经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术治疗二尖瓣狭窄合并房颤的疗效

目的　对二尖瓣狭窄 (MS)合并房颤 (Af)患者经皮球囊二尖瓣成形成术 (PBMV)后 3～ 11年的随防资料作回顾性分析 ,以探讨该方法在MS合并房颤 (Af)患者中的中远期疗效及其影响因素。方法　对 1992年 10月～ 2 0 0 0年 12月在我院行PBMV治疗的 60 0例MS患者的资料作回顾性研究 ,合并Af者 2 75例 (Ⅰ组 ) ,其余 3 2 5例为窦性心律者 (Ⅱ组 ) ,随防时间 3年～ 11年 ,平均 ( 5 .3± 3 .9)年。结果　Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组比较 ,中远期再狭窄率分别为 3 2 .3 %和 10 % ,需要药物治疗的心功能不全分别为 2 7%和 3 .6% ,死亡率分别为 1.8%和 0 .9% ,改行开胸换瓣或再次PBMV分别为 8.8%和 1.3 5 % ,脑栓塞分别为 2 .6%和 0 .45 %。结论　PBMV对MS合并Af患者的治疗中远期疗较窦性心律者差 ;总的并发症不高 ,疗效较好 ,预防并发症的发生及取得远期良好疗效的关键是病例选择     

经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术治疗二尖瓣狭窄伴主动脉瓣关闭不全的疗效评价

目的　探讨风湿性心脏病 (RHD)二尖瓣狭窄 (MS)合并轻、中度主动脉瓣关闭不全 (AR)患者行经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术 (PBMV)的效果。方法　将 2 6例MS合并轻、中度AR患者 (A组 )和 34例单纯MS患者 (B组 )的PBMV术后即刻及随访结果作对比研究。结果　A组左心房平均压力(MLAP)从术前 2 3 5± 4 6mmHg降至 11 2± 2 9mmHg(P <0 0 1) ,二尖瓣跨瓣压差 (MVG)从 17 2±7 7mmHg降至 2 3± 2 6mmHg(P <0 0 1) ,二尖瓣口面积 (MVA)从 1 1± 0 2cm2 增至 2 1± 0 2cm2(P <0 0 1) ,左心房内径 (LAD)从 43 3± 5 0mm降至 36 4± 3 7mm(P <0 0 1)。二尖瓣区舒张期杂音消失率为 73%。心功能分级 (NYHA)从术前 2 7± 0 5级改善至 1 1± 0 7级 (P <0 0 1)。随访与术后比较 ,除MVA外各项指标均无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。以上各项参数与B组比较 ,差异均无显著性(P >0 0 5 )。且A组随访左心室内径 (LVD)仍在正常范围 ,亦无主动脉瓣返流增加。结论　对于MS合并轻、中度AR ,PBMV是一种有效和安全的治疗措施 ,应列入PBMV的手术适应症。     

经皮球囊扩张术后即刻电复律治疗二尖瓣狭窄伴心房颤动的临床疗效

1 资料与方法 :32例接受经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术(PBMV术 )的二尖瓣狭窄 (MS)伴心房颤动 (Af)患者 ,女 19例 ,男 13例 ,年龄 ( 32 5± 6 1)岁 ,风湿性心脏病史 2～ 10年 ,Af平均 2 2年 ,一般≤ 3 5年 ;心功能 (NYHA)Ⅰ级 2 2例 ,Ⅱ级 10例 ;单纯二尖瓣狭窄 2 6例 ,合并轻度二尖瓣关闭不全和 (或 )轻度主动脉瓣关闭不全 6例 ;胸前超声心动图对二尖瓣病变Wilkin′s法评分在 7～ 11分 ,食管超声心动图排除左房血栓 ;对照组 2 6例MS伴Af的Wilkin′s评分与复律组一样。两组PBMV术均采用改良Inove单球囊扩张法。术前、后 4 8～ 72h分别测…     

