The phytoestrogen alpha-zearalenol reverses endothelial dysfunction induced by oophorectomy in rats

It has been shown recently that alpha-zearalenol, a resorcyclic acid lactone, prevents bone loss in a rat model of postmenopausal bone loss. We have therefore investigated the effects of this phytoestrogen on endothelial dysfunction induced by estrogen deficiency in rats. Female mature Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a bilateral oophorectomy (OVX rats). Sham-operated animals (sham OVX rats) were used as controls. Three weeks after surgery, animals were randomized to the following treatments: alpha-zearalenol (1 mg/kg/day, i.m., for 4 weeks), 17beta-estradiol (20 microg/kg/day, i.m., for 4 weeks), or their vehicle (100 microl, i.m., of cottonseed oil). Two other groups of rats were treated with alpha-zearalenol or 17beta-estradiol plus the pure estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182780 (2.5 mg/kg/day, i.m., for 4 weeks). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), total plasma cholesterol, plasma estradiol, and plasma alpha-zearalenol were studied. We also investigated endothelial-dependent (acetylcholine, 10 nM to 10 microM) and endothelial-independent (sodium nitroprusside, 15 nM to 30 nM) relaxation of aortic rings, as well as N(G)-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMA: 10 to 100 microM)-induced vasoconstriction and calcium-dependent nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity in homogenates of lungs taken from both sham OVX rats and OVX rats. Untreated OVX rats had, compared with sham OVX animals, unchanged body weight, MAP, HR, and plasma cholesterol. In contrast oophorectomy reduced plasma estradiol levels (OVX, 2 +/- 0.5 pg/ml; sham OVX, 35 +/- 6 pg/ml), impaired endothelial-dependent relaxation and blunted L-NMA-induced contraction (L-NMA 100 microM: sham OVX, 2.7 +/- 0.3 g/mg tissue; OVX, 1.3 +/- 0.1 g/mg tissue). Moreover OVX rats showed a reduced calcium-dependent NO synthase (cNOS) activity. Treatment with alpha-zearalenol or with 17beta-estradiol reverted the endothelial dysfunction and increased cNOS activity in lung homogenates. These effects were abolished by the pure estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182780. Our data suggest that alpha-zearalenol improves endothelial-dependent relaxation in OVX rats through an estrogen receptor-mediated effect.     

Sexually dimorphic regulation of NK-1 receptor-mediated electrophysiological responses in vagal primary afferent neurons

Neurons can display sexual dimorphism in receptor expression, neurotransmitter release, and synaptic plasticity. We have detected sexual dimorphism in functional tachykinin receptors in vagal afferents (nodose ganglion neurons, NGNs) by studying the effects of hormonal variation on the depolarizing actions of substance P (SP) in female guinea pig NGNs. Using conventional "sharp" microelectrode recording plus measurement of serum 17beta-estradiol values, we examined SP responses in NGNs isolated from 1) ovariectomized females (OVX), 2) OVX females treated with 17beta-estradiol (OVX + E2), 3) pregnant females, and 4) males. Depending on various manipulations, 19-41% female NGNs were depolarized (16 +/- 1.1 mV, mean +/- SE) by 100 nM SP acting through NK-1 receptors. The NGNs of OVX + E2 females (41%, 15/37; 17 +/- 2.1 mV) and pregnant females (41%, 32/79; 16 +/- 1.7 mV) were more likely to respond to SP than those of control males (P < 0.001). The percentage of SP-sensitive NGNs from OVX females (19%, 21/109; 15 +/- 1.9 mV) was not significantly different (P = 0.361) from that of control males (13%, 11/83; 13 +/- 2.0 mV). The serum 17beta-estradiol values for OVX + E2, pregnant, and OVX females were 23.9 +/- 3.3 pg/ml (n = 8), 16.0 +/- 2.4 pg/ml (n = 4), and 3.9 +/- 0.3 pg/ml (n = 8), respectively. These data indicate that there is a gender difference in NK-1 receptor expression in guinea pig nodose neurons, and they suggest that estrogen may modulate SP responsiveness in these neurons.     

