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1.
Stansley W Roscoe DE Hawthorne E Meyer R 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2001,40(2):285-291
We have observed recurring chlordane poisonings of large numbers of common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), and American robins (Turdus migratorius) at suburban roosts in New Jersey during the month of July. This paper describes aspects of the food chain uptake of chlordane
that account for the periodicity of these poisonings. Chlordane concentrations ranged from < 0.02 to 20.3 μg/g wet weight
in 11 soil samples collected from residential lawns and a golf course near one roost. Of the 10 species of insects and soil
invertebrates collected from the area, two scarab beetles, the oriental beetle (Anomala orientalis) and Japanese beetle (Popilla japonica), had the highest concentrations of chlordane-related compounds (15.1 and 5.9 μg/g wet weight, respectively). Concentrations
in the other eight species ranged from < 0.04 to 1.3 μg/g. Oriental and Japanese beetles collected from a rural location had
concentrations of 0.03 and < 0.02 μg/g, respectively. Emergence of adult beetles peaked in mid- to late July, when bird mortality
also peaked. Fecal pellets collected near the roost (n = 24) contained the remains of 1–5 beetles each (mean = 2), and scarab
beetles accounted for 40% of the total number of insect parts in the stomach contents of common grackles (n = 8). Unlike soil
samples, in which cis- and trans-chlordane predominated, beetles contained large amounts of the more toxic metabolites heptachlor epoxide and oxychlordane.
Total chlordane-related compounds ranged from < 0.05 to 18.4 μg/g in Japanese beetles collected from 16 sites in New Jersey
and 2 sites in Ohio. The highest concentrations were found in beetles from suburban areas and golf courses. We also analyzed
brain tissue from insectivorous bats (15 big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus, and 5 little brown bats, Myotis lucifugus) that were submitted to the New Jersey Rabies Laboratory in late June/July 1998 and 1999 but found to be rabies-negative.
We suggest that high concentrations in three of the bats caused debility or abnormal behavior that may have precipitated submission
for rabies testing.
Received: 8 May 2000/Accepted: 18 August 2000 相似文献
2.
Ben A. Smith Philipp Egeler Daniel Gilberg William Hendershot Gladys L. Stephenson 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2010,59(2):264-273
Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) are often used in the risk assessment process to estimate trophic transfer of contaminants
such as metals from soil. BAFs can be derived from laboratory studies through the determination of steady-state concentrations
or kinetic estimation methods. In this study, bioaccumulation tests were performed with artificial soil spiked at low levels
with cadmium or zinc to determine uptake and elimination kinetics of both metals by the compost worm Eisenia andrei. The metal-amended soils were acclimated for 21 days prior to the test, after which worms were individually incubated in
the soils. The uptake phase comprised 0–21 days, after which the test organisms were transferred into clean soil and the elimination
phase continued for an additional 21 days. Subsamples of soil and earthworms (whole body) were collected from independent
replicates throughout the uptake phase and elimination phase and analyzed for total metal concentrations. Uptake of Cd in
E. andrei increased linearly with time and did not reach steady state within the testing period. Cd uptake and excretion were described
by a one-compartment first-order kinetics model. Zn concentrations rapidly increased in E. andrei after 1 day of exposure but subsequently decreased to background levels throughout the remainder of the uptake phase; internal
Zn concentrations did not change from background levels during the elimination phase. Kinetic BAFs were calculated for Cd
and Zn. Cd is a nonessential metal that is bioaccumulated at a relatively rapid rate, while Zn is an essential metal, and
as such, it is regulated by E. andrei. Metal essentiality and concentration significantly impact bioaccumulation of metals by terrestrial invertebrates. 相似文献
3.