二尖瓣狭窄伴房颤球囊扩张术术前抗凝及术后复律探讨

对 2 6例二尖瓣狭窄 (MS)合并心房颤动 (Af)患者 ,在行经皮球囊二尖瓣扩张术 (PBMV)前给大剂量肝素短程抗凝 ,并对其中 1 9例在术后即给予同步直流电复律。结果　二尖瓣口面积 (MVA)由 0 92± 0 2cm2 扩大至 1 95± 0 3 7cm2 ,左房平均压 (LAP)由 3 1 2± 1 2 7kPa降至 1 4 2± 0 85kPa,而左房内径 (LAD)由 52 7± 8 1mm缩小至 4 2 5± 5 9mm。 2 6例均无血栓栓塞并发症及出血并发症 ;1 9例术后即刻行同步电复律者 1 5例 ( 78 9% )复律成功。     

带栓经皮球囊导管二尖瓣成形术

<正> 风湿性心脏二尖瓣狭窄(MS)患者,常合并心房纤颤(Af).此时左心房血栓发生率高达25%.血栓脱落可造成体循环栓塞,被视为经皮球囊导管二尖瓣成形术(PBMV)的禁忌症.我院从1988年至今行PBMV 503例,对17例MS合并Af,并证实左心房血栓存在的患者抗凝治疗后,带栓进行PBMV 12例,现报告如下:     

二尖瓣狭窄伴心房颤动球囊二尖瓣成形术前抗凝及术后复律的临床探讨

对26例二尖瓣狭窄（MS）合并心房颤动（Af）的患者在行经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术（PBMV）前给大剂量肝素短程抗凝，并对其中19例在术后即给予同步直流电复律，探讨短程抗凝后PBMV的可能性及PBMV术后即刻电复律的影响因素。其结果表明：本组26例二尖瓣口面积（MVA）由0．92±0．2cm2扩大至1．95±0．37cm2，左房平均压（LAP）由3．12±1．27kPa降至1．42±0．85kPa，而左房内径（LAD）由52．7±8．1mm缩至42．5±5．9mm，26例均无血栓栓塞并发症及出血并发症；其中19例术后即刻行同步电复律者15例复律成功，成功率为78．9％。认为：MS合并Af患者PBMV术前大剂量肝素短程抗凝可缩短术前准备时间并达到预防血栓栓塞之目的，同时在Af病程较短、无巨大左房、球囊充盈程度良好、LAP下降显著、较好地控制心室率等因素基础上，可在PBMV术后即刻给予同步直流电复律。     

老年与中青年二尖瓣狭窄患者经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术治疗效果比较

目的：比较经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术（ PBMV）治疗老年与中青年二尖瓣狭窄的效果。方法二尖瓣狭窄患者491例,按照年龄分为老年组（96例,≥60岁）及中青年组（395例,≤60岁）,两组均行PBMV,观察近期及远期疗效;采用Cox多因素回归分析远期发生心功能Ⅲ级及以上合并不良事件的影响因素。结果老年组最后扩张直径为（24．9±1．12）cm、术后左房压为（16．2±5．2）mmHg、术后即刻二尖瓣口面积（MVA）为（1．91±0．22）cm2,中青年组分别为（25．4±1．35）cm、（15．1±4．1）mmHg、（2．01±0．18）cm2,两组比较,P均＜0．05。老年组及中青年组发生不良事件合并心功能Ⅲ级及以上者分别为29例（34．1％）、77例（21．3％）,两组比较,P＜0．05。老年组MVA、心功能评分分别为（1．61±0．21）cm2、（2．07±0．77）分,中青年组分别为（1．67±0．21）cm2、（1．80±0．77）分,两组比较,P均＜0．05。 Cox多因素回归分析显示房颤、术前心功能、Wilkins积分、即刻MVA、术后平均左房压、术后二尖瓣反流程度为远期不良事件合并心功能Ⅲ级及以上的影响因素。结论与青壮年相比,老年人行PBMV同样安全有效,尽管心功能改善程度不如青壮年,但年龄不是PBMV的限制因素。     