Estrogen synthesis in the central nucleus of the amygdala following middle cerebral artery occlusion: role in modulating neurotransmission

Stroke-induced lesions of the insular cortex in the brain have been linked to autonomic dysfunction (sympathoexcitation) leading to arrhythmogenesis and sudden cardiac death. In experimental models, systemic estrogen administration in male rats has been shown to reduce stroke-induced cell death in the insular cortex as well as prevent sympathoexcitation. The central nucleus of the amygdala has been postulated to mediate sympathoexcitatory output from the insular cortex. We therefore set out to determine if endogenous estrogen levels within the central nucleus of the amygdala are altered following stroke and if microinjection of estrogen into the central nucleus of the amygdala modulates autonomic tone. Plasma estrogen concentrations were not altered by middle cerebral artery occlusion (22.86+/-0.14 pg/ml vs. 21.24+/-0.33 pg/ml; P>0.05). In contrast, estrogen concentrations in the central nucleus of the amygdala increased significantly following middle cerebral artery occlusion (from 20.83+/-0.54 pg/ml to 76.67+/-1.59 pg/ml; P<0.05). Local infusion of an aromatase inhibitor, letrozole, into the central nucleus of the amygdala at the time of middle cerebral artery occlusion prevented the increase in estrogen concentration suggesting that this increase was dependent on aromatization from testosterone. Furthermore, bilateral microinjection of estrogen (0.5 microM in 200 nl) directly into the central nucleus of the amygdala significantly decreased arterial pressure and sympathetic tone and increased baroreflex sensitivity, and these effects were enhanced following co-injection with either an N-methyl-D-aspartate or non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. Taken together, the results suggest that middle cerebral artery occlusion resulted in synthesis of estrogen within the central nucleus of the amygdala and that this enhanced estrogen level may act to attenuate overstimulation of central nucleus of the amygdala neurons to prevent middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced autonomic dysfunction.     

Medroxyprogesterone acetate inhibits the cardioprotective effect of estrogen in experimental ischemia-reperfusion injury

OBJECTIVE: Results from recent clinical trials of estrogen and progestogen therapy (EPT) suggest that some progestogens may interfere with the cardiovascular benefits of estrogen (E). The aim of this study was to investigate whether medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) modifies the protective effect of E in experimental ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in vivo and in vitro in the rat. DESIGN: Ovariectomized female Wistar rats (250-280 g, n = 61) received E, MPA, E and MPA, or placebo subcutaneously. Fourteen days later, hearts were isolated and perfused with Krebs Henseleit for in vitro experiments or left in situ for in vivo experiments. In both cases, the left coronary artery was occluded for 45 minutes, followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. RESULTS: In vivo E significantly reduced the necrotic zone of reperfused hearts (21.8% +/- 1.7% of area at risk) compared with placebo (42.8% +/- 4.8% area at risk; P < 0.05). This protection was reversed by co-administration of MPA with E (necrotic zone 38.2% +/- 6.1% area at risk). The influence of E on neutrophil infiltration was demonstrated by its ability to reduce myocardial myeloperoxidase activity (0.2 +/- 0.1 U/g tissue) relative to placebo (1.3 +/- 0.5 U/g tissue; P < 0.05). Myocardial myeloperoxidase activity was significantly increased to 1.1 +/- 0.3 U/g tissue in rats receiving E and MPA. However, MPA also reversed the protective effect of E in neutrophil-free buffer-perfused hearts, suggesting that additional mechanisms are involved. CONCLUSION: In this study, we showed that the administration of MPA can inhibit the effects of E that lead to protection of the myocardium from reperfusion injury and that this involves both neutrophil-dependent and neutrophil-independent mechanisms.     

