上海市1979～1998年孕产妇死亡情况分析

目的：通过孕产妇死亡资料的分析,总结上海市孕产妇系统管理的经验和教训,为进一步降低孕产妇死 亡率提供科学的依据。方法：采用回顾性研究的方法,对２０年来上海市孕产妇死亡的个案及评审情况进行分析。结果;２０ 年来上海市户籍人口的孕产妇死亡率有明显下降,从最高的３４．１１／１０万降到１９９８年的１１．５１／１０万,但外地户口孕产 妇在全市孕产妇死亡中所占比例越来越高,从０上升到１９９８年的５８．８２％。２０年本市户籍人口的孕产妇死因前５位依 次为产科出血、肝病、心脏病、栓塞、妊高征和异位妊娠;外地户口者为产科出血、肝病、妊高征、产褥感染、心脏病和栓塞。 自１９９３年上海市成立了全市产科心脏病监护中心及肝病中心后,全市孕产妇心脏病死亡专率显著下降,从３．０７／１０万 降到１． ６５／１０万（Ｐ＜０． ０１）,但肝病无显著下降。异位妊娠死亡专率通过全市性专题培训,从 ３． ５２／１０万降到 ０． ３／１０万 （Ｐ＜０．０１）。全市妊高征与产后出血的死亡专率在防治妊高征并无明显变化而产后出血的死亡专率却反有上升,进一步 分析发现同期外地人口中接受产前检查率下降而在家分娩的比例上升,这些可能是外地人口中孕产妇出血死亡较高的 相关因素。从     

上海市近十年外来孕产妇死亡情况分析

目的:通过对外来孕产妇死亡资料的分析,了解上海市外来孕产妇系统管理中的问题,为提出有效的干预措施以进一步降低孕产妇死亡率提供科学依据。方法:采用回顾性分析的方法,对十年来上海市孕产妇死亡的个案及评审情况进行分析。结果:①上海市活产总数从1996年的83 208例上升到2005年的125 130例,增加50.38%,而外来流动孕产妇活产总数从1996年的16 458例(占总数的19.78%)上升到2005年的63 968例(占总数的51.12%),增加288.67%(近3倍)。②全市孕产妇死亡数从1996年的24例上升到2005年的32例,其中外来流动孕产妇死亡数从9例(占同期死亡总数的37.50%)上升到31例(占同期死亡总数的96.88%)。③十年中上海市孕产妇平均死亡率为26.92/10万(243/902 807),其中本市户籍者为15.58/10万(70/604 419),外来户籍者为57.98/10万(173/298 388),外来孕产妇死亡率为本市户籍者的3.72倍。全市孕产妇死亡率从1996年的28.84/10万下降到2005年的25.57/10万,以本市户籍孕产妇死亡率下降明显(从22.47/10万下降至2005年的1.64/10万),而外来流动人口孕产妇死亡率从54.68/10万下降到48.46/10万。④十年中外来孕产妇死亡以直接产科原因为主(117例,67.63%),前三位死因分别为产科出血(69例,39.88%)、妊娠期高血压综合征(17例,9.83%)、感染(16例,9.25%)。而本市孕产妇死亡以间接原因为主(40例,57.14%),前三位死因依次为出血(9例,12.86%)、羊水栓塞(9例,12.86%)、心脏病及肝病(7例,10.00%)、异位妊娠(5例,7.14%)。⑤死亡的外来孕产妇呈现以下“三低三高”特点:文化程度低(小学以下文化程度者占61.5%);产前检查率低(未接受过产前检查者占64.3%);住院分娩率低(在家分娩者占43.0%)。经产妇比例高(57.0%,怀孕三次以上者占41.6%);计划外生育比例高(59.0%);死亡原因中产科直接原因比例高(59.2%)。结论:上海本市户籍孕产妇死亡率已接近某些发达国家水平,要进一步降低全市孕产妇死亡率,加强对外来户籍孕产妇的保健管理是关键。     

北京市孕产妇与流动人口孕产妇1995-2004年死亡分析

目的 分析北京市孕产妇与流动人口孕产妇死亡资料，为制定干预措施提供依据。方法 采用回顾性调查方法。对北京市1995—2004年孕产妇死亡病例及评审资料进行分析。结果该期间北京市户籍孕产妇死亡率为17．9／10万，流动人口死亡率为51．3／10万。北京市孕产妇死因依次为栓塞（21．2％）、妊高征（18．3％）、产科出血（14．4％）和心脏病／异位妊娠（9．6％）。流动人口孕产妇死因依次为产科出血（25．2％）、栓塞（19．7％）、妊高征（17．3％）和肝病（9．5％）。孕产妇可避免死亡占18．9％，创造条件可避免死亡占37．7％，不可避免死亡占43．4％。结论 北京市户籍孕产妇死亡率已接近发达国家水平，流动人口孕产妇保健管理亟待加强。取缔非法接生、加强医务人员的培训及人才培养、提高医疗机构处理妊娠合并症及异位妊娠的急救抢救能力，是今后干预的重点。     

