Epidemiological survey of psychiatric disorders in Japanese school children. Part III: Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in junior high school children

In order to determine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in junior high school children, an epidemiological survey of Japanese regular public junior high school children was conducted using Rutter's questionnaire method for screening and a diagnostic interview by pediatricians for the final diagnosis. Both teacher's and parent's questionnaires by Rutter were utilized. Two pediatricians carried out semi-structured interviews of 10-12 minutes for every child and diagnosed their mental state. In part 1 (previously reported), the Japanese version of Rutter's questionnaires was found to be satisfactory for screening, and the diagnostic interview used in this survey was shown to be a reliable tool for the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders of the adolescent. In part 2, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders was studied in the 592 school children who were the subject of the preliminary survey. In the present study, a total of 1,992 children from 5 junior high schools in Gunma prefecture were surveyed cross-sectionally of whom 1,672 (84.3%) screened negative, and 312 (15.7%) positive. The positives and a part of the negatives were randomly selected for interviews, and were diagnosed as to whether they have psychiatric disorders or not by the criteria of Rutter. The overall prevalence rate of diagnosed psychiatric disorders in these school children was 14.8%, (20.1% for males and 8.3% for females). The prevalence rate is significantly higher in males than in females. Disorders diagnosed were classified into emotional, conduct, and mixed disorder, based on Rutter's classification. No cases of schizophrenia and anorexia nervosa were found here as well as in the preliminary survey. The ratio of emotional to conduct disorders was 1.9. Prevalence of conduct disorder in females was one seventh that in males. This study also revealed that the questionnaire method is effective for screening for psychiatric disorders in children, but is not sufficient for differentiating types of disorders. Therefore the diagnostic interview was shown to be useful not only for epidemiological surveys but also for mental health services.     

深圳市中小学生道路交通伤害流行病学分析

目的了解深圳市中小学生道路交通伤害特点,为预防和控制中小学生道路交通伤害提供参考依据。方法采取分层整群抽样的方法,抽取深圳市21所中、小学校全体在校生27 175名,利用《广东省中小学生交通伤害调查问卷》进行调查。结果2007年深圳市中小学生道路交通伤害的发生率为5.1%,男生略高于女生(P<0.01);小学生、初中生伤害的发生率均高于高中生(P<0.05)。交通伤害的发生以骑车上学最高,占6.2%;发生地点主要在人行道占29.4%;住宅区道路占18.1%。受伤部位以四肢为主,达61.8%。伤害性质以擦伤、扭伤为主,占61.3%。受伤害的学生中有15.0%出现功能障碍。结论深圳市中小学生交通伤害以小学和初中为主,骑乘自行车引发的交通伤害最多,肇事车辆以脚踏车为主,但小型机动车造成的伤害程度较重。     

贫困县学龄前儿童睡眠问题流行病学调研

目的:了解农村贫困地区儿童睡眠状况,探讨提高农村儿童睡眠质量的措施。方法:应用澳大利亚悉尼大学儿童睡眠中心临床问卷的中国修订版,对国家级贫困县750名学龄前儿童的睡眠状况进行调研。结果:睡眠障碍总时点发病率为33.07%,位于京沪两地之间;睡眠障碍症状发病率前6位依次为:入睡困难(16.53%);张口呼吸(6.40%),睡眠不安(6.27%),磨牙(6.00%),遗尿(5.60%),肢体抽动(3.87%)。儿童患呼吸系统疾病、母亲有睡眠障碍、父亲吸烟、母亲情绪低落、儿童睡眠姿势异常、孩子的家庭关系、母亲职业等是发生睡眠障碍的主要影响因素。结论:儿童睡眠障碍发病率存在着地区差异;有效防治儿童呼吸系统疾病,应作为近期降低贫困地区儿童睡眠障碍发病率的首要措施;有关部门应大力宣传吸烟有害健康,进一步做好妇幼保健工作,为儿童提供良好的生活和睡眠环境。     