Rice TM Oris JT Taylor DH 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2001,41(4):450-457
Several toxic effects of lead (Pb) have been documented in amphibians, but few studies have measured tissue levels of exposed
specimens or examined toxicokinetics, availability of dietary versus waterborne sources, or route of entry. We modeled the
toxicokinetics and examined the availability of dietary and waterborne Pb in both fed and food-deprived bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) larvae. Uptake rates of Pb (1,000 μg Pb/L nominal exposure) were similar between fed and unfed larvae, but unfed larvae
eliminated Pb slowly. Consequently, food-deprived larvae accumulated significantly more Pb compared to fed larvae. The intestinal
tract contained > 90% of total body Pb in both fed and unfed larvae. Total body concentrations of Pb in fed larvae did not
increase over 7 days although levels in food did increase. We concluded that food consumption influenced Pb accumulation through
changes in elimination rates rather than in uptake rates. Pb appeared to enter the body of larvae through ingestion of contaminated
water rather than food.
Received: 27 October 2000/Accepted: 4 April 2001 相似文献
4.
Béchard KM Gillis PL Wood CM 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2008,54(3):454-459
The acute toxicities of waterborne Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn were determined in the first-instar larvae (generally considered
to be the most sensitive) of Chironomus riparius, under standardized conditions. Toxicity tests were conducted in soft water (hardness, 8 mg/L as CaCO3 equivalents) in the absence of food and were limited to 24 h to avoid control mortality associated with food deprivation.
For each metal, a logarithmic range of concentrations was tested between 0 and 25 mg/L. First-instar C. riparius are most sensitive to Pb, with a 24-h LC50 of 0.61 mg/L (CI of 0.26–1.15 mg/L), and to Cu, with a 24-h LC50 of 2.09 mg/L
(CI of 1.57–2.96 mg/L). The LC50 for Cd was 9.38 mg/L, while the LC50s for Zn and Ni were both higher than the highest tested
concentration of 25 mg metal/L. Our results found that even first-instar chironomid larvae are well protected by both the
current CCME Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life and the USEPA Water Quality Criteria, as
LC50s were at least 25 times higher than the guideline concentrations. 相似文献
5.
Effects of Nitrate and Ammonium on Larvae of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rana temporaria</Emphasis> from the Pyrenees 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Neus Oromí Delfí Sanuy Marcel Vilches 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2009,82(5):534-537
In order to investigate the effects of nitrate and ammonium on the amphibians in a pasture zone of the Catalonian Pyrenees,
larvae of Rana temporaria from several ponds were exposed to different concentrations of nitrate (0–500 mg/L) and ammonium (0–1.2 mg/L). High concentrations
of nitrate in the water caused mortality and reduced larval size of R. temporaria, whereas no effects on larvae were observed in ammonium conditions. The results suggest that, if the levels of nitrate reach
about 100 mg/L, the possibility of survival of R. temporaria larvae may be reduced. 相似文献
6.
Accumulation of trace metals in aquatic insect Stenopsyche marmorata Navas transferred in streams 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Instar V larvae of the aquatic insect Stenopsyche marmorata were transferred between a noncontaminated site and a contaminated site and changes in the accumulation of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) in larvae were monitored for 30 days. Concentrations of the four metals rapidly increased or decreased within 10 days in the transferred larvae and approached concentrations of the native larvae living in the transfer sites. The accumulation of Ni and Cu in the larval body was very noticeable. The decreased Ni concentrations are represented by two exponential rate formulas, suggesting a biological half-life of 1.4 and 12.1 days. Under laboratory conditions, routes of Ni and Cu uptake were examined and Ni uptake was found to be mainly from food. However, larvae accumulated Cu from both food and water sources. In this case, the amount of metal uptake from food was more than that from water. The results of this indoor experiment are discussed and compared with the results of the transfer field experiment. Active biomonitoring of trace metal in transferred larvae is useful since it enables rapid and easy assessment of metal contamination. 相似文献
7.