68例二尖瓣狭窄合并轻度主动脉瓣关闭不全患者经皮球囊形成术后5年随访结果分析

目的评价经皮二尖瓣球囊形成术(PBMV)对二尖瓣狭窄合并轻度主动脉瓣关闭不全患者的安全性和有效性。方法对68例二尖瓣狭窄合并轻度主动脉瓣关闭不全患者行PBMV,术后随访5年,平均随访时间(5.4±1.2)年,内容包括心胸比率、超声心动图及心功能评价。结果PBMV术前、术后一周二尖瓣口面积(MVA)分别为(1.16±0.30)cm2与(2.21±0.52)cm2,术后MVA明显增加P＜0.001;术后5年MVA(2.07±0.43)cm2,较术后一周MVA减少,仍比术前大,P＜0.001;PBMV前、后左心室舒张末期内径为(4.26±0.50)cm,(4.58±0.44)cm,术后5年为(4.85±0.47)cm2,术后及5年随访与术前分别比较无显著性差异,P均大于0.05;PBMV术前后及5年随访主动脉瓣返流峰值压差分别为(60.00±35.54)mmHg,(58.51±38.71)mmHg,(62.44±34.67)mmHg,术后一周及5年与术前比较无显著性差异。术前后心胸比率分别为(0.56±0.06)、(0.55±0.05)与(0.54±0.06),术后心脏无显著扩大。PBMV术后心功能改善一个级别以上占91.2%,能维持Ⅰ～Ⅱ级心功能5年者占83.8%,5年总生存率98.5%。4例二尖瓣钙化,瓣下结构粘连纤维化严重的患者和3例合并中重度三尖瓣关闭不全患者,PBMV术后心功能无改善而转外科行瓣膜置换术,或加做三尖瓣环缩术,1例青年患者在随访过程中出现二尖瓣再狭窄而再次PBMV,1例心功能Ⅳ级患者PBMV术后出现重度二尖瓣关闭不全,行瓣膜置换术后死于难以纠正的心力衰竭。结论PBMV对二尖瓣狭窄合并轻度主动脉瓣关闭不全患者是可行的,术后并不加重主动脉瓣返流,也不使左室扩大。瓣膜钙化、瓣下粘连、纤维化严重或伴有中重度三尖瓣关闭不全、心胸比率大于0.60患者,是PBMV反指征。     

再次经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术治疗成形术后再狭窄的疗效观察

目的　评价再次经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术 (PBMV)治疗二尖瓣狭窄PBMV术后再狭窄的临床疗效。方法　采用Inoue法对 2 9例PBMV术后再狭窄患者进行再次PBMV ,并与 2 5 8例首次接受PBMV的患者进行疗效比较。结果　再次PBMV后二尖瓣口面积由 ( 0 98± 0 13)cm2 增至 ( 1 6 5±0 2 4)cm2 (P <0 0 0 1) ,二尖瓣跨瓣压差由 ( 2 6 5± 1 44 )kPa( 1kPa =7 5mmHg)降至 ( 0 79± 0 2 3)kPa(P<0 0 0 1) ,左房平均压由 ( 3 37± 0 6 2 )kPa降至 ( 1 6 6± 0 93)kPa(P <0 0 0 1) ,左房内径由 ( 4 5 2± 0 5 7)cm降至 ( 4 17± 0 5 0 )cm(P <0 0 5 )。再次PBMV组二尖瓣口面积增加值与左房平均压下降值小于首次PBMV组 [分别为 ( 0 6 7± 0 11)cm2 vs( 0 88± 0 32 )cm2 (P <0 0 5 )与 ( 1 71± 0 88)kPavs( 1 94± 0 5 6 )kPa(P <0 0 5 ) ]。再次PBMV组无心包填塞、死亡发生 ,主要并发症为重度二尖瓣反流 2例。结论只要选择合适病例 ,再次PBMV术仍可取得显著的即刻血流动力学改善 ,是PBMV术后再狭窄患者的一种安全而有效的治疗方法。     