制鞋业生产工人肌肉骨骼疾患的流行病学调查

目的通过调查制鞋业生产人员工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患(WMSDs)发病情况,探讨可能的相关影响因素。方法选择285名制鞋业生产人员进行肌肉骨骼疾患与相关因素的流行病学调查,应用多因素Logistic回归分析方法探讨其主要影响因素。结果制鞋业生产人员WMSDs患病率为49.8%,患病率居前三位的部位为颈部、肩部和下背(腰部),且该患病率有随工龄增加而上升的趋势(P0.05)。Logistic逐步回归分析结果显示,颈部和下背(腰部)WMSDs的影响因素涉及工效学负荷、心理状态和劳动组织等方面。结论制鞋业生产人员WMSDs发生可能与工效学负荷、心理状态、工作组织等有关。     

Prevalence of risk for type 2 diabetes in school children

Abstract: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1 in 3 children born in 2000 in the United States will become diabetic. The odds are higher for African American and Hispanic children as nearly 50% of them will develop diabetes. Random screening is not effective in identifying children at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); therefore, there is a need to apply screening strategies that guide the development of appropriate primary prevention efforts. To assess the prevalence of risk factors for T2DM, 1066 fifth-grade children were screened using American Diabetes Association guidelines. Overall, 22.6% were found at risk; African American and Hispanic children were almost 8 times more likely to be at risk when compared to Caucasians (odds ratio = 7.41 and 7.87). Children who reported watching TV/playing video games 2 or more hours/day were 73% more likely to be at risk. Children identified to be at risk were referred to their primary care provider and were invited to participate in a counseling session. The environmental risk factors for T2DM identified in this study are modifiable and should be targeted in preventive interventions at the school and community level to reduce overweight and consequently prevent T2DM in children, especially among minority children. (J Sch Health. 2006;76(5):189-194)     

绍兴地区3~6岁儿童单纯性肥胖的流行病学调查

目的 了解绍兴地区3~6岁儿童单纯性肥胖的流行特征及其影响因素, 为肥胖儿的早期干预提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法选取本地区17 640 名学龄前儿童作为研究对象, 进行相关的体格测量、评价和问卷调查。结果 17 640名学龄前儿童中, 单纯性肥胖检出率为4.92 %, 男童为5.72%, 女童为4.04%, 差异有统计学意义(χ²=50.111, P<0.01);超重检出率为11.05 %, 男童为10.96%, 女童为11.52%, 无性别差异(χ²=1.703, P>0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析显示:出生体重, 纯母乳喂养持续时间, 看电视时间, 母亲BMI, 进食速度, 甜食摄入频率与肥胖的发生关系密切。结论 本地区学龄前儿童肥胖和超重的检出率处于较高水平。应加强对肥胖和超重的学龄前儿童的综合管理和早期干预, 降低肥胖和超重的发生率。     

Prevalence of exercise-induced asthma in school children

BACKGROUND: Although asthma is the most common pulmonary condition in pediatrics, the incidence of exercise-induced asthma (EIA) in school children is not well documented and few studies have been devoted to the condition. There are considerable variations in morbidity and mortality between countries. This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of EIA in children in the 6th grade (11-14 year-olds) in one French department (Haute-Vienne) and to identify undiagnosed cases. METHODS: The representative sample was obtained over a period of 28 days (February 2(nd) to April 10(th) 1998) by cluster sampling method, stratified by size of the schools. The number of subjects planned was 891. The selected children filled in a questionnaire on their asthma history and were subjected to an outdoor exercise test (6 minute run). Respiratory function was measured with a peak flow-meter. RESULTS: Seven hundred and eighty two school children were included in this survey. Participation rate was 87.8%. The prevalence of asthma from the questionnaire was 10.7% (CI 95%: 8.7 - 12.8). After exercise, 68 school children presented exercise-induced bronchospasm: the prevalence of the EIA was 8.7% (CI 95%: 6.9 - 10.5). Among these 68 school children, 27 were known asthmatics and 41 were not. With the 10 treated asthmatics, the overall prevalence of EIA was therefore estimated at 9.9% (CI 95%: 8.2 - 11.7). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of asthma and EIA was close to that found in other studies using a similar methodology. EIA remains under-diagnosed since 41 undeclared asthmatic school children were identified in our population. Nurses'information is necessary to initiate the use of systematically testing respiratory function (with a peak flow meter) at least once a year. Efficient management of the asthmatic child requires cooperation between the various professionals dealing with school children.     

