鼻咽癌放射治疗野中野设计的探讨

背景与目的：鼻咽癌放射治疗,面颈联合野已作为标准的射野设计,用一个中心半束射野解决了面颈联合野与颈部切线野的衔接问题,但面颈联合野内存在剂量冷点与热点,剂量均匀性差。因此本研究希望就鼻咽癌放射治疗面颈联合野中进行野中野的设计作一些探讨。方法：在设计半束照射面颈联合野时,使野的下部最大剂量保持在105%左右,再在野的上部加射野的设计方案。结果：根据治疗计划系统（treatment planning system,TPS）计算,由于是一个中心的半束射野,面颈联合野与颈部切线野的衔接处无冷热点,在面颈联合野内加入野中野和颈部切线野,故比用两个中心设计的,面颈联合野与颈部切线野,技术员摆位更简单,更准确。其剂量分布比单一的面颈联合野更均匀,更合理。95%的等剂量线包容颅底及鼻咽处肿瘤体积（gross tumor volume,GTV）时,下颈及口咽部最高点剂量为105%左右,而且高剂量区容积也小。结论：用一个中心半束面颈联合野中野和颈部切线野方法照射,比单一面颈联合野照射时,剂量分布更均匀,更合理,比两个中心面颈联合野与颈部切线野照射时,技术员摆位更简单,衔接处的剂量更准确。     

放射治疗计划系统在鼻咽癌面颈联合野与颈前切线野衔接中的应用

目的：利用放射治疗计划系统（TPS）对鼻咽癌面颈联合野与颈前切线野进行射野衔接,观察射野衔接处的剂量分布。方法：选择一例鼻咽癌患者,通过CT模拟定位,利用TPS进行鼻咽癌面颈联合野与颈前切线野间的射野衔接。使得射野衔接处剂量均匀,同时模拟计算鼻咽癌常规定位时相邻射野重叠或留空1 mm,2 mm,3 mm,4 mm,5 mm时衔接处的剂量。均给予第一阶段处方剂量36 Gy/18次,分析射野衔接处感兴趣区域（ROI）的剂量分布情况。结果：相邻射野重叠1 mm～5 mm,ROI接受120%处方剂量的体积≥10%,135%处方剂量的体积≥5%,Dmax为处方剂量的143%～148%。脊髓的最大剂量几乎没有影响,其变化幅度≤0.5%。脊髓的V36增加约3%;相邻射野留空1 mm～5 mm,ROI的D95从36Gy降到24.1 Gy,降幅为33%。结论：利用TPS进行鼻咽癌面颈联合野与颈前切线野的衔接,可以保证射野衔接处的剂量均匀性,避免出现严重的剂量冷点及热点,确保靶区内剂量,较好地保护部分正常组织。     

独立准直器位置精度对半野联合处剂量的影响

目的:介绍在乳腺癌和鼻咽癌放射治疗中的单一等中心半野联合放疗技术,并对独立准直器位置精度对半野联合处剂量的影响进行研究,提出对策.方法:用带独立准直器的直线加速器,以一个等中心,上下半野技术照射体模,用胶片剂量仪分析半野衔接处剂量分布情况,并将研究结果应用于乳腺癌和鼻咽癌病人的放射治疗.结果:受加速器独立准直器位置精度的影响,半野衔接处可能存在最大不超过2mm的过剂量区或欠剂量区.如果消除该系统误差的影响,则半野衔接处可得到均匀的剂量分布.结论:单一等中心半野联合照射,半野衔接处处于照射靶区,必须重视独立准直器位置精度对衔接处剂量的影响,并加以修正.     

鼻咽癌放疗采用非共面多野适形照射所致剂量学优劣对比

目的:对于鼻咽癌放疗病人进行三维适形、非共面多野适形和调强放射治疗三种方式比较,分析其各自优缺点,指导临床应用。方法:收集病人资料,经CT定位后通过计划系统设计。三维适形计划设计给于病人面颈联合野对穿照射后缩小范围避开脊髓对穿照射同时加照电子线野,达到预防量后再次缩小照射范围并对原发灶区域放疗至根治量;非共面多野适形计划设计在三维适形面颈联合野基础上加照鼻前野和颅顶野,避免使用X线与电子线衔接照射,达到预防量后缩小范围对原发灶加量;调强计划设计使用逆向治疗计划设计,给于目标组织一定的剂量与体积后计算,通过调整使各靶区或正常组织精确受量,提供优于传统放疗的靶区剂量覆盖和正常组织保护。结果:分析计划数据可见,三维适形计划中靶区剂量均匀性欠佳,对于腮腺无法起到保护作用;非共面多野适形计划靶区均匀性优于前者且对于腮腺有较好保护,但对于脑组织和视觉系统存在一定损伤,由于入射路径较长引发随机性放射损伤概率增加;调强放射治疗计划在靶区内剂量均匀性和正常组织受量可控性方面均优于前二者。结论:三维适形放射治疗使用广泛而操作简便,但不存在剂量学优势,非共面多野适形照射技术存在一定缺陷,但剂量学优于三维适形计划,调强放疗计划对于剂量的全面精确性控制,证明其应用于鼻咽癌放疗的绝对优势地位。     

