空气中机动车尾气及其二次污染物浓度的初探

目的探讨空气中机动车尾气及其二次污染物浓度的变化规律。方法于2005年4月10和12日7：00—17：00,在某交通主干道旁监测空气中机动车尾气污染物（NOx）及其二次污染物（O3）浓度的变化,同时调查车流量,以上述空气污染物浓度与车流量比值（K值）分析NOx（KNOx）和O3（KO3）浓度的时间变化的规律。结果7：00—9：00及17：00—18：00,KNOx值与KO3值变化趋势基本一致。11：00—15：00日照最强,KNOx值与KO3值变化趋势相反。KNOx值于12：00降至最低,KO3值于13：00升至最高。结论空气中机动车尾气二次污染物浓度与日照有一定关联。     

残存家栖鼠昼夜活动数量和规律观察

本文报道在某部营区用九格粉板法观察残存家栖鼠昼夜活动数量和活动规律。结果表明,6个月12个昼夜4个场所残存褐家鼠踏格数3312个,踏格率7.52%,平均踏格数11.50%/h;小家鼠踏格数117个,踏格率0.27%,平均踏格数0.41个/h。18时至次晨8时前,褐家鼠均有活动,而18～20时未见有小家鼠活动,但20时后至次晨8时前多数有不同程度的活动。白天均未见它们活动。两种残存鼠各有一个活动高峰,即褐家鼠在2～4时前,小家鼠在24～2时前。每昼夜两种残存家柄鼠的活动数量和频次为春夏较高,冬季最低。     

Diurnal variation in neutrophil function

Neutrophil functions, including chemotaxis, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing capacity of neutrophils, and serum opsonic activity were investigated in 9 young healthy male volunteers. Venous blood of these volunteers was obtained under standardized conditions at 4-h intervals over a 24-h span. Neutrophil chemotaxis was evaluated by a modified Boyden technique, ROS-producing capacity of neutrophils and serum opsonic activity were measured by a simultaneous multiple measurement system based on luminol-dependent chemiluminescence and indicated by peak height and peak time. ROS-producing capacity of neutrophils and serum opsonic activity were activated in the daytime, and decreased from night to morning. There were negative correlations between the peak time of the luminol-dependent chemiluminescent response, neutrophil number (p<0.01) and segmented neutrophil number (p>0.01). On the other hand, no significant correlations were noted between serum opsonic activity and IgG, IgA, IgM, C3 or C4. In contrast, the peaks of neutrophil chemotaxis were at the wake-up time (6:00a.m.) and in the evening (6:00p.m.). This study indicates that diurnal variation of neutrophil function exists.     

Effect of climatological factors on respiratory syncytial virus epidemics

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) presents as yearly epidemics in temperate climates. We analysed the association of atmospheric conditions to RSV epidemics in San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico. The weekly number of RSV detections from October 2002 and May 2006 were correlated to ambient temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, vapour tension, dew point, precipitation, and hours of light using time-series and regression analyses. Of the variation in RSV cases, 49.8% was explained by the study variables. Of the explained variation in RSV cases, 32.5% was explained by the study week and 17.3% was explained by meteorological variables (average daily temperature, maximum daily temperature, temperature at 08:00 hours, and relative humidity at 08:00 hours). We concluded that atmospheric conditions, particularly temperature, partly explain the year to year variability in RSV activity. Identification of additional factors that affect RSV seasonality may help develop a model to predict the onset of RSV epidemics.     

Classification of malnutrition in cystic fibrosis: implications for evaluating and benchmarking clinical practice performance