2005～2009年上海市孕产妇死亡情况

目的:寻找影响孕产妇死亡率下降的相关因素,总结推广有效的保障母婴安全的干预措施。方法:采用回顾性分析的方法,对上海市近5年孕产妇死亡的所有个案及评审资料进行分析。结果:①上海市活产数从2005年的125 130例上升到2009年的187 335例,增加了49.71%,外来流动孕产妇活产数比例从2005年的51.12%上升到2009年的54.8%。②5年中孕产妇死亡134例,死亡率16.28/10万(134/823 144);其中本地户籍者死亡25例,死亡率为7.10/10万;外地户籍者死亡109例,死亡率为23.15/10万。全市孕产妇死亡率从2005年的25.57/10万降至2009年的9.61/10万,下降62.42%,其中外来孕产妇死亡率从2005年的48.46/10万下降到2009年的11.69/10万,下降75.88%。③5年中孕产妇主要死因顺位为:产科出血(21.64%)、妊娠期高血压疾病(11.90%)、心脏疾病(11.19%)、肝脏疾病(7.46%)、羊水栓塞(7.46%)。上海本市户籍者主要死因顺位分别为:产科出血(20.00%)、肝脏疾病(16.00%)、妊娠期高血压疾病(12.00%)、心脏疾病(8.00%)和脑血管意外(6.00%);外地户籍孕产妇死因顺位依次为:产科出血(22.02%)、妊娠期高血压疾病(11.93%)、心脏疾病(11.93%)、羊水栓塞(8.26%)和子宫破裂(6.42%)。④5年中直接产科原因死亡者66例(49.25%),构成比从2005年的61.11%下降到2009年的27.78%。⑤在2004～2007年上海市采取了一系列干预措施来保障母婴安全,使上海市孕产妇死亡率显著下降。出血死亡专率从2005年的6.39/10万下降到2009年的1.08/10万。外来孕产妇出血、妊娠高血压疾病死亡率分别从12.51/10万和4.69/10万下降到0.97/10万和1.95/10万。外来孕产妇产科出血、异位妊娠,妊娠期高血压疾病死亡率从前5年的21.85/10万、4.37/10万和6.87/10万下降到到后5年的5.47/10万、0.68/10万和2.96/10万。结论:近5年上海市孕产妇死亡率(尤其是外来孕产妇死亡率)显著下降,提示了一系列干预措施的有效性。     

上海市外来孕产妇保健管理现况与政策研究

目的 针对外来孕产妇死亡已构成影响上海市孕产妇死亡率下降的“瓶颈”问题，分析外来孕产妇保健管理的问题及原因，提出加强外来人口孕产妇保健管理的适宜模式与方案，为完善出台外来孕产妇保健管理的相关政策和措施提供科学的决策依据。方法 应用专家咨询与焦点组访谈方法、卫生政策分析与评价方法等相关知识，采用定量和定性相结合的方法来进行研究。结果 （1）上海市目前仍是采用自20世纪70年代后期建立的以户籍所在地为基础的孕产期系统保健管理模式，并针对外来孕产妇保健管理出台了相关政策；（2）上海市近10年来平均孕产妇死亡率为26．92／10万，其中本市户籍者为11．58／10万，外来孕产妇为57．98／10万，本市户籍孕产妇死亡率从1996年的22．47／10万下降到2005年的1．64／10万，外来孕产妇死亡率从1996年的54．68／10万下降到2005年的48．46／10万；（3）外来孕产妇的建册率、产前检查率、产前诊断率和产后访视率均低于本市户籍孕产妇；（4）10个外来孕产妇平产分娩点在2004年8月1日至2005年7月31日1年期间共接产外来产妇12529例，比前年同期增加248．41％。1年期间未发生外来孕产妇死亡，围生儿死亡率为4．65‰（低于前一年的5．94‰）。结论 需要建立一种新的机制去落实外来孕产妇保健管理，包括政府对“面的控制”——政策保障、资金支持、舆论覆盖；医疗保健机构对“点的建设”——观念的转变、适宜技术的推广、服务项目的精简以及质量的提高；卫生行政部门对“链的操作”——网络的建设、健康教育项目的深入普及、管理流程的简约便捷、保健关口的前移、服务平台的合理科学搭建及其人、财、物的必要支持、执法力度的加大，严肃查处非法接生、老法接生和个体医生进行产前检查的行为等。     

