. Results: An estimated 2,614 cases (18%) of colorectal cancer occurring in Australians in 2010 were attributable to red/processed meat consumption (16% of colon cancers; 23% of rectal cancers). We estimated that if all Australian adults had consumed ≤65 g/day or ≤100 g/day of red/processed meat, then the incidence of colorectal cancer would have been 5.4% (798 cancers) or 1.4% (204 cancers) lower, respectively. Conclusions: About one in six colorectal cancers in Australians in 2010 were attributable to red/processed meat consumption. Implications: Reducing red/processed meat intake may reduce colorectal cancer incidence, but must be balanced against nutritional benefits of modest lean meat consumption.     

N-Acetyltransferase polymorphism and human cancer risk

Because of the important role ofN-acetyltransferase (NAT) enzymes in both metabolic activation and detoxification of certain precarcinogens, such as homo-and heterocyclic arylamines, extensive research in the past has focused on the relationship between the distribution of different variants of these enzymes and cancer susceptibility. In this context, we examined the relationship between the acetylator type of two NAT isozymes (NAT1 and NAT2) and cancer risk. It was shown that any independent overall association of those diseases with acetylation for eitherNATl orNAT2 is likely to be weak at most. Besides individual genetic profile, differences in the degree of exposure to environmental precarcinogens should also be considered. It was suggested that smoking and red meat intake were associated with bothNATl andNAT2 genotype in the carcinogenesis. A gene-gene interaction, even linkage betweenNATl andNAT2 may also exist.     

Dietary components that counteract the increased risk of colorectal cancer related to red meat consumption

Western-style diets are associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). In particular, a strong correlation has been documented between CRC and the consumption of large amounts of red meat, especially processed red meat. Compared with white meat, red meat contains high levels of haem iron, a molecule that can exert a variety of genotoxic and other adverse effects on the colonic epithelium. According to current international guidelines, the reduction of red meat intake combined with the consumption of food containing antioxidant and chemoprotective substances may significantly reduce the risk of developing CRC. The dietary strategies that can help to contrast the harmful effects of haem iron are reported and discussed in this review.     

Salted meat consumption and the risk of laryngeal cancer

A hospital-based, case-control study of laryngeal cancer was conducted in the Oncology Institute, Montevideo, Uruguay, during 1988–1992, in which 143 new cases and 460 controls were interviewed. The study was restricted to males. As in most previous studies tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking were the major risk factors. Past and current salted meat consumption was associated with increased risks of laryngeal cancer, after controlling for the effects of tobacco and alcohol. Cigarette smoking and consumption of salted meat appeared to increase the risk of laryngeal cancer in a multiplicative fashion. Fresh meat consumption (beef) was also associated with an increased risk of laryngeal cancer (OR 2.0). After controlling for fresh meat ingestion, the estimates for salted meat remained significant.     

Red meat in the diet

Summary  The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing scientific literature on the role of red meat in the diet. It discusses current levels of red meat intake, the nutritional benefits of consuming red meat, dietary and lifestyle factors associated with meat consumption and the effects of red meat intake on health and chronic disease outcomes.     

Consumption of red and processed meat and risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma based on a meta-analysis

PurposeTo provide a quantitative assessment of the association between red and processed meat intake and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), we summarized the evidence from observational studies.MethodsRelevant studies were identified in MEDLINE and EMBASE until October 31, 2012. Summary relative risks with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled with high versus low and linear dose-response random-effects models.ResultsA total of 21 studies (19 case-control and two cohort studies) with 6499 ESCC cases were included in this meta-analysis. Based on high versus low analysis, the summary relative risks of ESCC were 1.57 (95% CI, 1.26–1.95; P_{heterogeneity} = .003, I² = 56.0%) for red meat intake and 1.55 (95% CI, 1.22–1.97; P_{heterogeneity} = .029, I² = 45.3%) for processed meat intake. Subgrouped and sensitivity analyses revealed that the increment of ESCC risk with intakes of red meat and processed meat was stable and robust. These results are consistent with the results of the dose-response analyses. There was evidence of a nonlinear association of processed meat intake and ESCC risk (P_nonlinearity = .019).ConclusionsIntake of red and processed meat may be associated with significantly increased risk of ESCC. Further investigations with prospective designs are warranted.     