BACKGROUND: In 2005, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) revised the nutrition classification guidelines to eliminate the use of percentage of ideal body weight (%IBW) to define "nutritional failure"; the CFF also recommended that children with cystic fibrosis maintain a body mass index percentile (BMIp) > or = 50th. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the effect of the 2005 CFF nutrition classification guidelines on evaluating the performance of nutritional care practices. DESIGN: Data from 14,702 children reported to the 2002 CFF Patient Registry were analyzed to compare malnutrition rates in 113 cystic fibrosis centers in the United States. Nutritional failure was defined according to the 2002 CFF criteria--ie, height < 5th percentile, %IBW < 90%, or BMIp < 10th. "Below BMI goal" was defined according to the 2005 CFF criterion, ie BMIp < 50th. RESULTS: Eliminating %IBW resulted in a 6% reduction (from 33% to 27%) in the nutritional failure rate in the United States. The use of BMIp < 50th led to the classification of 57% of children as below the BMI goal. Misclassification of nutritional failure according to %IBW ranged from 1% to 16% among 113 centers and was greater in the centers with a larger proportion of tall patients. After the elimination of %IBW, one-third of centers changed to a different tertile ranking for nutritional failure rates (kappa = 0.50, moderate-to-poor agreement). More than half the centers changed to a different tertile ranking, from nutritional failure to below BMI goal (kappa = 0.22, poor agreement). CONCLUSION: Eliminating misclassification by %IBW and implementing the new BMI goal led to profound and unequal changes in malnutrition rates across cystic fibrosis centers.     

Comparison of the use of body mass index percentiles and percentage of ideal body weight to screen for malnutrition in children with cystic fibrosis

BACKGROUND: The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) recommends using the percentage of ideal body weight (%IBW(CFF)) and body mass index percentiles (BMIp) to assess weight-for-height status and to screen for malnutrition. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the agreement and discrepancy between the use of %IBW(CFF) and BMIp for screening malnutrition. DESIGN: Data from 13 021 children reported to the 2000 CFF Patient Registry were analyzed. RESULTS: In children of average stature (ie, height-for-age between the 25th and 75th percentiles) and aged <10 y, %IBW(CFF) corresponded closely to BMIp, and the prevalence of underweight estimated by %IBW(CFF) < 90% was similar to that by BMIp < 15th percentile. However, in children with short stature (ie, height-for-age < 25th percentile), %IBW(CFF) reflected significantly better weight-for-height status than did the BMIp, whereas the opposite trend was observed in children with tall stature (ie, height-for-age > 75th percentile). Such discrepancies averaged 8-12 percentage points when BMIp was reexpressed to the same unit and scale as %IBW(CFF). Consequently, the prevalence of underweight estimated by %IBW(CFF) < 90% was significantly lower (7.3%) than that estimated by BMIp < 15th percentile (25.7%) in children with short stature, whereas the opposite trend was found in children with tall stature (47.7% and 14.4%, respectively). Additional analyses showed that BMIp was more sensitive to, and had stronger associations with, the percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s. CONCLUSION: Compared with BMIp, %IBW(CFF) underestimated the severity of malnutrition in children with short stature and overestimated the severity of malnutrition in children with tall stature.     

Rhythm of daily living and detection of atypical days for elderly people living alone as determined with a monitoring system

We have developed a system for monitoring the health of elderly people living at home. Infrared and other sensor outputs are collected using a monitoring program installed on a personal computer (PC) in the home at a sampling rate of 1 Hz. Once each day, the data are transferred to a server through the Internet using a cable television (TV) connection. An elderly subject was monitored for a 12-day baseline period and completed a daily questionnaire about her activities. This enabled us to identify the rhythm of daily living (sleeping, 23:00-04:59; getting up/breakfast, 05:00-08:59; indoor activities/going out, 09:00-16:59; and dinner/going to bed, 17:00-22:59) and the average outputs from the sensors in the rooms. The subject was then monitored for a further six months. By identifying sensor output counts outside the limits of mean +/- 3SD, we were able to detect atypical days. During the six-month monitoring period, 29 atypical days were detected. We suggest that the monitoring system may be effective in tele-rehabilitation.     