雌激素替代治疗对中年卵巢切除大鼠大脑白质、海马内髓鞘及Lingo-1蛋白的影响

目的检测经短期雌激素替代治疗(ERT)后中年卵巢切除大鼠大脑白质及海马内髓鞘相关指标及Lingo-1的表达,探讨雌激素对髓鞘作用的可能机制。方法 24只中年雌性SD大鼠行双侧卵巢切除术(OVX)后,随机分为安慰剂治疗组(OVX+Veh组)和雌激素替代治疗组(OVX+E组)。ERT 1个月后,Morris水迷宫检测大鼠空间学习和记忆能力;从各组大鼠随机选取10只,透射电子显微镜观察大脑白质及海马内髓鞘的超微结构;Western blot检测大脑白质及海马内髓磷脂碱性蛋白(MBP)及Lingo-1的含量;免疫组化方法检测Lingo-1在大脑白质及海马的分布。结果 OVX+E组大鼠在定位航行实验中的潜伏期显著短于OVX+Veh组大鼠(P0.05);OVX+Veh组大鼠大脑白质和海马存在显著的髓鞘结构变性;OVX+E组大鼠大脑白质和海马中MBP的含量均显著高于OVX+Veh组(P0.05),而OVX+E组大鼠大脑白质和海马中Lingo-1的含量及分布均显著低于OVX+Veh组(P0.05)。结论1个月的ERT对中年卵巢切除大鼠的认知功能及大脑白质和海马内的髓鞘具有明显的保护作用,这种保护作用可能与雌激素下调大脑白质和海马内Lingo-1蛋白的表达有关。     

Hepatic microcirculatory perfusion failure is a determinant of liver dysfunction in warm ischemia-reperfusion.

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is characterized by circulatory and metabolic derangements, liver dysfunction, and tissue damage. However, little is known about the causative role of I/R-induced microcirculatory disturbance on the manifestation of postischemic reperfusion injury. Therefore, the intention of the study was to assess changes of hepatic microvascular perfusion (intravital fluorescence microscopy) as related to hepatic morphology (light/electron microscopy), hepatocellular integrity (serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities), and excretory function (bile flow). Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 20 minutes (group B, n = 9) and 60 minutes (group C, n = 9) of left hepatic lobar ischemia followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. Sham-operated animals without ischemia served as controls (group A, n = 10). Lobar ischemia for 20 minutes followed by reperfusion resulted in a significant reduction of sinusoidal perfusion rate (93.9 +/- 1.4%; P < 0.05) and a decrease in erythrocyte flux (90.0 +/- 5.6%) when compared with controls (99.4 +/- 0.2 and 97.9 +/- 2.7%). This was accompanied by a significant increase of serum AST and ALT activities (P < 0.05) and a reduction of bile flow (P < 0.05). Prolongation of lobar ischemia (group C, 60 minutes) aggravated postischemic reperfusion injury (sinusoidal perfusion rate: 87.4 +/- 2.9%; erythrocyte flux: 62.1 +/- 8.4%) and was paralleled by severed hepatocellular damage. Electron microscopy of postischemic tissue demonstrated alteration of nonparenchymal cells (swelling of sinusoidal lining cells and widening of Disse's space) and substantial parenchymal cell damage (swelling of mitochondria, disarrangement of rough endoplasmatic reticulum, vacuolization, complete cytoplasmic degeneration). Initial postischemic increase in serum AST and ALT activities and reduction of bile flow directly correlated with the extent of microcirculatory failure (P < 0.01), ie, impairment of sinusoidal perfusion and decrease of erythrocyte flux, indicating the decisive role of microvascular perfusion failure for the manifestation of hepatic tissue damage and liver dysfunction.     