膳食红肉摄入与2型糖尿病并发冠心病的相关性研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者（T2DM）膳食红肉摄入量与并发冠心病（CHD）的关系。方法 随机选取深圳市南山区T2DM并发CHD的患者为病例组,以年龄 ± 2岁的原则1∶1配对无CHD的T2DM患者为对照组。采用自制问卷及简化版食物频数问卷对所有参与者进行调查。采用条件Logistic回归对膳食红肉摄入量与T2DM并发CHD进行相关性分析。结果 本研究纳入病例和对照各120例,病例组患者人均红肉摄入量中位数为50.00（21.43,100.00）g/d,对照组为42.86（21.43,50.00）g/d,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。条件Logistic回归结果显示,T2DM合并CHD的OR值随着膳食红肉摄入量的增加而增加（P_线性<0.05）。在校正多种混杂变量后,T2DM患者红肉摄入量为25~50、>50 g/d并发CHD的风险分别是膳食红肉摄入量<25 g/d的2.01倍（95%CI：0.77~5.22）和6.76倍（95%CI：1.55~29.50）。结论 T2DM患者膳食红肉摄入量>50 g/d可能是并发CHD的危险因素。     

Red meat in the diet: an update

This paper provides an update of a previous review ‘Red Meat in the Diet’ published in the Nutrition Bulletin in 2005. An update on red meat consumption levels in the UK and other countries is provided, and a summary of the nutritional content of red meat in the diet is given. Current evidence on dietary and lifestyle factors associated with red meat consumption and the effects of red meat intake on health and chronic disease outcomes are discussed. As there is now continued debate about the environmental impact of different aspects of our diet, sustainability issues regarding red meat were also discussed.     

The consumption of well-done red meat and the risk of colorectal cancer.

Heterocyclic aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are mutagens that are produced in highly cooked meats. A case-control study of 511 patients with colorectal cancer and 500 matched control subjects examined whether consumption of well-done cooked beef is related to the risk of developing large bowel cancer. Approximately 16% of men and women consumed well-done beef, and 50% ate medium-cooked beef. For both sexes, there was no association between consumption of well-done or medium-cooked beef and colorectal cancer. This paper discusses whether questionnaire data accurately reflect dietary intake of heterocyclic aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.     

A note on the relationship between health-risk attitude and monetary-risk attitude

Most decisions in medicine are made under conditions of uncertainty and involve the assessment of risk. Knowing a person's risk attitude can contribute to better health care decision-making. However, assessing individual attitudes to health-risk is more complex than assessing their attitude to monetary-risk. The aim of this article is to explore the relationship between monetary- and health-risk attitudes. The article is based on data collected from a study of 593 higher education students using a questionnaire measuring and comparing attitudes to health and monetary risks. This article focuses on two key questions: participants' responses to two standard gamble questions, one relating to health in terms of life years and the other to monetary risk. The analysis of these data examined the association between health-risk attitude (life years' gamble) and monetary-risk attitude (monetary gamble) as reflected by the certainty equivalents of both gambles. The researchers found a significant positive Spearman correlation between an individual's attitude towards monetary-risks and attitude towards health-risks. A forecasting model (ordinal regression) enabled the prediction of the probability of a person's attitude to health-risk given the monetary-risk attitude. The association between monetary risk (which is measurable) and health-risk is significant. They concluded that there was a positive association between participants' health- and monetary-risk attitudes.     

血脂水平和遗传因素与男性肿瘤发病风险关联

目的  探究血脂水平与遗传因素在男性肿瘤发生中的作用。方法  参照既往研究发表的肿瘤多基因风险评分,将英国生物样本库(UK Biobank, UKB)中的男性参与者根据遗传风险分为低、中及高三组;同时又以异常血脂指标数量作为标准,把研究对象分为三个类别,进而探究不同遗传风险下血脂水平与肿瘤发病风险的关联。结果  研究共纳入178 171名男性作为研究对象,其中11 824人(6.64%)在随访期间新发肿瘤。在调整年龄、吸烟、饮酒以及空腹血糖等混杂因素后,血脂异常评分与肿瘤发病风险相关(均有P＜0.001)。高遗传风险、高血脂异常评分人群的肿瘤发病风险是低遗传风险、低血脂异常评分人群的2.290倍(95% CI：2.039~2.571, P < 0.001)。结论  在不同遗传风险人群中,血脂水平异常均可增加男性肿瘤发病风险。     

