靖西县壮族居民高血压病患病及影响因素分析

目的了解广西壮族自治区靖西县壮族居民高血压患病情况及其影响因素,为高血压的干预治疗提供参考依据。方法采用分层随机整群抽样方法对在靖西县抽取的南坡乡汤峒村和同德乡亮表村共561名≥20周岁壮族居民进行问卷调查和体格检查。结果靖西县壮族居民的高血压患病率和标化患病率分别为22.6%和22.1%;多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果表明,男性、肥胖、糖尿病、吸烟、饮酒和喜食肥肉或动物内脏是壮族居民高血压患病的危险因素;饮茶、素食和运动是壮族居民高血压患病的保护因素。结论靖西县壮族居民高血压患病率较高,性别、肥胖、糖尿病、吸烟、饮酒、喜食肥肉或动物内脏、饮茶、饮食类型和运动情况是壮族居民高血压患病的相关影响因素。     

唐山汉族人群高血压流行病学特征及相关因素分析

目的 了解唐山地区居民高血压患病情况及其影响因素.方法 采用整群抽样调查的方法,选取唐山市区8个社区,对20岁以上居民4 651人进行高血压患病情况调查,并对高血压患病的影响因素进行分析.结果 高血压患病率为27.31％.男性患病率(24.70％)较女性患病率(29.73％)低.单因素分析结果为,性别、年龄、糖尿病、冠心病、家族史、吸烟、饮酒和腹部肥胖为高血压的危险因素.结论 唐山汉族人群高血压患病率相对较高,可能与生活环境和基因有关.     

深圳市高血压患病及主要危险因素变化趋势分析

目的通过分析1997-2009年深圳市成年居民高血压患病情况及主要危险因素时间变化趋势,为制定高血压的防控策略提供科学依据。方法以深圳市1997年和2009年两次慢性病及其相关危险因素流行病学调查为基础,分析危险因素改变对高血压患病的影响,并对危险因素归因危险度的时间趋势进行分析。结果 1997-2009年,深圳市成年居民高血压标化患病率由13.23%上升至15.33%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.96,P<0.01),相对于1997年,人群45~50岁、60~70岁年龄段患病明显升高。超重和肥胖、血脂异常、高血压家族史、糖尿病、饮酒和吸烟的暴露率分别由30.66%、21.64%、16.84%、4.20%、7.72%和15.42%上升到38.05%、41.12%、36.30%、5.20%、21.40%和16.47%。超重和肥胖、血脂异常、糖尿病、饮酒和吸烟为深圳市居民高血压患病增高的主要危险因素,高血压患病率升高归因于行为危险因素的比例呈上升趋势。结论高血压危险因素效应随时间的变化有升高趋势,血脂异常、超重和肥胖、糖尿病、饮酒和吸烟为高血压升高持续稳定的危险因素。     

烟台市牟平区2015年慢性病危险因素监测

目的 了解烟台市牟平区成年人高血压、糖尿病患病情况及慢性病主要危险因素.方法 利用居民健康档案资料,按多阶段分层等间隔抽样法,选取5个村/居委会≥18岁常住居民,进行问卷调查、身体测量和实验室检测.结果 调查问卷回收率92.2％,共调查居民3 042人,高血压患病率23.5％,糖尿病患病率10.7％.患病率均随年龄增长而升高,高血压患病率≥70岁组最高,糖尿病患病率60～69岁组最高.慢性病主要危险因素:随着调查对象文化程度的提高,患病率总体呈现下降趋势;人均日食盐摄人量12.3 g,油脂摄入量36.5 g;超重和肥胖率47.5％,男性吸烟率46.0％、饮酒率39.8％;有进行身体锻炼者占39.6％.结论 牟平区慢性病的主要危险因素是不健康的饮食习惯、肥胖、吸烟、饮酒和运动不足.     

云南罗平县农村居民心血管病危险因素聚集性分析

目的 分析云南省罗平县农村心血管疾病患病与危险因素聚集性的关系.方法采用按比例概率抽样法,选取罗平县12个乡镇≥18岁常住农村居民4 801人,进行现场问卷调查和现场体检,分析比较高血压、脑卒中和心脏病患病率与心血管病危险因素聚集程度的关系.结果罗平县农村居民吸烟、饮酒、超重、肥胖、糖尿病、中心性肥胖、高血脂、高盐饮食和心血管病家族史检出率分别为31.1％、20.9％、25.1％、7.0％、6.8％、43.8％、0.6％、15.9％和6.1％;女性肥胖率、中心性肥胖率和糖尿病检出率均高于男性(P＜0.05);男性具有2个以上危险因素的聚集程度明显高于女性;高血压、脑卒中和心脏病的患病率分别为17.1％、0.7％和0.5％;随着心血管病危险因素聚集程度增加,高血压和脑卒中患病率也随之升高(P＜0.01).结论心血管疾病危险因素在农村居民中分布广泛,降低心血管危险因素聚集度有助于降低高血压和脑卒中的患病率.     