济南市一起高中生肺结核聚集性疫情分析

了解学生肺结核患者疫情传播及播散的促发因素,为提出相应的防治对策提供依据.方法 对首发病例及疫情前期处理进行回顾调查,并通过现场流行病学调查进一步探讨疫情扩大的影响因素.结果 共发现肺结核44例,2014年发病28例,其中与2013年首发病例同班的占57.14%,同宿舍的占28.57%;44例肺结核病例中,共有25例来自同一班级,该班级的学生患肺结核风险是来自其他班级学生的60.31倍(x2=638.00,P<0.05);首发病例延误诊断、密切接触者缺乏后续监测和随访、年级分班及学生居住环境恶劣是疫情扩散的影响因素.结论 及早发现和控制传染源,合理确定开展结核菌素试验的时间和次数,加强针对密切接触者的后续监测,改善学生居住环境,是预防学校结核病疫情聚集性发生的重要措施.     

一起学校细菌性痢疾暴发疫情流行病学调查

分析学校发生的一起细菌性痢疾暴发疫情状况,并采用脉冲凝胶电泳(PFGE)方法对致病菌株进行同源性分析,为今后此类疫情的防控提供经验.方法 开展现场流行病学调查,采用描述和分析流行病学的方法对暴发原因进行分析,同时开展病原学检测,运用PFGE对分离的菌株进行同源性分析.结果 此次疫情波及2所学校,即A中学和B小学.共发现病例358例(疑似病例291例,确诊病例67例),其中A中学233例,罹患率为4.82%;B小学125例,罹患率为2.88%,均为学生.从37例患者的粪便中共检出20株宋内志贺菌;对23株宋内志贺菌进行PFGE分析,发现A中学和B小学的菌株分型为同一带型.饮用直饮水生水是该次疫情发生的主要危险因素(OR=2.04,95%CI=1.18~3.53),但不排除与相似症状病人接触和不洁的生活习惯是可能危险因素.结论 在学校开学之际落实各项菌痢防控措施,提高学校卫生工作质量非常重要.     

一起学校B型流感暴发的流行病学调查

2009年4月15-29日,红安县二程镇桐柏中学陆续出现100余例流感样病例。4月27日20时05分接疫情报告后,红安县疾病预防控制中心立即组织专业人员赶赴现场进行流行病学调查处理,根据现场流行病学、病原学和临床表现调查结果判断,这起疫情为一起B型流感局部暴发。现将调查结果分析如下。     

Prevalence of congenital abnormalities in Turkish school children

19750 school children, ages 6 to 15 years, were examined by the authors of this study. 1,220 (6.18%) had congenital abnormalities. In this group, 4.23% were boys and 1.88% were girls. Case histories revealed inbreeding amongst the parents (families) of children with congenital malformation to be 8.9% and 8.2% for the rest of the families in this study. There were 27 different congenital abnormalities identified, with prevalence rates of 0.05/1,000 to 15.85/1,000. The most prevalent abnormalities were umbilical hernia (15.85/1000), inguinal hernia (14.50/1,000), pectus carinatum and excavatum (7.68/1,000), undescended testes (9.00/1,000 boys), congenital nevus (3.54/1,000), retractile testis (4.45/1,000 boys), pilonidal sinus (2.63/1,000), pes planus (2.28/1,000), and hemangioma (1.16/1,000). Of the 19,750 children, 70 had multiple anomalies (3.75/1,000).     