正交电子束和X射线照射野衔接的剂量学分析

正交电子野和光子野衔接区域,一定会有剂量热点和冷点出现,剂量分布不均匀程度与治疗机的物理参数直接相关.本文通过测量了Elekta Precise 治疗机和Elekta Synergy 治疗机X射线和电子线的部分剂量学参数,对正交电子束和X(γ)射线照射野的衔接区域内的剂量分布的不均匀程度进行了定量分析,提出用扩展光子野半影的方法来降低剂量分布的不均匀程度,比较了不同治疗机条件下衔接区域内的剂量分布.结果表明,无论是在未扩展光子野半影的情况下,还是在扩展了光子野半影的情况下,与使用Elekta Precise 治疗机相比,使用光子射野半影较小的Elekta Synergy 治疗机,电子野与光子野衔接区域内的剂量不均匀程度更强.     

全脑全脊髓照射技术的改进

目的:介绍全脑全脊髓放射治疗的一种新技术。方法:患者采用仰卧位,在整体定位板上做颈肩和体膜固定,行CT扫描定位,将图像传输治疗计划系统,进行三维重建。按照全脑全脊髓照射的要求勾画靶区,设计治疗计划,调整剂量分布。治疗前行CBCT扫描,进行在线的体位验证。结果:通过计划系统进行剂量计算,可以直观显示靶区的剂量分布并加以调整,计划照射野衔接处没有明显的剂量冷点和热点出现体位验证结果符合临床要求;通过CBCT在线验证,保证位置准确。结论:全脑全脊髓放射治疗采用了仰卧位热塑膜固定,较传统的俯卧位使患者更舒适,治疗过程中体位容易保持,确保治疗的准确;CT模拟定位方法,较传统的模拟机定位简单易行,且定位精确;用计划系统计算剂量分布并进行调整,使靶区剂量分布均匀,避免照射野衔接处剂量分布出现冷、热点。     

一种全颅全脊髓适形照射野的布野方案

目的:探讨一种简便易行、剂量准确性高的全颅全脊髓的适形照射的布野方案。方法:100多例髓母细胞瘤患者,俯卧位躺在特制的头颅固定器和真空负压袋上,进行CT模拟定位,在头颅放置3个标记点作为全颅野照射中心,进床30 cm左右作为全脊髓野的照射中心,通过多次改变全颅野的下界和脊髓野的上界来保证照射野内的剂量准确性。结果:经过上述方法设计的治疗方案,使得全颅全脊髓的放射治疗剂量分布精确,操作方便并且定位时间不长,临床疗效好。治疗时不在一个点上接野,确保脊髓的剂量无冷热点。结论:适形移动的全颅全脊髓的治疗技术操作方便,定位时间短,剂量分布准确,临床疗效好,副作用小,值得推广。     

半野技术结合非共面照射技术在乳腺癌胸锁联合照射中的应用

目的：介绍一种乳腺癌适形放疗中新的射野衔接技术,以保证乳腺癌患者放疗时锁骨上区域与胸壁区域靶区剂量均匀衔接,并降低治疗计划设计与实施中的操作复杂度。方法：选取一例乳腺癌胸锁联合照射病人,锁骨上靶区采用半野照射技术,胸壁靶区采用非共面切线野照射技术,使上下两组照射野在射野衔接处相切。使用直线加速器6MV-X射线照射靶区,处方剂量设置为50Gy包绕95％靶区体积,使用治疗计划系统计算三维剂量分布。结果：半野照射技术结合非共面照射技术应用于乳腺癌胸锁联合照射时,在治疗计划系统上显示处方剂量在射野衔接处均匀衔接,50Gy处方剂量等剂量线平滑,剂量线未见明显的凹陷和突出现象,无剂量冷热点出现。结论：半野照射技术联合非共面照射技术用于乳腺癌胸锁联合照射。在TPS上演示显示使用该方法能够使相邻射野剂量均匀衔接,适用于胸壁部分靶区头脚方向长度大于20cm的患者放射治疗需求,且使用方法较传统方法更加简单易行,值得推广,临床实际使用中建议使用验证手段来保障该技术的可靠性。     