雌激素对阿尔茨海默病大鼠模型MAPK蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨雌激素对阿尔茨海默病(AD)大鼠模型学习记忆能力及丝裂霉原活化的蛋白激酶(MAPK)蛋白表达的影响。方法30只大鼠行卵巢切除术(OVX)后,均分成OVX组和雌激素替代治疗组(ERT),然后采用1μlofAβ1～40(10μg/μl)立体定位单侧海马内注射建立AD动物模型,通过水迷宫实验检测动物模型的学习、记忆能力;免疫组化检测MAPK蛋白表达情况。结果ERT组AD动物模型的水迷宫逃避潜伏期较OVX组明显缩短(P<0.05),同时ERT组AD动物模型的海马CA1、CA3区的MAPK表达上调(P<0.05)。结论雌激素可以改善AD动物模型的认知功能,其神经保护作用可能与上调海马MAPK表达有关。     

The influence of the estrous cycle, persistent estrus, ovariectomy and estrogen replacement, on the numbers and frequency of spontaneously active neurons in slices of the rat preoptic region in vitro

Spontaneous single-unit activity was studied in the preoptic region of rat brain slices. Similar unit frequencies were recorded during the estrous cycle and for all ovariectomized (OVX) rats (median frequencies between 0.8 and 2.0 Hz). Higher frequencies were recorded in persistent estrus (PE) (median 3.5 Hz) and in males (median 3.4 Hz), P vs estrus less than 0.001. The mean percentage of tracks with units was low at estrus (15%), at diestrus (18%), in OVX rats (16%) and male rats (22%), and was significantly increased in metestrus (36%) and proestrus (33%) (P vs estrus less than 0.01) and in OVX rats after estrogen treatment (P less than 0.05 to P less than 0.01). It is suggested that the increased number of units found in OVX rats after estrogen treatment and in PE rats are both effects of prolonged elevated levels of estrogen in the brain.     

大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤对心脏能量代谢和结构的影响及其机制

目的：探讨肝缺血再灌注损伤对心脏能量代谢和结构的影响及其可能的发生机制。方法：健康雄性Wistar大鼠48只，随机分为对照组、缺血30 min组（I组）及缺血30 min再灌注即刻组、2 h组、4 h组和6 h组（I/R组、I/R 2 h组、I/R 4 h组和I/R 6 h组），每组8只。用偶氮显色法测定血清中的内毒素，用放射免疫法测定心肌组织胰岛素和胰岛素抗体，取心肌制备组织匀浆测丙二醛（MDA）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO），乳酸含量。 结果：在肝缺血再灌注损伤过程中，内毒素在I组和I/R组达到高峰，随着再灌注时间的延长逐渐下降，但仍高于对照组（P<0.05）。I组及I/R各组MDA的含量明显高于对照组，在I/R 2 h组、I/R 4 h组、I/R 6 h组差别更为明显（P＜0.05）；再灌注各组MPO活性明显高于对照组、I组（P＜0.05）；随着再灌注时间的延长，心肌组织中乳酸含量明显增加（P＜0.05），但在I/R 6 h组呈下降趋势（P＜0.05）；胰岛素的含量在I/R 4 h组和I/R 6 h组明显下降（P＜0.05）；而胰岛素抗体在各组间无显著差异（P＞0.05）。结论：肝缺血再灌注损伤过程中，肠源性内毒素吸收入血及肝脏解毒功能的降低所致的内毒素血症可能是引起心脏能量代谢和结构改变的始动环节。     

彩色多普勒超声在观测肝缺血再灌注后入肝血流量变化作用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在观测肝缺血再灌注后入肝血流量变化中的作用。方法健康雄性Wistar大鼠36只,体质量200~250 g,鼠龄2~3个月。随机分为2组:假手术组(Sham组,n=18),又分为假手术后1 h、6 h、24 h 3个亚组(每组6只);缺血再灌注模型组(I/R组,n=18),又分为再灌注后1 h、6 h、24 h 3个亚组(每组6只)。依Pringle’s法建立肝脏缺血15 min再灌注模型,应用彩色多普勒超声测量再灌注后1、6、24 h各时间点肝门部动脉及门静脉入肝血流量,计算总血流量。与Sham组比较观测肝缺血再灌注后入肝血流量的变化情况。比较入肝血流量与肝功能指标丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)的相关性。结果再灌注后1、6 h肝门部入肝血流量较Sham组减少[(52.08±11.88)mL/min、(44.69±8.75)mL/min vs(85.32±29.85)mL/min、(81.41±28.67)mL/min;P<0.05],再灌注24 h组与Sham组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。缺血再灌注后入肝血流量与AST间存在负相关(r=-0.73,-0.78,-0.71;P<0.05),与ALT间无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论彩色多普勒超声可通过观察肝门部入肝血流量的变化情况间接评价肝脏微循环状态。血流量的变化与AST的变化呈反向关系。     