一起山区学校水源性细菌性痢疾暴发现场流行病学调查

目的 对一起水源性痢疾暴发进行流行病学调查,以查明疫情的暴发原因和来源,为采取相应的控制措施提供依据.方法 建立病例定义,随机选择对照,开展病例对照研究和全人群对照研究,比较其饮水及饮食方面的差异.开展卫生学调查,明确疫情发生原因.结果 共搜索病例85例,喝生水为该次疫情发生的危险因素(OR=2.93,95％ CI=1.39～6.20).2所学校共用同一水源,雨天河水被粪便污染,进入备用储水池,发病高峰前3天有降雨.结论 2所学校为共同的同一水源被宋内细菌污染致细菌性痢疾暴发,通过加强消毒与健康教育等措施可控制疫情.     

贵州省健康人群流行性乙型脑炎血清流行病学调查

目的 调查贵州省健康人群流行性乙型脑炎（乙脑）中和抗体水平。方法 采用分层随机抽样的方法,在乙脑流行季节采集6个市（州）8个年龄组健康人群血清共960份,应用蚀斑减少中和试验法检测乙脑中和抗体。结果 960名调查对象中乙脑中和抗体阳性率为64.69%,几何平均滴度（GMT）为1∶30.32。男、女性乙脑中和抗体阳性率分别为59.82%、68.77%（χ2 = 8.364, P = 0.004）;不同年龄乙脑中和抗体阳性率在52.50%～84.17%之间（χ2 = 35.893, P＜0.001）,GMT在1∶20.00～1∶41.40之间（χ2 = 22.207, P = 0.002）,其中中和抗体阳性率最低为＜ 1岁组,最高为＞40岁组,GMT最低为11～15岁组,最高为＞40岁组;不同地区乙脑中和抗体GMT在1∶18.62～1∶43.66之间（χ2 = 56.581, P＜0.001）。结论 贵州省健康人群乙脑中和抗体水平总体较低,应加强乙脑监测,提高人群免疫水平,尤其是应加强对学龄儿童和青少年的免疫接种工作。     

Prevalence of asthma among Emirates school children

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of asthma among United Arab Emirates school children aged 6–14 years. A cross-sectional study of 850 school children living in both urban and as that seen in the children. Prevalence rate of asthma rural areas (average age 9.36±2.11 years, 46.8% boys and 53.2% girls) was conducted using self-administered questionnaires between October 1992 and May 1993. The population sample had a high prevalence rate of diagnosed asthma (13.6%), breathlessness or tightness in chest (9.7%), allergic rhinitis (22.9%), and nocturnal cough (8.9%). Allergic rhinitis was the most frequently seen respiratory symptoms. The frequency of asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema among parents reflected the same pattern was not significantly higher in fathers (5.9%) than in mothers (5.3%). The differences between the sexes were not significant in any of the age group studied for any of the allergic conditions, except for diagnosed asthma in which the prevalence rate in males was significantly higher than that in females. On the whole, the prevalence rate of all the conditions increased with age. But the frequency of allergic rhinitis symptoms was significantly higher in mothers (16%) than in fathers (10.8%). These results are consistent with those obtained in neighbouring gulf countries and are higher than those of some developed countries, but the differences are not statistically significant.     

Prevalence of obesity among Nigerian school children

The prevalence of obesity among 457 school children in the age group 6-19 years is 3.2% for males and 5.1% for females based on weight for age. 3.7% males and 3.3% females were classified as obese when triceps skinfold thickness was used as the basis of obesity. Preventable socio-economic factors are responsible for the high prevalence of obesity among, Nigerian school children. This the first study of prevalence of obesity among Nigerian school children.     

Prevalence of giardiasis among primary school children

Summary This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasites among primary school children in Northern Jordan. Stool specimens were collected from 1100 children of both sexes from urban and rural schools. A questionnaire covering relevant informations was completed for each child. Wet mount preparation, formaline-ether concentration technique, and trichrome stain were prepared for the recovery and identification of parasites. Giardia lamblia was observed in 396 (36%) of the stool specimens examined. The infection rates were higher in the younger age group where several of them had diarrhoea and reported variable symptoms. The infection rates declined with age and children were asymptomatic. Rates were higher in children from the rural areas, from low income families, and it was higher in boys than girls.
Contaminated drinking water is suspected to be the major potential source of infection. The importance of the asymptomatic cases and the epidemiological factors contributing to the transmission in these areas are discussed.