南宁市2008至2012年孕产妇死亡分析

目的：通过对南宁市2008至2012年孕产妇死亡监测情况和死因变化趋势分析,掌握孕产妇主要死因及其相关因素,有针对性的提出干预措施以降低孕产妇死亡率。方法对南宁市2008至2012年南宁市6县6城区孕产妇保健情况调查年报表、常住人口孕产妇死亡报告卡、孕产妇死亡调查表、孕产妇死亡评审资料进行统计分析。结果2008至2012年南宁市活产数520091例,孕产妇死亡149例,平均死亡率28.64/10万(其中户籍死亡17.49/10万),孕产妇死亡原因前5位依次为：羊水栓塞、妊娠合并心脏病、妊娠合并肝病、妊娠合并恶性肿瘤、产后出血。评审结果显示不可避免死亡125例(71.84%),可避免死亡49例(28.16%)。监测资料分析显示：虽然影响孕产妇死亡率是多因素的,但妊娠合并症在孕产妇死亡原因中排位上升,前5位死因中,间接产科死亡原因已超出直接产科原因。结论孕期三级保健网络管理的健全、医务人员对妊娠内科合并症的早期识别、高危孕产妇多学科联合监测管理、产科团队的应急救治反应能力对危重孕产妇的救治和降低孕产妇死亡率有重要作用。     

2001年福建省102例孕产妇死亡评审分析

[目的]探讨降低福建省孕产妇死亡率的干预措施。[方法]根据WHO评审方法，对3个方面4个环节存在的问题进行宏观与性质评审。[结果]2001年全省死亡孕产妇102例，校正死亡率为30．80／10万。死因评审前5位死因依次为产科出血、妊高征、妊娠合并肝病、妊娠合并心脏病和羊水栓塞，性质评审提示74．5％孕产妇死亡是可以避免的。[结论]应针对造成死亡的多因素进行干预，恰当地选择优先干预措施。     

上海市2000～2007年孕产妇死亡情况分析

目的:通过孕产妇死亡个案资料分析上海市孕产妇死亡率、死因变化和影响因素,为降低孕产妇死亡率提供依据。方法:回顾分析2000～2007年的孕产妇死亡个案资料。结果:①2000～2007年上海市孕产妇死亡221例,孕产妇死亡率为24.42/10万;其中,本地户口孕产妇死亡43例,孕产妇死亡率为8.60/10万;外地户口孕产妇死亡178例,孕产妇死亡率为43.94/10万,后者明显高于前者。②本市户口的孕产妇死亡率比在近年较为稳定,基本保持10/10万以下,2007年为7.36/10万;外地户口孕产妇的死亡率从2000年的57.85/10万下降到2007年的17.01/10万,下降趋势明显,特别是在2002年之后呈现很明显的下降趋势。③全市孕产妇死因依次是产后出血、妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠合并心脏病、合并肝病、羊水栓塞,外地户口死因顺位与全市的相同;本地户口孕产妇的死因顺位依次是产后出血、异位妊娠、妊娠合并心肝病、合并肝病和羊水栓塞。结论:而要切实的降低孕产妇死亡率,达到全覆盖的孕产妇保健管理,加强对流动人口的有效管理是关键。     

北京市海淀区1991～2005年孕产妇死亡监测分析

目的:了解海淀区户籍孕产妇死亡变化趋势、死亡原因及影响因素,为进一步降低孕产妇死亡率提供科学的依据。方法:对海淀区1991～2005年孕产妇死亡监测资料分三个阶段(1991～1995年、1996～2000年、2001～2005年)进行分析。结果:海淀区15年间共有17例孕产妇死亡,孕产妇死亡率为14.87/10万;三个阶段孕产妇死亡率分别为24.87/10万、11.25/10万、5.78/10万,呈现下降趋势;17例孕产妇死亡直接产科死因占52.94%,间接产科死因占47.06%;孕产妇死亡原因前3位依次为羊水栓塞(29.41%)、妊娠合并肝病(17.65%)、妊娠合并心脏病(11.76%)。结论:海淀区在过去15年间,孕产妇死亡率得到了很好的控制,但也面临不少挑战,进一步降低孕产妇死亡率,需采取综合措施,有重点的全面实施,才能最终实现降低孕产妇死亡率的目的。     

沈阳市1991～2000年孕产妇死亡情况分析

为进一步降低孕产妇死亡率提供科学依据 ,总结沈阳市孕产妇系统管理工作经验教训 ,采用回顾性研究方法 ,对沈阳市近 10年孕产妇死亡病例及评审情况进行分析。结果 :沈阳市 10年孕产妇死亡率明显下降 ,从 1991年的 2 5 .43/ 10万 ,下降到 2 0 0 0年 18.75 / 10万。 10年孕产妇死亡原因前 6位依次为羊水栓塞、产后出血、妊高征、心脏病、肝病、异位妊娠。通过专家评审结果发现 :该市孕产妇死亡原因主要问题与医疗保健因素尤其是医务人员知识技能相关 ,而农村死亡的孕产妇则与个人家庭因素尤其是知识水平及经济状况有关。沈阳市孕产妇死亡率已接近全国先进地区水平 ,要进一步降低全市孕产妇死亡率 ,必须加强宣传 ,提高农村孕妇自我保健水平。加强培训 ,提高医务人员的三基技能 ,从而降低孕产妇死亡率。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.