不同体质指数2型糖尿病患者胰高血糖素水平的变化研究

目的 比较不同体质指数（BMI）2型糖尿病患者胰高血糖素、胰岛素水平的变化。方法 选择2013年5月-2014年5月于天津医科大学代谢病医院住院的2型糖尿病患者328例为研究对象,按BMI分为正常体质量组、超重组、肥胖组,行口服葡萄糖耐量试验及胰岛素、胰高血糖素释放试验,比较不同BMI组间胰高血糖素曲线下面积、胰高血糖素/胰岛素比值的变化。结果 正常体质量组、超重组、肥胖组胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、胰岛β细胞功能指数（HOMA-β）、早期胰岛素分泌指数（ΔI30/ΔG30）依次升高,胰岛素敏感性指数（ISI）依次降低,组间两两比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。肥胖组空腹及糖负荷后30 min胰高血糖素水平高于正常体质量组、超重组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;正常体质量组、超重组、肥胖组空腹胰高血糖素/胰岛素逐渐降低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;超重组、肥胖组糖负荷后各时间点胰高血糖素/胰岛素低于正常体质量组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。肥胖组胰高血糖素曲线下面积大于正常体质量组、超重组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关分析显示,空腹胰高血糖素与BMI、空腹血糖（FPG）、75 g葡萄糖负荷后2 h血糖（2 hPG）、HOMA-IR呈正相关（r=0.189、0.235、0.176、0.162,P＜0.01）,与ISI呈负相关（r=-0.162,P＜0.01）。多元线性回归分析显示,BMI（β=0.182,t=3.252,P＜0.01）、FPG（β=0.150,t=2.158,P＜0.05）是空腹胰高血糖素的影响因素。结论 2型糖尿病患者随BMI增加,胰高血糖素水平升高,胰岛α细胞功能紊乱,胰岛素抵抗加重。     

2型糖尿病患者胰高血糖素水平与血清C反应蛋白的关系

目的:探讨血清C反应蛋白(SCRP)与2型糖尿病患者胰高血糖素的关系。方法:选取2型糖尿病患者168例,按SCRP水平分为两组:A组:SCRP正常范围者(0SCRP≤3 mg/L)82例;B组:SCRP升高者(3SCRP≤17.2 mg/L)86例。收集所有患者一般临床资料,对两组的一般临床资料进行统计学分析。结果:(1)B组空腹、30 min、120 min胰高血糖素水平均高于A组(P0.01或P0.05)。(2)Pearson相关分析显示SCRP与空腹、30 min、120 min胰高血糖素,胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及甘油三酯(TG)均呈正相关(P0.01或P0.05)。(3)多元逐步回归分析显示SCRP、HOMA-IR是影响空腹胰高血糖素的独立相关因素(P0.05),SCRP是影响30 min、120 min胰高血糖素水平的独立相关因素(P0.01)。结论:2型糖尿病患者多时相胰高血糖素水平与SCRP有关。此外,空腹胰高血糖素水平与HOMA-IR有关。     

Changes of plasma somatostatin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon in patients with type 2 diabetes in early stage

目的 观察早期2型糖尿病患者血浆生长抑素、胰高血糖素样肽1( GLP-1)和胰升糖素的动态变化.方法 以早期糖尿病患者(糖尿病组,n =49)和健康对照者(对照组,n=21)作为研究对象.采用口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),分别于空腹和糖负荷后2h,测定血浆生长抑素、GLP-1和胰升糖素水平,计算上升率并分析相关性.结果 糖尿病组空腹和糖负荷后2h的血浆生长抑素和GLP-1水平及空腹胰升糖素水平均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),且两组糖负荷后2h的测定值均高于空腹值;糖尿病组血浆胰升糖素水平和生长抑素的上升率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),两组间血浆GLP-1水平的上升率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).糖尿病组血浆生长抑素水平的上升率与血浆GLP-1水平的上升率呈正相关(r=0.367,P=0.015).结论 生长抑素对GLP-1抑制减少可能是早期2型糖尿病患者的一种代偿反应;在2型糖尿病早期胰升糖素已有不适当的分泌增多,相比GLP-1,血糖和胰岛素在其中的作用更为重要.     