腌腊肉制品摄入及与其他饮食习惯、生活方式的交互作用和结直肠癌发生风险的探讨

目的 探讨腌腊肉制品摄入频次与结直肠癌发生风险之间的关系,并分析腌腊肉制品与饮食因素、生活方式的交互作用在结直肠癌发生中的作用。方法 采用1：1匹配的病例对照研究,应用自行设计的调查问卷收集经组织病理学确诊的400例原发、新发结直肠癌患者及同期400例健康体检者的一般人口学特征及饮食因素、生活方式资料,采用条件logistic回归模型、广义多因子降维法（GMDR）进行分析。结果 多因素条件logistic回归分析显示,与每年食用腌腊肉制品<8次者相比,8～23次者（OR=3.480,95%CI：2.022～5.991）、24～47次者（OR=4.526,95%CI：2.553～8.025）和≥48次者（OR=5.472,95%CI：3.105～9.642）罹患结直肠癌的风险逐步升高;相乘交互作用分析显示,进食腌腊肉制品与辣椒之间存在相乘交互作用（OR=0.379,95%CI ：0.190～0.758）。相加交互作用分析显示,腌腊肉制品与腌泡菜之间存在协同作用;腌腊肉制品与饮茶之间存在拮抗作用。GMDR法分析显示红肉、腌泡菜和腌腊肉制品三因素间可能存在交互作用（P=0.001）。结论 随腌腊肉制品摄入频次的增多,结直肠癌发病危险度逐渐增高。在对结直肠癌的发病影响中,腌泡菜与腌腊肉制品之间可能存在协同作用,经常饮茶、食辣椒与腌腊肉制品可能存在拮抗作用。红肉、腌泡菜和腌腊肉制品三者之间可能存在交互作用,共同影响结直肠癌的发生。     

Use of participatory ergonomics teams to address musculoskeletal hazards in the red meat packing industry

Participatory ergonomics teams from two departments of a pork slaughtering plant analyzed musculoskeletal hazards and proposed ergonomics solutions for several jobs in the plant. The jobs were targeted based on association with a large number of injuries, one or more particularly severe injuries, high workers' compensation expenses, and/or high turnover plus absence of obvious solutions to abate the hazards. The teams used a structured problem-solving method that was generally derived from principles associated with quality improvement processes. Workers performing the targeted jobs were involved in the problem-solving process, even if they were not members of the team. The effectiveness of each term was assessed and compared in terms of the numbers of problem jobs addressed and feedback from team members. One team addressed all nine of its targeted jobs; the other team addressed eight of 12 targeted jobs. Feedback from team members regarding their teams' methods and performance was generally favorable. The major obstacle to effective team functioning in this project was the scheduling of meetings. There were also some obstacles related to team leadership. Overall, this project demonstrated that the use of participatory ergonomics teams that rely on structured problem-solving methods are able to work effectively to address musculoskeletal hazards, especially related to the upper extremities, in the red meat packing industry. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

流动人口艾滋病知识、态度及高危行为分析

目的了解流动人口艾滋病防治知识、相关态度和高危行为状况,为开展流动人口的艾滋病干预模式研究提供科学依据。方法采取整群抽样方法抽取2个街道,对所抽取街道内的流动人口在知情同意的情况下进行面对面的问卷调查。所有资料经Epidata3.02录入后用SPSS 12.0进行统计分析。结果共调查400人,其中男性210(52.5%)人,女性190(47.5%)人,平均年龄(29.1±10.2)岁。调查发现,流动人口对艾滋病的3种传播途径知晓高,均在80%以上,但对艾滋病的非传播途径知晓率较低。获取艾滋病防治知识的主要途径是报刊杂志、广播电视、宣传画及宣传资料和向医生咨询。64.5%的人与固定性伴发生性关系时从不使用安全套。与非固定性伴发生性关系时只有14.1%的人每次都使用安全套。结论流动人口艾滋病防治知识缺乏,多性伴和安全套使用率低是艾滋病在流动人口中流行和蔓延的重要因素。     

深圳市高危人群禽流感认知态度行为调查研究

目的 ：了解深圳市禽流感高危人群对禽流感的相关认知、态度及行为基本现状,以及禽流感防控工作中存在的问题,为高危人群禽流感进一步预防提供科学依据。方法：采用整群抽样方法,选取深圳市5家农贸市场及10家家禽养殖场,通过问卷对家禽养殖者、捕杀人员354人进行无记名式调查,利用单因素逻辑回归法研究禽流感高危人群对禽流感的相关认知、态度及行为。结果：家禽养殖者、捕杀人员总体上对禽流感知识了解较匮乏,禽流感相关知识平均得分为10.90±3.85分,得分范围为1~14分。文化程度是其影响因素（χ2=12.78,P〈0.05）,文化程度越高,对禽流感相关知识知晓率越高。性别、年龄及月收入均与禽流感相关知识无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。11.58%被调查者在作业过程中未做好个人防护,隔离衣、口罩、护目镜的全程使用情况较差。接触禽类后,51.13%被调查者无正确洗手习惯。53.11%的被调查者生病后首选自己买药治疗。对政府采取控制禽流感的措施被调查人群大多态度漠然。结论：应加强禽流感知识和职业防护在禽流感高危人群中的宣传教育,并采取更有效的健康促进干预措施。