Rakotondravelo ML Anderson TD Charlton RE Zhu KY 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2006,51(3):352-359
Effects of long-term exposure to each of three pesticides including atrazine, DDT, and chlorpyrifos on larval survivorship,
growth, and macromolecule (total body protein and RNA) production were evaluated in the aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans, under laboratory conditions. Newly hatched larvae were exposed to atrazine at 30 and 150 μg/L, DDT at 0.01 and 0.05 μg/L,
or chlorpyrifos at 0.02 and 0.10 μg/L throughout one life cycle. Larval survivorship was evaluated at 20 d and the end of
the test, and larval growth at 20 d. Chlorpyrifos at 0.1 μg/L reduced the midge survivorship by 67% after 20-d exposure. However,
neither atrazine nor DDT affected larval survivorship. The ash-free dry weight of midge larvae exposed to chlorpyrifos at
0.1 μg/L was 1.5-fold greater than that of the control whereas neither atrazine nor DDT showed a significant effect on the
ash-free dry weight. In addition, exposures of midges to chlorpyrifos at 0.1 μg/L increased the adult emergence rate by 81%
as compared to the control although the actual number of adults that emerged from chlorpyrifos-treated larvae was significantly
decreased. Both the increased ash-free dry weight of larvae and increased adult emergence rate were likely caused by reduced
competition for both food and space among the survivors due to increased larval mortality. Although neither total protein
nor total RNA production was significantly affected in larvae exposed to each pesticide for 20 d, a significantly higher number
of males over females (ratio = 4) emerged from midges exposed to DDT at 0.05 μg/L. Our study indicates that chronic exposure
to low concentrations of chlorpyrifos and DDT results in significant mortality of midge larvae and alteration of the sex ratio
of adult emergence, respectively. Because midges are important components of the food web, our results suggest that effects
elicited directly or indirectly by long-term pesticide exposures may potentially disrupt both food chains and community structure
in aquatic environments. 相似文献
8.
Gurushankara HP Krishnamurthy SV Vasudev V 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2007,52(2):251-256
The effects of short-term exposure (28 days) of free-feeding Limnonectus limnocharis (Indian cricket frog) tadpoles to field concentrations of malathion were investigated. This frog species is a major biotic
component of the agroecosystems of the Western Ghats (13°18′, 75°25′ and 13°22′, 75°28′), where malathion (diethyl [(dimethoxy
phosphino thioyl] butanediote), an organophosphate pesticide, is being used extensively. Although malathion is known to cause
nonreversible acetylcholine inhibition and diminishes activity, growth and development in amphibian tadpoles, such data on
Indian amphibian species are lacking. In the present study, increments in the following were used to assess such an impact:
tadpole growth; increase in total length, body length, tail length, and body weight; and food consumption. The different concentrations
of malathion employed were 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 3000 μg L–1. Malathion exposure produced significant effects on all measured parameters. Tadpole survival decreased from 20 to 6 tadpoles,
with an increase in concentration followed by a decrease in growth. Food consumption of surviving tadpoles also decreased
(0.067 mg.g–1.d–1 to 0.0075 mg.g–1.d–1) with increased malathion. Decreased food consumption, growth, and development of L. limnocharis tadpoles with an increase of malathion concentration (within field concentration range) over temporal scale reveal the possible
threat to this species in the agroecosystems of the Western Ghats. 相似文献
9.
Couillard CM Lebeuf M Légaré B Trottier S 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2008,54(2):283-291
During their formation, fish eggs receive a load of contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from their mother
and then, after spawning, are exposed to pesticides present in water. This is the first study investigating the interaction
between PCBs and organophosphorous pesticides in fish. The effect of diazinon was evaluated in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) larvae produced from eggs differentially treated with 3,3′,4,4′,5 pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126). A few hours after fertilization,
eggs were treated topically with a solution of PCB126 (100 pg/μl) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Group P), DMSO (Group D),
or not treated (Group N). Newly hatched larvae from Groups P and D were exposed to diazinon (125–12,900 ng/L) in saltwater
and Group N larvae to saltwater alone. Diazinon caused a dose-responsive inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity at environmentally
realistic concentrations (≥361 ng/L), with up to 85% inhibition at 12,900 ng/L. Body length was also inversely related to
diazinon at concentrations ≥361 ng/L and was significantly reduced (by 4%) at 12,900 ng/L compared to controls. Mummichog
larvae were highly sensitive to PCB126 with an eightfold induction of the activity of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase at a dose of 710 pg PCB126 or 3.6 pg TCDD-TEQ/g wet weight. Treatment with PCB126 also caused a slight reduction
in body length but no effect on ChE activity. This study indicates that the effects of PCB126 and diazinon on body length
are cumulative because no significant synergistic or antagonistic interactions were observed. Longer term studies with several
doses of PCB126 are needed to fully assess the overall impact of joint exposure to diazinon and PCB126 on growth and survival
of fish larvae. 相似文献
10.