肥胖初发2型糖尿病患者早期降糖治疗对血胰高血糖素、C肽的影响

目的:探讨肥胖初发2型糖尿病患者早期降糖治疗对血胰高血糖素、C肽的影响.方法:选取93例初发2型糖尿病患者,BMI≥25kg/m2为糖尿病肥胖组,共49例,BMI＜25kg/m2为糖尿病非肥胖组,共44例.2组均采用胰岛素联合口服降糖药物治疗1周,于治疗前、后分别测定血清胰高血糖素、C肽水平.结果:2组治疗前空腹及餐后胰高血糖素差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与治疗前比较:①糖尿病非肥胖组空腹及餐后胰高血糖素均显著下降(均P＜0.05);②糖尿病肥胖组空腹及餐后胰高血糖素较治疗前有所下降,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);③2组治疗后C肽均较治疗前显著升高(均P＜0.01).结论:初发2型糖尿病患者早期降糖治疗可降低血胰高血糖素水平,肥胖患者体内存在胰岛α细胞胰岛素抵抗.     

阿卡波糖对2型糖尿病患者胰高血糖素的影响

目的探讨阿卡波糖对新诊断2型糖尿病患者胰高血糖素水平的影响。方法正常对照组12例和糖尿病组13例进食混合餐,分别于空腹和餐后15、30、60、90和120分钟测量血糖、胰岛素及胰高血糖素。1周后,糖尿病组进食混合餐＋阿卡波糖（100mg）,再次测量以上指标进行比较。结果干预前糖尿病组与正常对照组相比,餐后30分钟和90分钟胰高血糖素明显升高,胰高血糖素曲线下面积升高显著（P〈0．05）。干预后糖尿病组胰高血糖素15分钟有明显下降,胰高血糖素曲线下面积下降显著（P〈0．05）。结论阿卡波糖干预可降低2型糖尿病患者混合餐餐后血糖,同时降低胰高血糖素分泌。     

胰高血糖素与2型糖尿病的相关性研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者空腹及糖负荷后血浆胰高血糖素(Gg)、血糖、C肽的变化及三者之间的动态关系,并分析2型糖尿病患者血脂、体重指数(BMI)的变化及病程、年龄、BMI、空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白、血脂与胰高血糖素的相关性。方法 对照组和糖尿病组清晨空腹测量身高、体重后行糖耐量实验(OGTT),分别于空腹、糖负荷后30、60、120、180min测定血浆Gg、血糖、C肽的水平,并对Gg与C肽、糖化血红蛋白、血脂等指标进行相关性分析。结果 两组C肽和Gg的分泌量随着血糖的升降而升降。糖尿病患者空腹及餐后血浆Gg水平均高于对照组(P<0.05)。糖尿病组BMI、总胆固醇(CHOL)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)水平高于对照组,高密度脂蛋白(HDL)水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。糖尿病组,Gg与病程、年龄、BMI、糖化血红蛋白、FBG、CHOL、TG、LDL呈正相关,与HDL呈负相关。结论 Gg的绝对或相对分泌增多,是2型糖尿病患者高血糖症的因素之一。血糖、C肽、胰高血糖素相互促进分泌为三者之间的关系。在糖尿病患者中随着病程、年龄、BMI、血脂水平的增长,胰岛β细胞功能受损和Gg水平升高并存,对于保护胰岛β细胞功能和调控胰高血糖素双管齐下才能使血糖达到理想水平。     

小儿单纯性营养不良胰腺内分泌功能研究

目的探讨单纯性营养不良(protein-energy malnutrition,PEM)患儿胰腺内分泌功能。方法采用放射免疫分析法测定空腹和摄入液体实验餐后60min时外周血胰岛素、胰高血糖素、生长抑素(SS)及血糖水平。结果与对照组比较,观察组空腹及餐后60min胰岛素、胰高血糖素、胰岛素以及胰高血糖素比值均明显降低,而SS水平则明显升高(P均<0.01),血糖水平则是餐前比较观察组明显降低(P均<0.01),餐后比较则明显升高(P<0.01)。与对照组相似,观察组患儿餐后与餐前比较,胰岛素、胰高血糖素、SS、胰岛素/胰高血糖素比值和血糖水平均明显升高(P均<0.01)。结论PEM患儿存在着明显的胰腺内分泌紊乱,应引起重视。     

