125I放射性粒子条联合胆管金属支架植入术在恶性胆肠吻合口狭窄中的应用

目的 评估125I放射性粒子条联合胆管金属支架植入术在恶性胆肠吻合口狭窄患者治疗中的有效性及安全性.方法 回顾性分析21例恶性胆肠吻合口狭窄并且行125I放射性粒子条联合胆管金属支架植入术的患者,统计分析手术成功率、支架通畅时间、生存时间及手术并发症.结果 胆肠吻合术后出现胆肠吻合口狭窄的中位时间为8(3～78)个月;...     

逐级更换胆肠吻合口支撑管治疗胆肠吻合口良性狭窄3例

<正>胆肠吻合术是治疗胆道疾病的常用术式,其中,尤以胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术常用。笔者从事介入工作,临床中常遇到胆肠吻合术后反复发热,多数为胆肠吻合口狭窄所致。本研究应用经皮肝穿胆道引流术(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage,PTCD)构建内外引流,逐渐更换更粗的引流导管,扩张吻合口狭窄处,最终拔除引流管,治疗3例胆肠吻合口良性狭窄患者,取得良好疗效。现报道如下。     

经皮经肝球囊扩张治疗胆肠吻合术后吻合口狭窄

目的：探讨经皮经肝胆管穿刺引流术（ PTCD）联合球囊扩张术治疗胆肠吻合术后吻合口狭窄的可行性及疗效。方法回顾性分析军事医学科学院附属医院普外科2009年3月至2011年12月采用PTCD联合球囊扩张术治疗胆肠吻合术后吻合口狭窄23例的疗效,评估胆道通畅程度、黄疸指数及肝功能。结果本组行PTCD联合球囊扩张术23例,19例治疗效果明显,1例植入金属支架。术后胆肠吻合口狭窄、黄疸指数及肝功能均明显改善,无严重并发症发生。结论 PTCD联合球囊扩张术治疗胆肠吻合术后吻合口狭窄疗效好,并发症发生率低,是较为安全可行的微创治疗措施。     

管型消化道吻合器在胆肠吻合术中的应用

目的探讨管型消化道吻合器在胆肠吻合术中应用的价值及经验。方法对我院2010年1月～2010年3月应用管型消化道吻合器实施胆肠吻合术的31例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果手术时间70～128min,平均90min;吻合时间13～25min,平均18min。未发生吻合器吻合导致的肝动脉、门静脉损伤,术后无吻合口漏、出血、狭窄等并发症,无围手术期死亡病例。结论管型消化道吻合器应用于胆肠吻合术,手术时间短,吻合安全可靠,操作简单易行,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

经空肠襻内镜处理胆肠吻合后胆道并发症的临床分析

目的 总结经空肠襻内镜处理胆肠吻合后胆道并发症的经验和体会.方法 回顾性分析沈阳军区总医院内窥镜科2005年12月-2011年7月9例(共12次)以输胆空肠襻为入路,通过内镜处理胆肠吻合术后胆道并发症的临床资料.结果 手术成功率100％(12/12);术中见吻合口狭窄发生率88.9％(8/9);术后胆管炎缓解及无发作...     

胆道镜协助高位胆肠吻合口良性狭窄扩张后置管支撑引流的临床观察

目的　探讨在胆道镜协助下通过扩张、置管支撑、引流治疗高位胆肠吻合术后良性吻合口狭窄的效果。方法　将吻合肠管戳创 ,置入胆道镜协助 ,在肠内寻找胆肠吻合口并将其扩张后 ,进行胆道镜检查、取石或冲洗 ,然后纵切吻合口并置入U形管支撑、外引流。结果　 5例患者均在 6～ 12月内成功拔管 ,最长随访 3年无复发 ,治疗效果满意。结论　胆道镜协助下 ,扩张纵行切开的狭窄的高位胆肠吻合口后置管支撑引流可以有效地解决狭窄的问题 ,同时费用低廉、对机体损伤较小     

拖入式内支架胆肠吻合新方法的实验研究

目的 研究拖入式内支架吻合技术对小口径胆肠吻合的影响。方法18只小型猪被随机分成两组：一组常规行间断缝合胆管空肠吻合术（n＝9,对照组）,另一组行拖入式内支架胆管空肠吻合术（n＝9,实验组）。结果实验组吻合时间明显短于对照组（13.1±1.8min vs 25.8±2.0min,P＜0.05）;术后6个月对照组胆肠吻合口内径明显小于实验组（2.9±0.2mm vs 3.8±0.3mm,P＜0.05）;所有内支架管都在56d内自行脱落排出;对照组2例发生吻合口狭窄,其余16例（对照组7例,实验组9例）肝功能、肝组织形态均正常。结论新的拖入式内支架吻合技术在小口径胆肠吻合中安全易行。     

胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗

目的 探讨胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗方法及疗效.资料与方法 回顾性分析胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻性黄疸而行介入治疗的43例患者,行经皮经肝胆管穿刺置管引流术,并选择胆肠吻合口或原发梗阻部位进一步行经皮胆道金属支架植入术.结果 本组经皮经肝胆管造影显示胆肠吻合口狭窄32例,吻合口狭窄并肠袢成角、张力过高7例,吻合口未见狭窄4例.最终单纯行经皮经肝胆管穿刺置管引流术16例,包括单纯外引流9例,内外引流7例;行胆道金属支架植入术27例,其中经胆肠吻合口留置支架22例,经原梗阻部位留置支架5例.术后1周内复查,37例黄疸消退满意,6例黄疸消退不明显,其中4例再次行外科手术治疗.本组43例术中、术后均无严重并发症发生.结论 胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻性黄疸可行经皮经肝胆管穿刺置管引流术或经皮胆道金属支架植入术,此法安全、微创、可靠、有效,值得推广应用.     

经皮肝穿刺胆道内钳夹活检诊断恶性阻塞性黄疸胆肠吻合术后吻合口狭窄

目的探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道造影(PTC)术中胆道钳夹活检诊断恶性阻塞性黄疸胆肠吻合术后吻合口狭窄的可行性和优越性,获取病变部位的组织病理学,指导临床治疗。资料与方法 PTC术中引入活检钳对18例恶性阻塞性黄疸胆肠吻合术后复发黄疸患者于梗阻部位活检,判断狭窄的良恶性,采取相应的减黄措施并观察其疗效。结果全部病例PTC造影显示梗阻部位均位于胆肠吻合口处,行钳夹活检,技术成功率100%,敏感性为94.4%(17/18),其中14例钳夹到肿瘤组织,证实为肿瘤复发;3例病理为纤维组织增生和(或)炎症,结合影像学及实验室检查,考虑瘢痕性狭窄;另1例钳夹阴性,但影像学、实验室检查及术后随访证实为肿瘤复发。所有患者钳夹术中均未出现消化道出血、穿孔等并发症。活检术后行内外引流管和(或)内支架置入,术后患者黄疸消退明显(P<0.05),精神状态及生活质量较术前均有不同程度改善。结论 (1)PTC术中胆道钳夹活检诊断胆管癌术后胆肠吻合口狭窄操作简单,安全,敏感性高;(2)采取介入方法降黄效果明显,操作简单,并发症少。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道并发症的原因与处理（附27例分析）

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术后各种胆道并发症的发生原因及处理方法。方法：对27例腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆道并发症患者采用不同的处理方法,并对其进行分析。结果：27例患者中,胆总管损伤16例、胆总管狭窄5例、胆囊管胆瘘4例和迷走胆管胆瘘2例。胆道损伤和继发性狭窄的处理方法为胆-肠吻合术16例,胆总管＂T＂形管引流5例;胆瘘的处理方法有再次钳夹胆囊管2例、腹腔引流管引流1例、放置胆管内支架1例、结扎迷走胆管2例。结论：与其他并发症相比,腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管损伤和狭窄是严重的并发症,一旦发生,75%患者需要接受胆-肠吻合术。     

Balloon dilatation of biliary-enteric strictures in children

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of balloon dilatation in the treatment of anastomotic strictures in children with liver transplants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For a period of 7 years, we treated 20 consecutive biliary-enteric strictures in 19 children (age range, 13 months to 17.9 years, mean, 7.3 years) with balloon dilatation. Dilatation was performed between 30 days and 8.4 years (mean, 2.6 years) following surgical creation of the biliary-enteric anastomosis. Thirteen patients had left lateral segment liver transplant grafts, one patient had a split-liver, left-lobe graft, and five patients had whole liver grafts. RESULTS: Technical success was 100% and there were no procedure-related complications. One patient with a patent anastomosis underwent repeat transplantation 183 days after the procedure for chronic rejection. In 58% (11/19) of the remaining procedures, balloon dilatation resulted in biliary-enteric patency at one year, and continued patency ranges from 1.4 to 5.4 years (mean, 3.6 years). In 40% (8/20) of the procedures, the biliary-enteric stricture persisted after balloon dilatation, and these patients eventually underwent surgical revision, retransplantation, or endobiliary metallic stent placement. CONCLUSION: Balloon dilatation is a safe and effective treatment for biliary-enteric strictures following pediatric liver transplantation.     