Insulin insensitivity and delayed transcapillary delivery of insulin in oophorectomized rats treated with testosterone.

The importance of transcapillary insulin delivery as a regulated step was explored in an insulin resistant rat model. Oophorectomized female rats were exposed to testosterone (OVX + T) for 8 weeks and examined with insulin clamps, muscle microdialysis, and analyses of insulin distribution kinetics. The results were compared with those obtained in sham-operated control rats. After OVX + T, onset of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle was significantly (P < 0.001-0.05) delayed compared with controls as measured by the glucose infusion rate (GIR) during a euglycaemic, hyperinsulinaemic clamp (5 mU kg-1 min-1). The increase in interstitial insulin concentrations was also significantly (P < 0.05) delayed (15-20% lower) in OVX + T treated rats compared with control rats, but to such a small magnitude that this alone could not explain the late onset of the insulin effect. Skeletal muscle capillary density, examined histochemically, was diminished (P < 0.01-0.001) by 20-25% after treatment with OVX + T compared with control animals, as was the peripheral blood flow (P < 0.05) by 40-45%, measured with the microsphere technique. Insulin binding was reduced in proportion to the reduced (P < 0.01) vascular surface area by OVX + T treatment. Transcapillary transport rate of insulin, measured by comparisons of the kinetics of inulin and insulin spaces in muscle with time, tended (ns) to be lower after OVX + T compared with control rats (30-40%) as a reflection of the lower capillary surface area. The data suggest that the delayed onset of insulin action after OVX + T results from combined defects in the muscle cell at a postreceptor level and, to a lesser extent, from retarded transcapillary delivery of insulin.     

黄芪注射液腹腔注射脑缺血再灌注模型大鼠海马组织神经元凋亡及半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3的表达*

背景：有研究表明黄芪注射液可抑制脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马神经元凋亡。 目的：观察黄芪注射液腹腔注射脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马神经元凋亡及半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3的表达。 方法：采用四血管阻断法制备全脑缺血再灌注大鼠模型,建模后给予质量浓度2,4,6,8和10 mL/kg的黄芪注射液腹腔注射,并设立假手术组。分别采用原位末端标记法染色和蛋白免疫印迹方法检测各组大鼠海马神经元凋亡及半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3蛋白表达。 结果与结论：模型组大鼠海马神经元凋亡指数及半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3蛋白表达明显增多(P < 0.05);与模型组相比,黄芪注射液4,6,8,10 mL/kg组海马神经元凋亡指数及半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3蛋白表达明显减少(P < 0.05);与黄芪注射液4 mL/kg组比,黄芪注射液6,8,10 mL/kg 组神经元凋亡指数及半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3蛋白表达减少(P < 0.05),且呈剂量依赖性。结果证实,黄芪注射液可抑制脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马神经元凋亡及半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3蛋白表达。关键词：黄芪注射液;脑缺血再灌注;不同剂量;半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3;细胞凋亡;中医药;组织构建 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.20.031     