Weston DP Penry DL Gulmann LK 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2000,38(4):446-454
A mass-balance bioaccumulation model was used to examine the bioaccumulation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) from ingested sediment by the deposit-feeding polychaete Abarenicola pacifica over a series of experiments employing nine different sediments. Through selective ingestion of fine-grained material, the
worm was able to increase the BaP content of ingested sediment by 10–35% above that of the bulk material. During digestion,
an average of 5–21% of the ingested BaP was absorbed from gut contents. The relative importance of ingestion as a route of
BaP uptake was dependent on the time period of observation. Initial uptake of BaP was postulated to come from absorption of
dissolved BaP across the body wall since, after short periods of exposure (<24 h), only 3–38% of observed BaP tissue concentrations
could have been derived from ingested material. With time and with increased feeding activity, however, ingested sediment
became the major source of BaP to the organism. After 72 h of exposure, 36–119% of the tissue BaP (mean = 77%) was estimated
to have been derived from dietary absorption of ingested material, and with continued exposure the dietary route is likely
to be as great or greater as the relative significance of the initial uptake from the dissolved phase diminishes. This work
and other studies indicate that for many deposit feeders, ingested sediment can be the primary source for the bioaccumulation
of hydrophobic toxicants.
Received: 27 April 1999/Accepted: 12 October 1999 相似文献
11.
Varun M D'Souza R Pratas J Paul MS 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2011,87(1):45-49
Root and shoot samples of Prosopis juliflora were assessed for their heavy metal content to evaluate the species as a green solution to decontaminate soils contaminated
with lead and cadmium. The highest uptake of both the metals was observed in plants from industrial sites. Sites with more
anthropogenic disturbance exhibited reduced chlorophyll levels, stunted growth, delayed and shortened reproductive phase.
The ratios of lead and cadmium in leaves to lead and cadmium in soil were in the range of 0.62–1.46 and 0.55–1.71, respectively.
Strong correlation between the degree of contamination and concentrations of lead and cadmium in plant samples identifies
P. juliflora as an effective heavy metal remediator coupled with environmental stress. 相似文献
12.
Relative Contributions of Aqueous and Dietary Uptake of Hydrophobic Chemicals to the Body Burden in Juvenile Rainbow Trout 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Qiao P Gobas FA Farrell AP 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2000,39(3):369-377
This study assessed the relative contributions of aqueous versus dietary uptake of three hydrophobic chemicals, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
(1,2,4-TCB), 1,2,3,4,5-pentachlorobenzene (PeCB), and 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP). Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed separately to chemically spiked water and food for 4 days and 12 days, respectively. Chemical concentrations
were measured in the food, water, and tissues, and this allowed calculation of uptake rate constants (k1 from water exposure, kd from food exposure). The k1 values for the three test chemicals were approximately five orders of magnitude greater than the kd values. Using these measured uptake rate constants, a simulation model was used to predict the relative aqueous versus dietary
uptake when fish were exposed simultaneously to water and food contaminated with these hydrophobic chemicals. The model predicted
for all three test chemicals that the two uptake routes would contribute equally to the chemical body burden in fish whenever
the food:water chemical concentration ratio was near 105. However, using food:water chemical concentration ratios that might be expected in nature, the model predicted that gill
uptake could account for over 98% of fish body burden for both 1,2,4-TCB and PeCB uptake (log Kow values of 3.98 and 5.03, respectively). For HCBP (log Kow of 7.55), the model predicted that the dietary uptake could contribute over 85% of the body burden. Thus, depending on the
actual food:water chemical concentration ratio, aqueous uptake via the gills can predominate even when the chemicals have
a log Kow value greater than 5.0. In addition, we confirmed that dietary uptake of hydrophobic xenobiotics increases with increasing
log Kow.
Received: 30 November 1999/Accepted: 3 May 2000 相似文献
13.