米非司酮配伍米索前列醇不同给药方式终止早孕的临床随机比较研究

目的研究米非司酮配伍米索前列醇舌下含服及口服的药物流产效果。方法将158例早孕妇女(停经≤56天)随机分为2组,连续口服米非司酮2天,3次/d,每次25mg,第3天上午使用米索前列醇(本文简称米索)口服400μg同时阴道给400μg(组Ⅰ),或者舌下含400μg同时阴道给400μg(组Ⅱ)以终止妊娠。结果总体完全流产率为94.9%,组I为92.5%,组Ⅱ为97.4%,两组无显著性差异(P>0.05);总体不全流产率为4.43%,组I为7.5%(6/80),高于组Ⅱ1.28%(1/78),但两组无显著性差异(P>0.05);总体失败率为0.63%,其中组Ⅰ为0,组Ⅱ为1.28%,两组亦无显著性差异(P>0.05);组Ⅰ从应用米索至孕囊排出时间为(2.39±1.20)h,明显低于组Ⅱ(2.98±1.33)h(P<0.01)。结论组I终止早孕的不全流产率高于组Ⅱ(但无明显组间差异,可能与样本较小有关),可能与舌下含服米索可使有效血药浓度维持时间较长,生物利用度较高有关,故在药物流产中米非司酮配伍舌下含服米索是1种很有前景的用药方法。     

Effects of Two 15-min Naps on the Subjective Sleepiness,Fatigue and Heart Rate Variability of Night Shift Nurses

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two 15-min naps on nurses who work at night in a three-shift system. Of the 15 nurses who were included as study subjects on a night shift, eight took two short naps (the Nap condition), and seven worked without taking a nap (the No-nap condition) during the night shift. We measured sublingual temperature and the bispectral index (BIS), obtained heart rate and heart rate variability measures from an electrocardiogram (ECG), and evaluated sleepiness and fatigue levels every hour using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Both subjective sleepiness and fatigue increased between 4:00 and 5:00, with no significant differences observed between the two groups. However, the low- to high-frequency ratio (LF/HF) in the Nap condition group was found to be significantly lower than in the No-nap condition group. Furthermore, a sudden, brief increase in HF values was observed in the No-nap condition group in the morning. The results of this study suggest that taking two short naps may effectively reduce tension and prevent a brief increase in HF values by suppressing sympathetic nervous activity in the morning.     

长沙市二行政区0～6岁儿童睡眠时间及影响因素初步分析

【目的】了解长沙市二行政区0～6岁儿童睡眠时间及其影响因素,以期对提高儿童睡眠质量有所借鉴。【方法】2005年2—5月随机抽取长沙市二个行政区6个街道1277名0～6岁儿童进行睡眠状况问卷调查,调查应答率为98.2%。【结果】0～6岁儿童白天、夜间以及全天睡眠次数、全天总睡眠时间随年龄增长逐渐减少。36月龄以下儿童睡眠时间低于《儿童保健学》(2000年版)同龄儿童睡眠基本需求量。影响儿童睡眠时间的主要因素有儿童年龄、不良睡眠习惯、睡眠问题、母亲每天总睡眠时间。【结论】长沙市二行政区0～6岁儿童睡眠时间偏少。主要影响因素有抚养人的睡眠习惯、儿童存在睡眠问题、不重视儿童良好睡眠习惯的形成。     

Impact of nap length, nap timing and sleep quality on sustaining early morning performance

The study examined how nap length, nap timing and sleep quality affect early morning performance (6:00 to 8:00). Twelve students participated in a simulated nightshift schedule (22:00 to 8:00) where the length and timing of nocturnal naps were manipulated (0:00-1:00, 0:00-2:00, 4:00-5:00 and 4:00-6:00). A performance test battery was administered consisting of a psychomotor vigilance test, a logical reasoning test, and a visual analogue scale for subjective fatigue and sleepiness. The results showed that a 120-min nap sustained early morning performance better than a 60-min nap. Taking a nap earlier or later did not affect the neurobehavioral performance tests, although participants slept more efficiently during naps later in the night shift. A negative effect of a nocturnal nap during the night shift on subsequent daytime and nocturnal sleep was not observed in the sleep architecture. It still remains unclear whether slow wave sleep plays an important role in sustaining early morning performance. In terms of work safety and sleep health, the results suggest that a longer and later nap is beneficial during night shifts.     