重庆市35～75岁居民高血压患病率及相关因素分析

目的了解重庆市居民高血压患病率及其影响因素,为高血压防治提供科学依据。方法 2016—2018年在重庆市8个心血管病高危人群早期筛查与综合干预项目区县选择101 036名35～75岁常住居民进行问卷调查和体格检查,数据采用SPSS 20.0进行统计分析,不同人群高血压患病率的比较采用χ~2检验,高血压患病率相关因素采用逐步后退的Logistic回归分析。结果重庆市35～75岁居民高血压患病率为40.80%,标化后患病率33.91%。多因素logistic回归分析结果提示居住地、民族、年龄、医疗保险、饮酒、现在吸烟、有室内被动吸烟、超重、肥胖、中心性肥胖、糖尿病、血脂异常是高血压患病的危险因素,文化程度、家庭年收入是高血压患病的保护因素。结论重庆市35～75岁居民高血压患病率较高,居住地、民族、年龄、文化程度、家庭年收入、医疗保险、饮酒、现在吸烟、室内被动吸烟、超重、肥胖、中心性肥胖、糖尿病、血脂异常是高血压患病相关因素。     

乐陵市3609名社区居民慢性病调查结果分析

[目的]了解乐陵市居民慢性病患病情况及筛查其危险因素，为制订综合防治措施提供科学依据。[方法]研究对象3609人，进行问卷调查、医学体检及血生化指标测定。[结果]高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常标化患病率分别为39．7％、5．0％、21．1％，有随年龄增长呈明显上升的趋势。筛出体质指数、高血压家族史、年龄、LDL-C升高、TG升高、职业和性别是高血压的主要危险因素，糖尿病家族史、LDL—C升高、年龄、中心性肥胖和吸烟是糖尿病的主要危险因素。[结论]应根据慢性病患病率及其危险因素对慢性病的重点人群采取相应的干预措施。     

哈尔滨社区居民2型糖尿病患病危险因素分析

目的了解黑龙江省哈尔滨市城市社区居民2型糖尿病(T2DM)发病的危险因素,为制定适宜的预防和干预措施提供科学依据。方法于2008年11月—2009年5月采用随机整群抽样方法对在哈尔滨市抽取的4个社区1 491名居民进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测。结果调查的1 491名社区居民中,T2DM患者456例,T2DM患病率为30.58%;不同特征社区居民T2DM患病率比较,不同年龄、文化程度、糖尿病家族史、高血压、超重或肥胖、腹型肥胖、高血脂、体育锻炼和饮酒居民T2DM患病率间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),不同性别、人均年收入和吸烟居民T2DM患病率间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果表明,年龄、糖尿病家族史、高血脂、腹型肥胖、高血压、超重或肥胖是哈尔滨市社区居民T2DM患病的危险因素。结论年龄、糖尿病家族史、高血脂、高血压和肥胖是哈尔滨市社区居民T2DM患病的主要危险因素。     

丹东市城乡居民慢性病行为危险因素分析

目的：了解慢性病的患病情况、易感人群和主要危险因素。方法：采用随机分层抽样对20岁以上常住人口进行居民健康状况及行为危险因素的调查。结果：调查对象高血压、高血脂、冠心病的患病率分别为14．12％、28．099%、6．72％；吸烟、饮酒、成食、超重与肥胖、失眠的比例分别为26．2％、20．6%、17．8％、29．06%、18．6%。多因素logistic分析显示：超重、肥胖、吸烟、饮酒、成食、失眠等是慢性病的主要危险因素，并且随着饮酒年限和吸烟年限的增多，其患慢性病的危险性也呈显著的上升。超重伴有高血压、高血脂者的冠心病、脑卒中、糖尿病的患病率均比同龄健康者成倍增高。结论:高血压、高血脂、冠心病等是丹东地区居民的主要慢性病。加强健康教育、开展控烟与防治高血压是主要的干预措施。     

2000年徐州市部分35岁以上居民慢性病患病情况及影响因素调查

[目的]了解徐州市居民慢性病患病情况及其影响因素，制定预防和控制工作规划，开展社区干预。[方法]2000年，在徐州市3个县（区）随机抽取部分35岁以上常住居民进行调查。[结果]合计调查41786人，慢性病总患病率为36．83％；随着年龄的增长，患病率逐渐升高；高血压、脑卒中、冠心病、肺气肿、糖尿病患病率城市居民高于农村居民；冠心病、糖尿病、恶性肿瘤患病率女性高于男性。肥胖、高血压、家族史是心血管疾病的危险因素。吸烟是慢性支气管炎、支气管哮喘的主要危险因素；经常体育锻炼、常吃水果是多种慢性病的保护因素。[结论]预防肥胖，改善不良生活习惯是预防控制慢性病的重要措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.