Benign postoperative biliary strictures: dilation with fluoroscopic guidance

Benign postoperative biliary strictures in 74 patients were dilated percutaneously with balloon catheters. In all cases, dilation was performed with fluoroscopic guidance in a radiology suite. Lasting patency following removal of biliary stents occurred in 73% of 49 patients with biliary-enteric anastomotic strictures and in 88% of 25 patients with primary ductal strictures, for an overall success rate of 78%. A successful outcome was more likely if the interval between the last biliary tract surgery and balloon dilation exceeded 2 years. Stricture patency was more easily achieved in patients with primary ductal strictures than in those with biliary-enteric anastomotic strictures. Serious, procedure-related complications were encountered when strictures were dilated transhepatically; these included sepsis in 18 of 65 patients and bleeding due to arteriobiliary communications in seven. No serious complications occurred when strictures were dilated via a T tube track, making this the preferred route if available. Surgeons should be encouraged to leave T tubes in place if postoperative biliary stricture is suspected. Balloon dilation should be strongly considered in patients with benign postoperative strictures in whom surgical repair is difficult.     

Failing arteriovenous dialysis fistulas: evaluation and treatment

A total of 31 patients with 45 episodes of failing arteriovenous dialysis fistulas was studied. Fistula failure was usually due to venous and/or anastomotic stenosis, often in conjunction with thrombosis. Abnormalities were treated by percutaneous dilation and occasionally streptokinase infusion. Most complications and failures occurred either in patients with recently created fistulas or in those with multiple or long segment stenosis associated with thrombosis. Patients with a single nonobstructing stenosis were very successfully treated with percutaneous techniques, which are the treatment of choice for this condition.     

渐进性球囊扩张联合胆道持续引流治疗胆肠吻合术后吻合口良性狭窄

目的 评价渐进性球囊扩张联合胆道持续引流治疗胆肠吻合术后吻合口良性狭窄的安全性和可行性.方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2014年3月收治的49例胆肠吻合术后吻合口良性狭窄患者临床及影像学资料.所有患者术前均行彩色超声、MR和/或增强CT及内镜下或DSA下吻合口活检病理证实为吻合口良性狭窄,其中23例患者采用经皮肝穿渐进性球囊(初始直径8 mm;第2个月直径10 mm;第3个月直径12 mm)扩张联合引流管持续引流(6个月)方式治疗(研究组);26例患者采用单次经皮肝穿球囊(直径6或8 mm球囊)扩张联合引流管置入(6个月)治疗(对照组).比较两组患者术后临床症状缓解情况,术后并发症的发生率以及吻合口通畅时间.结果 所有患者手术操作均顺利完成,未见手术相关并发症,如胆道出血,穿孔等发生.术后1周两组患者的血清胆红素下降明显,组间比较未见明显差异(P＜0.05).3个月时两组患者吻合口通畅率未见明显差异,但在6、12和24个月时研究组的吻合口通畅率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).研究组中,3例患者分别于11.2、14.3和17.6个月出现复发黄疸,MRI及增强CT证实吻合口狭窄复发,给予再次的球囊扩张和引流管置入治疗.对照组16例患者在球囊扩张术后3.1至17.1个月再次出现黄疸,其中1例患者死于播散性血管内凝血,余15例患者给予再次的球囊扩张和引流管置入治疗.结论 渐进性球囊扩张联合胆道持续引流是治疗胆肠吻合术后吻合口良性狭窄的安全、有效的微创手术.     

Sonography accurately detects biliary obstruction in patients with surgically created biliary-enteric anastomosis

The use of sonography to determine the patency of surgically created biliary-enteric anastomoses has been questioned by authors who favor use of cholescintigraphy and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography for this purpose. We retrospectively reviewed the sonographic findings in 35 patients with such anastomoses: 16 choledochojejunostomies, 11 choledochoduodenostomies, five intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomies, and three cholecystoenterostomies. The anastomosis was patent in 25 patients, completely obstructed in four, and partially obstructed in six. Five of the 25 patients with patent anastomoses had nonanastomotic complications with biliary stasis and cholangitis. In the 20 patients with patent anastomoses and no complication, sonography showed bile ducts ranging from 2 to 9 mm in diameter filled with bile (six), gas (two), or both (12). No patient with a normally functioning anastomosis had evidence of a dilated bile-filled duct in the upright position. In four patients with complete obstruction of the anastomosis, sonography showed dilated, bile-filled ducts ranging from 6 to 14 mm in diameter proximal to the anastomosis. Sonograms in all six patients with partial obstruction showed both gas and bile in dilated bile ducts with superficial gas-filled ducts and dependent bile-filled ducts creating gas/fluid interfaces, which were persistent in the upright position. The 15 patients with anastomotic obstruction or other complication had confirmatory percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (nine patients), scintigraphy (five patients), CT (four patients), and surgery (eight patients). Our experience suggests that sonography can be used to accurately assess surgically created biliary-enteric anastomoses for both anastomotic patency and for other complications.     