Relation between changes in arousal level with shift of sleeping time and subsequent sleep stage pattern

The relationship between decrease in cerebral arousal level and sleep stage pattern was examined when a cycle of 22 h-wake and 8 h-sleep was repeated four times. The subjects of the experiment were six healthy male university students. The results of the experiment showed that the period between the time when the average score of Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) reached point four (a little foggy) and the rising time was gradually decreased by repetition of the 22 h-wake and 8 h-sleep cycle. It was also found that the average score for the 6th experimental day after the third cycle was significantly increased, compared with that for the 1st 22 h waking period. These results show that the cerebral arousal level, which was indicated on the scores of SSS, was gradually decreased under the present experimental wake-sleep condition. The day-to-day variation of critical fusion frequency showed a tendency similar to that of SSS, demonstrating a gradual decrease in arousal level. On the other hand, stage 4 sleep (S4) was significantly increased during sleep after the 1st 22 h waking period, compared with baseline sleep after 16 h waking time. However, a significant increase in S4 was not seen during the sleeping periods in the second to the fourth cycles of 22 h-wake and 8 h-sleep, compared with that during the sleep after the 1st 22 h waking period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

上海地区白昼不同时间蝇类种群进笼变化观察

本文采用笼诱法对上海地区蝇类种群在各月的白昼不同时间和三种环境场所成蝇进笼数量变化进行观察和比较。结果表明:全年出现两个高峰,白昼不同时间成蝇进笼数呈正态分布;非住区环境场所成蝇进笼在时间上(早晚)比住区环境场所要各长一个时段。由于成蝇在自然光照度50Lux以下时基本不进笼(不活动关系),所以在以笼诱法作测定时,可从清晨6时起至晚8时止(14h),无需放置24h。     

大气细菌粒子浓度的时间分布特征及最佳采样时间的研究

用ＭＦ－４５型和ＨＴＫ－２０１型空气微生物采样器分别在北京、天津和沈阳三地观测了不同季节和一天中大气细菌粒子的浓度及其变化。结果表明：京、津二地春季大气细菌粒子浓度高，分别为２０５３个／ｍ３和２５５６个／ｍ３；夏季低，分别为９９５个／ｍ３和１０６４个／ｍ３。沈阳秋季大气细菌粒子浓度高，为１０１０８个／ｍ３；冬季低，为１２９４个／ｍ３。一天中，大气细菌粒子浓度呈双峰型变化，６：００～７：００和１８：００时大气细菌粒子浓度高，１１：００～１３：００和１：００～２：００时大气细菌粒子浓度低。根据大气细菌粒子浓度的季节变化和一天中大气细菌粒子浓度的时间分布特征，经过京、津、沈三地一天中分别１２次、８次、６次和４次不同采样时间组合的大气细菌粒子浓度的数理统计分析，大气细菌粒子浓度的监测拟集中在一年冬、春、夏、秋四季的中间月份，即１月、４月、７月、１０月进行；一天中采样８次的时间序列可为７：００、１０：００、１３：００、１６：００、１９：００、２２：００、１：００、４：００一天采样４次的时间序列可为５：００、１１：００、１７：００、２３：００。白天采样４次的时间序列可为春、秋季６：００、９：００、１２：００、１５：００?     

北京市城区中小学生睡眠状况调查

目的了解北京市中小学生睡眠状况,为提高其睡眠质量,提高学习效率提供对策。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法,抽取北京市中小学生552名进行问卷调查。结果 56.0%的中小学生在晚上22～24时之间入睡,59.2%的中小学生睡眠时长在6～8 h;仅有16.1%的学生自我感觉睡眠质量非常好;中小学生常见睡眠问题依次为睡不醒(39.5%)、噩梦(7.1%)、惊醒(9.1%)、失眠(6.2%)以及梦游(1.6%)。影响睡眠的主要因素包括学习压力大(42.0%)、体育锻炼不足(27.9%)、人际关系紧张(11.1%)等。结论多数中小学生睡眠时间不足,部分学生存在睡眠问题,建议采用针对性措施改善睡眠问题,提高睡眠质量。     