风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者球囊扩张术后6个月疗效观察

目的　评价经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术 (PBMV)在老年及瓣膜钙化程度重的患者中的 6个月效果。　方法　选择我院行PBMV患者 6 82例 ,以血液动力学评价术前及术后即刻左房压、肺动脉平均压、二尖瓣跨瓣压差及二尖瓣瓣口面积 ;超声心动图评价术前和术后 6个月二尖瓣口面积及跨瓣压差。　结果　PBMV有效缓解二尖瓣口的机械性狭窄 ,引起左房压、二尖瓣跨瓣压 ,肺动脉压力下降及二尖瓣口面积 (MVA)增加 ,两组患者均获益 ,老年组分别平均下降 (9 1± 1 1)mmHg、(10 9± 2 2 )mmHg、(9 1± 1 5 )mmHg、MVA增加 (0 5 2± 0 16 )cm2 ;非老年组分别为 (8 9± 2 4 )mmHg、(7 3± 0 8)mmHg、(7 3± 2 3)mmHg、MVA增加 (0 6 6± 0 11)cm2 。超声随访结果显示 ,PBMV疗效稳定。　结论　PBMV较为明显的改善二尖瓣狭窄症状 ,具有微创、低风险的特点。适用于瓣膜钙化重、条件差和高危围术期而不适合二尖瓣置换术的老年患者。     

Floppy mitral valve, mitral valve prolapse, and mitral valvular regurgitation

Opinion statement  

Mid-systolic click and mitral valve prolapse following mitral commissurotomy

Five patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis were observed to have mid-systolic clicks with murmurs of mitral regurgitation at various intervals after mitral commissurotomy. In two patients echocardiography showed an unusually rapid posterior deflection of the mitral valve coinciding exactly with a systolic nonejection click. It is speculated that the shortened, fused chordae tendineae, compromised by mitral commissurotomy, rigidly hold the valve leaflets fixed at the onset of systole. During systole, ventricular conformational changes, in the face of marginal coaptation of thickened and fibrotic mitral leaflets, allow the mitral valve to be forced abruptly towards the left atrium with great velocity. This is manifested by a loud systolic click and, in some patients, a near vertical posterior systolic deflection of the mitral valve on the echocardiogram. The systolic click may occur without echocardiographic or angiographic evidence of mitral valve prolapse. Unusually loud mid-systolic clicks can be heard in patients with rheumatic heart disease after mitral commissurotomy and may be accompanied by a distinctive echocardiographic appearance of the mitral valve.     

Floppy mitral valve/mitral valve prolapse and genetics

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a defect in the mitral valve where a redundancy of valve tissue is associated with a variety of clinical expressions, ranging from an isolated mild bulging of the mitral valve to a severe prolapse of the mitral valve with extensive mitral regurgitation. As the natural history and complications of MVP are not always benign, it seems essential to strive for the proper management of these patients. The identification of functionally related genes could provide helpful clues and increase the present understanding of the pathogenesis of MVP, with the ultimate goal of developing targeted therapies. The genetics of MVP can be divided into two parts: (i) Genetics in floppy mitral valve/MVP; and (ii) genetics in heritable connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, polycystic kidney, etc.) associated with floppy mitral valve. Herein, the known genetic aspects of MVP are described, according to the above-mentioned scheme.     