鼻咽癌调强常用布野方案剂量学比较

目的:分析在鼻咽癌逆向调强(IMRT)中两组鼻咽癌患者,用均匀9野、7野及7野非共面调强在相同条件下的剂量学差异。方法:选取28例鼻咽癌病例,分成两组,其中9野调强14例,7野调强14例,对其分别采用各自组中相同的物理调强参数,在TPS上计算需对比的设野方案计划,然后试图探讨相同计划下不同设野对靶区和重要器官的影响。结果:两组病患调强结果显示,非共面7野的靶区的最高剂量要稍大于9野,最小剂量要低于9野,7野的适形度要略差于9野,但两者差异几乎不明显,对于危及器官,9野与7野没有明显差异,在统计意义上没有显著意义。结论:对于鼻咽癌肿瘤病人,9野和7野调强在各自的条件约束下都能完成较好的计划,靶区适形度和靶区覆盖率也相差不大,综合考虑物理及生物效应,对于靶区较大的病患建议使用9野调强,对于需要特别保护晶体,7野非共面计划比较合理,对于较小肿瘤用7野照射计划相对效益更高,但总的来说照射野角度的不同对计划的影响并没有想象中那么明显,物理优化条件的好坏几乎决定了计划本身的质量。     

楔形野剂量计算中的误差分析和修正

目的研究楔形野剂量计算中的误差,并探讨解决方法.材料与方法在10MV和6MVX线条件下,用NEFarmer25710.6cc指形电离室和三维水箱在水模中测出平野和楔形野的各种参数,并用二种方法计算剂量,结果与实侧值比较.结果实测数据显示Pdd和Scp在平野和楔形野情况下存在差异.楔形因子因此随深度而变化,变化程度受射线能量、楔形板规格影响.与实测值比较,用传统方法计算楔形野剂量的结果存在误差,误差大小与能量、野面积、深度有关.6MVX线、15×15野、20cm深度处的计算误差可达11%.而用改进的方法进行计算,可将误差控制在1%以内.结论由于忽略了Pdd等物理参数在楔形野条件下的变化,用传统方法计算楔形野剂量存在误差.为保证临床剂量计算的准确性,应在计算公式中加入修正因子.     

Mono- and disynaptic pathways from Forel's field H to dorsal neck motoneurones in the cat

Summary 1. We analysed the synaptic actions produced by Forel's field H (FFH) neurones on dorsal neck motoneurones and the pathways mediating the effects. 2. Stimulation of ipsilateral FFH induced negative field potentials of several hundred microvolts with the latency of about 1.1 ms in the medial ponto-medullary reticular formation, being largest in the ventral part of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (NRPC), and in the dorsal part of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRG). 3. Stimulation of ipsilateral FFH induced excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in 90% (47/52) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in 19% (10/52) of the reticulospinal neurones (RSNs) in the NRPC and the NRG. Latencies of the EPSPs and IPSPs were 0.7–3.0 ms, the majority of which were in the monosynaptic range. The monosynaptic connexions were confirmed by spike triggered averarging technique both in excitatory (n=4) and inhibitory (n=2) pathways. 4. Single stimulation of FFH induced EPSPs at the segmental latencies of 0.3–1.0 ms in neck motoneurones, which were clearly in the monosynaptic range. Repetitive stimulation of FFH produced marked temporal facilitation of EPSPs in neck motoneurones. The facilitated components of the EPSPs had a little longer latencies and their amplitude reached several times as large as that evoked by single stimulation in all the tested motoneurones. These facilitated excitations are assumed to be mediated by RSNs in the NRPC and NRG, since RSNs were mono- and polysynaptically fired by stimulation of FFH and they were previously shown to directly project to neck moteneurones. 5. EPSPs were induced in 91% (82/91) of motoneurones supplying m. biventer cervicis and complexus (BCC; head elevator), 10% (3/29) of motoneurones supplying m. splenius (SPL; lateral head flexor). Eikewise, stimulation of FFH produced EMG responses in BCC muscles, while not in SPL muscle. Thus FFH neurones produce excitations preferentially in BCC motoneurones. 6. Systematic tracking in and around FFH revealed that the effective sites for evoking above effects were in FFH and extended caudally along their efferent axonal course. 7. These results suggested that FFH neurones connect with neck motoneurones (chiefly BCC, head elevator) mono-, diand/or polysynaptically and are mainly concerned with the control of vertical head movements.     