广州市越秀区手足口病在精细时空尺度的交互作用研究

目的分析手足口病在精细时空尺度的交互作用及其特点,为开展精准防控提供依据。方法根据手足口病历年发病数据,通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统抽取广州市越秀区2014年手足口病资料,通过统计年鉴收集人口资料,描述手足口病的三间分布,并用Knox方法分析其在精细时空尺度的交互作用。结果2014年越秀区共报告手足口病3 265例,存在时空交互作用,具有时空聚集性,在时间临界值为4 d、空间临界值为0.2 km时,时空聚集强度最大。女性时空聚集强度大于男性;0~2岁组在第1天、第4~7天,3~6岁组在第1天、第4~5天、第9~11天,≥7岁组在第2天、第7~8天分别出现了时空聚集高峰;散居儿童主要在0.4 km范围内出现较强时空聚集强度,学生在0.3~0.9 km范围内出现较强时空聚集强度。在4 d、0.2 km的时空范围内,手足口病发病风险呈现增加趋势。结论手足口病在短时间和短距离内聚集性较强,女性、3~6岁儿童、幼托儿童是聚集性病例发生的高危人群,根据手足口病时空分布特征做好防控,有助于防止聚集性病例发生流行。     

A study on the provocative day test effect of ivermectin and albendazole on nocturnal periodic Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia

We conducted a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, in the Ahanta West District of Ghana, on the provocative day test effect of ivermectin and albendazole alone and in combination on nocturnal periodic Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia. Sixty-three individuals with high night-time microfilaria (mf) intensities were identified in 1997 or 1998 and randomized into 4 groups. Blood samples for mf were then collected from the same individuals in the daytime (between 09:00 and 15:00) immediately before and 30-50 min after treatment. Groups 1-4 were treated with ivermectin alone (150-200 micrograms/kg), albendazole alone (400 mg), the combination of ivermectin and albendazole, and placebo, respectively. Intensities of mf in daytime samples were considerably lower than in night-time samples. Neither ivermectin or albendazole alone nor their combination provoked significant liberation of W. bancrofti mf into the peripheral circulation after the daytime treatment.     

Daytime napping, nighttime sleeping, and Parkinson disease

Preliminary evidence suggests that daytime sleepiness may predate clinical diagnosis of Parkinson disease. The authors examined daytime napping and nighttime sleeping durations, reported in 1996-1997 by 220,934 US NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study participants, in relation to Parkinson disease diagnoses at 3 clinical stages: established (cases diagnosed before 1995, n = 267), recent (1995-1999, n = 396), and prediagnostic (2000 and after, n = 770). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were derived from multivariate logistic regression models. Longer daytime napping was associated with higher odds of Parkinson disease at all 3 clinical stages: the odds ratios comparing long nappers (>1 hour/day) with nonnappers were 3.9 (95% confidence interval: 2.8, 5.6) for established cases, 2.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.7, 3.0) for recent cases, and 1.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.2, 1.9) for prediagnostic cases. Further control for health status or nighttime sleeping duration attenuated the association for established cases but made little difference for recent or prediagnostic cases. In the nighttime sleeping analysis, a clear U-shaped association with Parkinson disease was observed for established cases; however, this association was attenuated markedly for recent cases and disappeared for prediagnostic cases. This study supports the notion that daytime sleepiness, but not nighttime sleeping duration, is one of the early nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease.     

Changes in the concentration of urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin during a week of simulated night work

The aim of the study was to examine the adaptation of participants to a common night work schedule using urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) concentration as the circadian phase marker. Fifteen adults (7 male, 8 female, age = 21.9 yr) spent nine consecutive nights in the laboratory, including: (i) adaptation sleep, (ii) baseline sleep, and (iii) seven simulated night shifts (23:00-07:00 h) followed by daytime sleep. During the baseline and daytime sleeps, participants collected urine samples which were subsequently assayed for aMT6s. The concentration of aMT6s in urine for the first three day sleeps was significantly lower than for the baseline sleep, but there was no difference in aMT6s concentrations between any of the last three day sleeps and the baseline sleep. The data indicate that people may adapt to a pattern of work that includes seven consecutive night shifts if they adhere to a fixed sleep schedule, if their exposure to morning sunlight is minimised, and if they are provided with an ideal sleep environment.