经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术治疗二尖瓣狭窄伴中度返流

目的　探讨经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术 (PBMV)治疗二尖瓣狭窄 (MS)伴中度二尖瓣返流(MR)的近、远期疗效。方法　采用自制二尖瓣球囊导管治疗MS伴中度MR患者 6 2例 ,其中二尖瓣膜明显增厚、钙化者 7例 ,对左室最大前后径、二尖瓣口面积、左房平均压、二尖瓣跨瓣压差及心功能(NYHA分级 )等主要指标随访观察 12～ 36个月。结果　术后二尖瓣口面积明显增大 [(0 83± 0 18)cm2 比 (1 86± 0 2 4 )cm2 ,P <0 0 1],左房平均压 [(32± 8)mmHg比 (13± 8)mmHg ,P <0 0 1,1mmHg=0 133kPa]及二尖瓣跨瓣压差 [(18± 9)mmHg比 (5± 3)mmHg ,P <0 0 1]明显降低 ,心功能明显改善 [(2 81± 0 2 4 )级比 (1 4 6± 0 37)级 ,P <0 0 1],左室最大前后径无显著改变 [(4 5± 4 )mm比 (4 6± 4 )mm ,P >0 0 5 ]。对左室最大前后径、二尖瓣口面积及心功能等指标随访观察 12～ 36个月均无明显改变。结论　选择合适病例 ,严格把握球囊扩张终点 ,风湿性二尖瓣狭窄并中度返流患者PBMV的近、远期疗效显著。     

Effect of atrial fibrillation and mitral regurgitation on calculated mitral valve area in mitral stenosis

Forty-nine patients with mitral stenosis (MS) were studied by Doppler echocardiography and 2-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography to assess the ability of Doppler ultrasound to accurately measure mitral valve orifice area and to assess whether atrial fibrillation (AF) or mitral regurgitation (MR) affected the calculation. Twenty-four patients underwent cardiac catheterization. Mitral valve area by Doppler was determined by the pressure half-time method. Mean mitral valve area of all 49 patients by Doppler and 2-D echocardiography correlated well (r = 0.90). There was good correlation between Doppler and 2-D echocardiography in patients with pure MS in sinus rhythm (r = 0.88), in patients with MR (r = 0.93) and in patients with AF (r = 0.96). In the 7 patients with pure MS in sinus rhythm, there was good correlation between Doppler, 2-D echocardiography and cardiac catheterization (r = 0.95). In patients with either MR or AF, cardiac catheterization appeared to underestimate mitral valve orifice compared with both Doppler and 2-D echocardiography (p less than 0.05). Doppler echocardiography can estimate valve area in patients with MS regardless of the presence of MR or AF.     

Cleft mitral leaflets and severe mitral regurgitation: Testing the limits of percutaneous mitral valve repair

Repair of mitral regurgitation (MR) with the MitraClip device (Abbot Vascular, Menlo Park, CA) to treat degenerative MR is associated with improved acute and long‐term outcomes. There is an increasing adoption of the device and operators are now testing the limits of the therapy even for unfavorable anatomies. Isolated cleft mitral leaflets are rare but represent a challenge to percutaneous repair. We present two cases of successful repair of severe MR and cleft mitral leaflets. In the first case, a 52‐year‐old male with a dilated cardiomyopathy and an ejection fraction (EF) of 15% presented in decompensated heart failure. Workup revealed a pseudo‐cleft anterior mitral leaflet and a cleft posterior leaflet. A strategy to treat the restricted posterior leaflet lateral of the posterior cleft with a provisional second clip resulted in trace residual MR with only one clip, and an EF improvement to 50% at 2‐month follow‐up. In the second case, an 80‐year‐old male with a history of obstructive CAD with a normal EF but severe MR and a restricted anterior leaflet presented with severe shortness of breath. An initial strategy to grasp the middle of the valve was unsuccessful due to the cleft. Instead, two clips were placed side‐by‐side on either side of the cleft resulting in trivial residual MR. Despite challenging anatomy percutaneous repair can allow for dramatic reduction in MR, resulting in significant left ventricular remodeling and improvement of EF and cardiac output.