内镜下放射状切开治疗结直肠吻合口良性闭锁及狭窄的疗效

 目的 探讨经内镜下放射状切开术治疗结直肠吻合口良性狭窄及闭锁中的疗效。方法 选取结直肠术后吻合口良性狭窄及闭锁的患者25例,均采用内镜下放射状切开术治疗,操作均为同一科室医师用相同方法完成,对患者治疗效果及术中、术后并发症及复发率进行观察,随访评估梗阻症状及吻合口狭窄复发情况。结果 入组25例患者中,25例(100.0%)治疗成功,操作时间14～42 min,平均18.7 min;住院天数3～7 d,平均4 d。术前吻合口直径为0～10 mm,平均(6.67±2.48)mm;术后吻合口直径扩张至14～18 mm,平均(16.17±1.27)mm;6个月后吻合口直径为13～15 mm,平均(15.29±1.04)mm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访期间患者均未出现肠道梗阻症状及吻合口狭窄复发。结论 经内镜下放射状切开术在治疗结直肠术后良性吻合口狭窄中安全、有效。     

Postliver transplantation vascular and biliary surgical anatomy

Imaging and management of postliver transplantation complications require an understanding of the surgical anatomy of liver transplantation. There are several methods of liver transplantation. Furthermore, liver transplantation is a complex surgery with numerous variables in its 4 anastomoses: (1) arterial anastomosis, (2) venous inflow (portal venous) anastomosis, (3) venous outflow (hepatic vein, inferior vena cava, or both) anastomosis, and (4) biliary/biliary-enteric anastomosis. The aim of this chapter is to introduce the principles of liver transplant surgical anatomy based on anastomotic anatomy. With radiologists as the target readers, the chapter focuses on the inflow and outflow connections and does not detail intricate surgical techniques or intraoperative maneuvers, operative stages, or vascular shunting.     

Management of Benign Biliary Strictures

Benign biliary strictures are most commonly a consequence of injury at laparoscopic cholecystectomy or fibrosis after biliary-enteric anastomosis. These strictures are notoriously difficult to treat and traditionally are managed by resection and fashioning of a choledocho- or hepato-jejunostomy. Promising results are being achieved with newer minimally invasive techniques using endoscopic or percutaneous dilatation and/or stenting and these are likely to play an increasing role in the management. Even low-grade biliary obstruction carries the risks of stone formation, ascending cholangitis and hepatic cirrhosis and it is important to identify and treat this group of patients. There is currently no consensus on which patient should have what type of procedure, and the full range of techniques may not be available in all hospitals. Careful assessment of the risks and likely benefits have to be made on an individual basis. This article reviews the current literature and discusses the options available. The techniques of endoscopic and percutaneous dilatation and stenting are described with evaluation of the likely success and complication rates and compared to the gold standard of biliary-enteric anastomosis.     

先天性食管闭锁手术后吻合口狭窄的介入治疗

目的 报道13例先天性食管闭锁术后食管吻合口狭窄婴儿使用球囊扩张术治疗。方法 13例患儿均为食管闭锁术后吻合口狭窄,年龄为3～10个月,球囊扩张前均先行食管吞钡检查,显示狭窄段内径仅1～3mm。采用球囊导管分次扩张。所用球囊直径6～12mm。结果 每例经2～3次扩张,13例共进行球囊扩张30次,扩张后疗效明显,保持临床无症状期6～30个月,无食管穿孔并发症。结论 球囊扩张术简单、安全、有效,为婴儿先天性食管闭锁手术后吻合口狭窄的首选疗法。     

The role of interventional radiology in biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation: a single-center experience

This study evaluated interventional radiological experience in the management of biliary complications of OLT at the National Cancer Institute of Milan. Seventeen patients who had undergone orthotopic liver transplantation in various hospital were referred to our unit with biliary complications. Group I consisted of 8 patients with anastomotic biliary fistula who came to our attention a short time after transplantation. Group II consisted of 9 patients with anastomotic strictures who came to our attention in a longer period. Two different interventional radiological approaches were used: (a) percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) in the presence of fistulas in patients of group I; and (b) percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage combined with dilatation of the strictures with a balloon catheter in patients of group II. On the whole resolution of the biliary complications was achieved in 13 of the 17 cases treated (76.5%), 5 of 8 in group I and 8 of 9 in group II. No secondary stenosis after PTBD were observed in group I, whereas two patients of group II needed a second dilatation. Percutaneous biliary drainage is indicated as a valid treatment in the management of biliary complications, either to allow closure of the fistula either to perform balloon dilatation of stenosis.