缺血后处理局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型大鼠相关通路以及白细胞介素8的表达

背景：缺血后处理能够激发内源性保护作用,抑制缺血再灌注后的炎症反应,但具体机制目前尚不明确。目的：观察缺血后处理对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠Toll样受体4-核因子κB信号转导通路以及白细胞介素8表达的影响,进一步阐述缺血后处理的神经保护机制。方法：将110只大鼠随机分为假手术组10只、模型组和缺血后处理组各50只,将大鼠按照Zea-Longa法建立局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,再进行缺血后处理,即大脑中动脉闭塞2 h后进行3个循环的再灌注15 s/缺血15 s,设模型组和假手术组作对照。对各组进行神经行为学评分,TTC染色测定脑梗死体积,免疫组织化学法检测脑组织Toll样受体4、核因子кB和白细胞介素8蛋白表达,原位杂交法检测其mRNA表达。结果与结论：模型组、缺血后处理组大鼠都出现神经行为学缺失及缺血侧大脑半球梗死。再灌注6,12,24,48,72 h,与模型组相比,缺血后处理组大鼠神经行为学评分显著改善(P < 0.05)、脑梗死体积明显减少(P < 0.05)。模型组和缺血后处理组Toll样受体4、核因子кB、白细胞介素8蛋白和mRNA表达于再灌注6 h时已升高,24 h达峰值。再灌注6,12,24,48,72 h,与模型组各对应时间点亚组比较,缺血后处理组上述各因子表达均显著降低(P < 0.05)。结果证实,缺血后处理可抑制缺血再灌注引起的炎症反应,通过抑制Toll样受体4-核因子κB信号转导通路和下调白细胞介素8的表达,以此发挥神经保护作用。  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程     

Altered expression of sodium transporters in ischemic penumbra after focal cerebral ischemia in rats

This study was aimed to examine whether the changes of protein expression of sodium transporters in the ischemic penumbra are associated with the pathogenesis of ischemia-induced brain edema and/or brain cell injury. An experimental model of cerebral ischemia was made by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) in rats and the changes of protein expression of sodium transporters in the ischemic penumbra were examined by immunoblotting. Extensive infarction was observed in the frontal and parietal cortical and subcortical areas at 3 and 6h after pMCAO. Immunoblotting analyses revealed significantly increased expressions of electrogenic NBC (241 +/- 11% at 3 h and 154 +/- 9% at 6 h, P < 0.05) and NHE1 (144 +/- 3% at 3 h and 170 +/- 9% at 6 h, P < 0.05), compared with sham-operated controls. In contrast, Na-K-ATPase expression (78 +/- 6% at 3 h and 85 +/- 3% at 6 h, P < 0.05) was significantly decreased. The expression of NCX1 was unchanged at 3 h, but was significantly increased at 6 h (141 +/- 3%, P < 0.05). In addition, the expressions of neuronal (NeuN) and astroglial cell (GFAP) proteins were decreased, whereas the expression of oligodendrocyte protein (CNPase) was unchanged. Taken together, the selectively increased expressions of NHE1, electrogenic NBC, and NCX1 and decreased expression of Na-K-ATPase in the ischemic penumbra are likely to contribute to the secondary brain cell damages presumably through intracellular Na(+) accumulation, cell swelling, and intracellular Ca(2+) overload.     

康脑液对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠软脑膜微循环的影响

目的 探讨康脑液对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠软脑膜微循环的干预作用.方法 大鼠分为2组,干预组每日以康脑液灌胃,对照组以生理盐水代替,连续18 d后,采用颈动脉引流法复制脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,用活体显微电视录像技术,观察软脑膜微循环变化,并以田牛氏加权积分法对流态进行分析.结果 ①康脑液可改善脑缺血再灌注时软脑膜微血流的流态：造模前微血流速度快,细动脉为线流,细静脉为线粒流,无红细胞聚集,两组间未见统计学差异（P〉0.05）.造模后模型组微血流速度显著变慢（P〈0.01）,多为粒流及粒缓流,重度红细胞聚集;微动脉血流明显减少,再灌注后渗出明显.康脑液组微血流速度也变慢,但流态变化较轻（P〈0.05）,多为线粒流及粒线流,红细胞聚集及渗出也较轻,其流态积分值显著低于模型组（P〈0.05～0.01）.②康脑液可拮抗脑缺血再灌注时微血管口径的收缩：造模后模型组微血管立即收缩,细动脉以脑缺血15～30 min及再灌注后15～120 min、细静脉以脑缺血15 min收缩显著（P〈0.05～0.01）,而康脑液组微血管口径变化不明显（P〉0.05）.两组比较,康脑液组软脑膜微血管口径缩窄明显较轻（P〈0.05～0.01）.③康脑液可改善脑缺血再灌注时毛细血管的关闭：造模后虽两组毛细血管交点计数均减少（P〈0.01）,但模型组可见毛细血管大量关闭,而康脑液组毛细血管交点数显著多于模型组（P〈0.05～0.01）.结论 康脑液能减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注时软脑膜微循环障碍,表现为对脑缺血再灌注时的微血流变慢、红细胞聚集、微血管口径缩窄及毛细血管关闭具有很好的干预作用.     