Robert?Kr?ger Richard?E.?LizotteJr. Matthew?T.?Moore 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2009,83(3):369-373
We assessed chronic effects of fipronil and metabolite contaminated sediments from non-vegetated and Thallia dealbata vegetated wetland microcosms on Hyalella azteca during wet and dry exposures. Mean sediment concentrations (ng g−1) ranged from 0.72–1.26, 0.01–0.69, 0.07–0.23, and 0.49–7.87 for fipronil, fipronil-sulfide, fipronil-sulfone, and fipronil-desulfinyl,
respectively. No significant differences in animal survival or growth were observed between non-vegetated and vegetated microcosms
during wet or dry exposures. Mean animal body residue concentrations (ng g−1) ranged from 28.4–77.6, 0–30.7, and 8.3–43.8 for fipronil, fipronil-sulfide, and fipronil-sulfone. Fipronil-desulfinyl was
not detected in any animal samples. 相似文献
14.
Tadashi Nakatani Atsushi Yamamoto Sumiko Ogaki 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2011,60(3):543-555
Studies of the dietary intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs),
collectively referred as dioxins, were conducted using the total diet study (TDS) method with food purchased in Osaka City,
Japan during 2000–2002. The daily intake of dioxin-TEQ (toxic equivalent) from food per adult person was estimated respectively
as 104.24 pg TEQ/person/day in 2000, 72.73 pg TEQ/person/day in 2001, and 87.28 pg TEQ/person/day in 2002, corresponding to
2.08, 1.45, and 1.74 pg TEQ/kg body weight (bw)/day for an adult weighing 50 kg. The highest contribution ratio to the total
intake of dioxin-TEQ was from fish and shellfish (group 10) in each year, accounting for 77–92%. The next highest contributor
was meat and eggs (groups 11-A and 11-B). An annual decrease of the intake of dioxin-TEQ was not observed clearly. Otherwise,
the dietary intake of non-2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs/PCDFs were estimated together. The intake of 1,3,6,8-TeCDD came mostly
from intake of fish and shellfish (group 10), green vegetable (group 7), and the other vegetables, including mushrooms and
seaweed (group 8). In addition, the intake of 1,3,6,8-TeCDF, which reportedly antagonizes 2,3,7,8-TeCDD-mediated aryl hydrocarbon
hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) induction activities, was an insufficient amount to suppress 2,3,7,8-TeCDD-mediated activities. Furthermore,
we discussed different TEQ compositions of PCDDs/PCDFs to dioxin-like PCBs from food intake and in human samples and inferred
that the difference was caused by low bioaccumulation properties of 3,3′,4,4′,5-PeCB (PCB 126). 相似文献
15.
Lars Barregård Gerard Quelquejeu Gerd Sällsten Jean-Marie Haguenoer Catherine Nisse 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1996,68(5):345-348
Objectives
–To study the elimination kinetics for mercury in urine (U-Hg) after brief but high-level exposure.
Methods
–U-Hg was examined in 11 workers after 2–10 days of exposure to inorganic Hg and after symptoms and signs of Hg intoxication
had appeared. Initial U-Hg excretion varied between 60 and 2360 μg/g creatinine. The subjects were followed up for 1–11 months.
In each subject, one- and two-compartment models were fitted to the U-Hg values, assuming an exponential decrease, by weighted
non-linear least-squares regression (weight=1/U-Hg).
Results
–The data indicated two elimination phases in subjects with initial U-Hg above 600 μg/g. In the two-compartment models, there
was a fast phase with a half-time of 2–16 days, and a slow phase with a half-time of more than a month. The fast phase contributed
70–90% to the sum of the Y intercepts.
Conclusions
–The kinetics of U-Hg excretion after cessation of exposure seems to be dose-dependent and, at least in certain cases, to
have two phases. The explanation for the fast phase may be that the capacity of certain binding sites in the kidney was exceeded.
Received: 10 October 1995/Accepted: 18 January 1996 相似文献
16.