2型糖尿病病人胰高血糖素和胰岛素水平的变化及临床意义

①目的　探讨 2型糖尿病病人空腹及馒头餐后血浆胰高血糖素、血清胰岛素含量的变化及意义。②方法　采用放射免疫法分别检测了 6 5例 2型糖尿病病人空腹及馒头餐后血浆胰高血糖素、胰岛素的水平变化 ,并与 34例健康人进行比较。③结果　糖尿病病人空腹及餐后各时相胰高血糖素水平均高于正常人 (t =16 .79～2 0 .37,P <0 .0 1)。糖尿病病人馒头餐后胰高血糖素水平明显升高 ,6 0min显著高于其空腹水平 (F =15 .4 5 ,q =5 .6 2 ,P <0 .0 1) ,180min时基本恢复到空腹水平。正常人餐后 30min胰高血糖素水平略有升高 ,后各时相逐渐下降 ,180min稍低于空腹水平 ,各时相变化均无显著性差异 (F =2 .38,P >0 .0 5 )。糖尿病病人胰岛素 /胰高血糖素比值馒头餐后上升迟缓 ,6 0min才高于其空腹水平 (F =2 .6 7,q =4 .11,P <0 .0 5 ) ;12 0、180min比值仍上升 ,亦明显高于其空腹水平 (q =4 .78、5 .4 3,P <0 .0 1)。正常对照组胰岛素 /胰高血糖素比值于馒头餐后上升快 ,6 0min达高峰(F =12 .6 7,q =5 .5 2 ,P <0 .0 1) ;180min与空腹相比无显著差异 (q =1.77,P >0 .0 5 )。④结论　 2型糖尿病病人存在较严重的胰岛A细胞功能异常 ;餐后胰岛素 /胰高血糖素比值是一项能敏感、准确判断糖尿病病情的可靠的指标。     

初诊2型糖尿病患者肠促胰岛素和胰高血糖素水平的变化

目的 探讨初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清肠促胰岛素和胰高血糖素水平的变化.方法 选取21例初诊T2DM患者(T2DM组)和17例血糖正常的健康体检者(对照组).两组均行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),测定0、30、120 min时静脉血中胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)、葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素分泌多肽(GIP)和胰高血糖素水平.结果 T2DM组患者OGTT中各时点的GLP-1水平[分别为(11.6±4.4)、(14.2±5.4)、(15.1±7.3)pmol/L]较对照组[分别为(18.8±3.1)、(21.8±4.2)、(23.7±4.8)pmol/L]显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而两组患者各时点GIP水平无显著变化;但T2DM组患者各时点胰高血糖素水平[(16.1±4.3)、(25.1±5.4)、(25.2±5.6)pg/ml]显著高于对照组[(14.8±5.9)、(18.7±4.7)、(15.7±5.2)pg/ml],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 对于初诊的T2DM患者,空腹及糖负荷后30、120 min时GLP-1水平显著下降,GIP水平无变化,胰高血糖素水平显著升高.     

糖负荷后1 h血糖升高正常人群胰岛细胞功能初探

目的：观察正常糖耐量（NGT）糖负荷后1 h血糖（1hPG）升高人群胰岛细胞功能。方法：实验对象分为两组：1hPG正常组（NGT 1hPG ＜8.6 mmol/L）48例,1hPG升高组（NGT 1hPG≥8.6 mmol/L）49例,两组均进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）,分别测定0、30、60、120、180 min血浆葡萄糖及同步胰岛素（Ins）、胰高血糖素（Gg）水平。计算胰岛素分泌指数（IGI）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA?IR）,评估胰岛β细胞功能及敏感性。计算胰高血糖素曲线下面积（AUCGg）、早相胰高血糖素分泌指数（ΔGg）,评估胰岛α细胞功能。结果：①1hPG升高组60、120、180 min胰岛素水平高于1hPG正常组（P＜0.05）,IGI低于1hPG正常组（P＜0.05）,两组HOMA?IR差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;②1hPG升高组30、60 min Gg、ΔGg、AUCGg均高于1hPG正常组（P＜0.05）。结论：正常糖耐量1hPG≥8.6 mmol/L人群既有胰岛β细胞功能减退、早相胰岛素分泌下降,也存在胰岛α细胞功能异常。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.