局部亚低温对大鼠局灶脑缺血再灌注后神经营养因子-3表达的影响

目的：观察病变侧缺血至再灌期亚低温(32～33 ℃)对局灶脑缺血再灌注后梗死体积和神经营养因子-3(neurotrophin-3,NT-3)表达的影响。方法：采用改良线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型,随机分为假手术组、常温缺血组和亚低温缺血组,缺血30 min后应用负反馈控温半导体制冷块对大鼠病变侧给予亚低温治疗并持续至再灌期。处死大鼠前进行神经功能缺陷评分,氯化三苯四氮唑染色及计算机图像分析技术观察脑梗死体积,采用免疫组织化学方法检测NT-3表达,末端脱核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口标记技术观察神经细胞凋亡情况。结果：同常温缺血组相比,亚低温缺血组梗死体积明显减少,NT-3阳性细胞数量增加,凋亡的神经细胞明显减少(均P<0.05)。神经功能缺陷评分亚低温缺血组明显低于相应时间点常温缺血组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论：病变侧亚低温可通过增加脑缺血后NT-3的表达水平,抑制细胞凋亡而发挥脑保护作用。     

Decrease of the electroacupuncture-induced analgesic effects in nuclear factor-kappa B1 knockout mice

We investigated whether pre-treatment with melatonin, a potent free radical scavenger and antioxidant, would protect against permanent focal cerebral ischemia without reperfusion in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. A single dose of melatonin at 5, 15, or 50 mg/kg or the vehicle alone was given via an intraperitoneal injection at 0.5 h before permanent MCAO. Relative infarction volumes on day 3 were significantly reduced in the groups treated with melatonin at 5 (mean+/-SEM, 17.0+/-6.5%), 15 (18.1+/-5.8%), or 50 (20.6+/-5.0%) mg/kg when compared with the vehicle-treated group (37.1+/-2.8%) and so melatonin treatment achieved a relative reduction in infarct volume by 54.2, 51.2 and 44.5%, respectively. Melatonin did not affect the hemodynamic parameters. Thus, pre-treatment with melatonin at a dose between 5 and 50 mg/kg protects against focal cerebral ischemia without reperfusion.     