野外条件下耳鼻咽喉头颈外科手术器械消毒灭菌方法

目的探讨在野外条件下耳鼻喉头颈外科手术器械的消毒方法。方法对平时和模拟突发状况中野外条件下耳鼻咽喉手术器械消毒灭菌方法进行分析比较。结果新型野战高价银离子消毒剂的消毒作用迅速有效,TMQ.CV5070P型号的车载脉动真空灭菌器能达到灭菌要求。结论在野外条件下,可用新型野战高价银离子消毒剂对耳鼻咽喉器械进行消毒,车载脉动真空灭菌器可在野战医院作为常规灭菌机器。     

Removal of local field gradient artefacts in BOLD contrast imaging of head and neck tumours

Monitoring of oxygenation in tumours is an important issue in predicting the success of anti-cancer treatments such as radiotherapy. Gradient echo (GE) imaging sequences can be used for monitoring changes in tumour blood flow and oxygenation. However, the application of this method in head and neck tumours is hampered by significant artefacts and losses of the MR signal near air-tissue interfaces. We investigated the usefulness of a gradient-echo slice excitation profile (GESEPI) sequence that should keep the oxygen contrast while recovering the signal loss caused by susceptibility artefacts. A tumour model was implanted in the neck and in the leg of mice. MR imaging was performed at 4.7 T. GE and GESEPI sequences were used for monitoring the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast after carbogen breathing. The pO2 was also monitored in tumours using an OxyLite probe (Oxford Optronics). Using the tumours implanted in the leg, we found that the variations of signal intensity after carbogen breathing were similarin both sequences. In the tumour implanted in the neck, it was possible, using GESEPI sequences, to recover the signal loss caused by susceptibility artefacts and to monitor the effect of carbogen-induced changes in the tumour.     

Proprioception in the neck

Summary Proprioception in the neck was investigated in normal human subjects. Three experiments studied rotation of the head about a vertical axis on the body. Accuracy of pointing, thresholds for detection of passive movement, and control of fine movement were tested. Comparison of the accuracy of pointing at the big toe with the nose and with the arm, showed a smaller scatter of angular misalignments when pointing with the arm. However, the arm pointed systematically off target. Pointing at the target toe by turning the head was not significantly more accurate than aligning the nose and toe by turning the chair and body with the head fixed. The highest threshold found for the detection of the direction of passive movement of the head relative to the body was 1.4° angular displacement. Thresholds were highest at the slowest angular velocity and dropped as angular velocity increased. When the head was turned on the body thresholds were lower than when the body was turned and the head held still. Control of fine angular movements of the head and of the distal phalanx of the right thumb were compared by measuring subjects' accuracy in guiding a cursor through a path on a computer screen by turning the head or moving the thumb. The thumb was found to be better controlled than the head.     

A pin in the neck

We report a unique case of a 40 year old female who presented with recurrent open safety pin aspiration. She had a long history of personality disorder and self-inflicted injury. On two occasions the open pin was removed with the aid of rigid bronchoscopy. However on one occasion a tracheostomy was required for removal of the safety pin.     

Polymorphous hemangioendothelioma of the neck

Polymorphous hemangioendotheliomas are rare, low-grade borderline malignant vascular tumors of endothelial cell origin. To the best of our knowledge (MEDLINE 1966-2002), there have been nine cases of polymorphous hemangioendothelioma reported in the English literature. Most of the initial patients reported were men, but we present the third case in a woman. Her previous radiation history to the neck makes this report unique. Polymorphous hemangioendothelioma is characterized by the variety of patterns of growth within and between tumors, making histologic recognition of the tumor difficult. Because management remains conservative via wide local excision, the misdiagnosis of this lesion as a malignancy has possible treatment implications. Alternatively, the high propensity for local recurrence underscores the necessity for accurate classification of the neoplasm and close clinical follow-up.     

Intraneural reticular perineurioma of the neck

Perineuriomas are infrequent tumors that may be intraneural or extraneural in soft tissue with no apparent relation with a nerve. Some cases of soft tissue perineurioma may have a retiform pattern, but this pattern has not been described to date in intraneural perineurioma. We report a case of a unique perineurioma arising in a nerve of the neck that had a distinctive reticular pattern and was intraneural. The patient was a 21-year-old woman who had a lump on the left side of the neck abutting the vena jugularis. The tumor had features of both reticular perineurioma and intraneural perineurioma with pseudo-onion bulb pattern. The tumor cells were positive for epithelial membrane antigen. The patient is free of tumor 6 months after operation.