Estrogen preconditioning protects the hippocampal CA1 against ischemia

Estrogen is neuroprotective against ischemia in both in vivo and in vitro injury models. Because of the promising preclinical data on neuroprotection, the Women's Estrogen for Stroke Trial was initiated. The outcomes from this trial were, however, unsuccessful and questions emerged about the safety of chronic estrogen treatment in women. In contrast to the chronic estrogen treatment strategy, the present study aims to investigate: (1) the neuroprotective efficacy of single estrogen pretreatment/preconditioning; and (2) the existence of a similarity between estrogen- and ischemic preconditioning-induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia. The efficacy of estrogen was tested in an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia using hippocampal organotypic slice culture system. The hippocampal organotypic slice cultures were generated from female neonatal (9-11 days old) Sprague-Dawley rats. The slices were exposed to estradiol-17beta (0.5, 1, 5 nM) for various durations (1, 2 or 4 h) 48 h prior to ischemia (40 min of oxygen-glucose deprivation). For ischemic preconditioning, slices were exposed to sublethal oxygen-glucose deprivation (15 min), 48 h prior to lethal oxygen-glucose deprivation. Quantification of cell death in hippocampal CA1 region was conducted by using propidium iodide fluorescence staining technique. Results demonstrated that estrogen preconditioning significantly protects the hippocampal CA1 region against ischemia (P<0.001) and mimicked ischemic preconditioning-induced neuroprotection. The propidium iodide fluorescence values of estrogen preconditioning, ischemic preconditioning and ischemia groups were 21+/-2 (mean+/-S.E.M.) (1 nM; 2 h; n=15), 18+/-2 (5 nM; 4 h; n=12), 32+/-3 (n=8), 65+/-3 (n=27), respectively. Further, estrogen preconditioning initiated a calcium-mediated signaling pathway leading to protection of CA1 neurons against ischemia. Future investigations in estrogen preconditioning may suggest new estrogen regimens that avoid potential side effects of chronic estrogen treatment for stroke patients.     

Effect of fentanyl on TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels during global ischemia/reperfusion in rats

To reduce surgical stress, fentanyl is frequently used for neurosurgical procedures in which focal and/or global ischemia may occur. However, the effect of fentanyl on cytokine levels during ischemia/reperfusion is still uncertain. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of fentanyl infusion on levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta, during global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats using the intracerebral microdialysis technique. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 280-320 g were randomly assigned to each of four groups: group 1 (no fentanyl infusion and only ischemia/reperfusion); group 2 (1.5 ng/ml of fentanyl infusion during ischemia/reperfusion) and group 3 (3 ng/ml of fentanyl infusion during ischemia/reperfusion) (n=5 in each group). The rats were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital (50 mg/kg). They were then intubated and ventilated with room air using an animal ventilator. A CMA-12 probe was inserted into the left hippocampal CA-1 region according to the guidelines. Artificial cerebrospinal fluid was run from the inserted microdialysis probe and infused with or without fentanyl at 3 microl/min using a microinjection syringe pump during ischemia/reperfusion. Ischemia was induced by clamping the carotid arteries. Hemorrhagic hypotension was induced for 17 min via the femoral artery, and reperfusion was accomplished by unclamping the sling and reinfusing the blood via the femoral artery. After 2 h of stabilization, the microdialysate was collected 10 times every 17 min, just before ischemia (control), after ischemia (I) and after reperfusion (R1-R8), and stored at -80 degrees C until analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography During global ischemia/reperfusion, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta significantly increased at reperfusion (R5) compared with the control value (p < 0.05). However, in both cases of fentanyl infusion, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta showed no increase compared with the control value. Fentanyl inhibited an increase of the proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels, during global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats.     

中枢八肽胆囊收缩素对大鼠局部脑缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的:探讨八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)对局部脑缺血/再灌注损伤的影响及其可能机制。方法:采用线栓法大鼠局部脑缺血再灌注模型,观察侧脑室(icv)注射CCK-8或其受体拮抗剂-丙谷胺对脑缺血1h再灌注24h大鼠脑梗死体积、局部脑血流量(rCBF)、不同脑区一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果:(1)脑缺血前给予不同剂量的CCK-8均可缩小脑梗死体积,但只有CCK-8剂量为1.0μg、2.0μg时这种差别才有显著性(均P＜0.05)。预先给予丙谷胺可完全拮抗CCK-8的作用;单纯给予丙谷胺可加重脑缺血损伤。(2)CCK-8可显著抑制脑缺血/再灌注损伤引起的梗死区、半暗区NO水平的升高;抑制梗死区MDA含量的增加(P＜0.05);再灌注24h时,CCK-8组rCBF显著高于正常值(P＜0.05)。结论:中枢内、外源性CCK-8均具有减轻局部脑缺血/再灌注损伤的作用,其机制可能和抑制脑缺血或再灌注时的自由基损伤及增加rCBF有关。