Azevedo-Pereira HM Abreu SN Lemos MF Soares AM 《Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology》2012,89(2):245-250
Here, mercury kinetics and behavioural effects in the midge larvae under a water-only exposure were assessed. Uptake and elimination of waterborne mercury were described by using a one-compartment kinetic model. Results show that midges were able to readily accumulate the heavy metal (BCF = 450), presenting a fast uptake, up to 13.1 μg Hg g of animal−1 at the end of the exposure period. Elimination was slow, with c.a. 39 % of the mercury in larvae being depurated after 48 h in clean medium. Behaviour did not present differences upon exposure or elimination, but a trend to increase ventilation was noticed during the exposure period. 相似文献
17.
Jorgelina R. Muscatello Karsten Liber 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2009,57(3):531-539
Limited data are available on the effects of uranium (U) exposures on benthic macroinvertebrates, something that would be
needed before national or provincial water quality guidelines could be developed. The goal of this study was to evaluate chronic
U toxicity and accumulation in the aquatic invertebrate Chironomus tentans. Test organisms were exposed to three aqueous U concentrations (40, 200, and 1,000 μg/L) and an untreated control. Larval
growth, adult emergence, and U tissue concentrations at different life stages were evaluated. The measured no-observed-effect
concentration (NOEC) and lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) for growth of C. tentans larvae after 10 days of U exposure were 39 and 157 μg/L, respectively. At U concentrations >157 ug/L, there was reduced larval
growth of 30% to 40%, which corresponded to reduced adult emergence of 40% to 60%. Despite significant delays in time to adult
emergence, there were no significant effects on reproductive output of successfully emerged adults. The F1 generation C. tentans larvae that were never directly exposed to U, but originated from adult males and females exposed to U during their immature
life stages, displayed a significant decrease in 10-day growth that was similar to that observed for the F0-exposed larvae. This suggests that the environment of the parental generation can significantly influence the development
of the next generation through environmentally induced parental effects. Uranium accumulated in C. tentans immature stages was partially excreted during molting and metamorphosis to the adult stage. However, the elimination of U
was not complete and some was still measured in adult midges. Consequently, a minor transfer of U from the aquatic to the
terrestrial environment could be expected to occur. 相似文献
18.
In this study, it was aimed to determine accumulation of the metal concentrations in fish species in different regions which
are Sürmene and Yomra bay at southeastern Black sea in Trabzon-Turkey. For this purpose, concentrations of metals (Cr, Co,
Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Hg, Pb) were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in muscle of red
mullet (Mullus barbatus ponticus) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus euxinus). Metal concentrations were found for whiting ranged as follows; 0.35–1.64 (Cr), 0.01–0.09 (Co), 0.01–0.71 (Ni), 0.71–1.45
(Cu), 18.64–68.06 (Zn), 2.05–9.66 (As), 0.15–14.16 (Se), 0.01–0.22 (Cd), 0.01–0.01 (Sb), 0.01–0.15 (Hg), 0.01–0.25 (Pb) and
for red mullet as 0.43–1.04 (Cr), 0.05–0.23 (Co), 0.02–0.67 (Ni), 0.74–2.32 (Cu), 19.89–43.50 (Zn), 6.04–24.82 (As), 0.02–9.83
(Se), 0.01–0.11 (Cd), 0.01–0.01 (Sb), 0.07–0.18 (Hg), 0.01–0.20 (Pb) μg g−1 dry weight. Metal concentrations in samples were found to be lower than legal limits proposed by Turkish Food Codex (2008), Food and Agricultural Organization (1983), and European Commission (Off J Eur Union L364-5–L364-24, 2006) for human consumption. 相似文献
19.
T. Ristola J. V. K. Kukkonen J. Pellinen 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》1999,37(1):42-49
Subchronic and chronic toxicity of sediment-associated 2,4,5-trichlorophenol to the midge Chironomus riparius was determined by conducting a 10-day growth and a 50-day emergence tests with spiked lake sediment (nominal initial TCP
concentrations were 25, 51, 101, 203, 304 and 405 μmol kg−1 dry weight in the growth test and 25, 76, 152 and 304 μmol kg−1 dry weight the emergence test). In addition, we measured the residue of chlorophenol in larval tissue and made an attempt
to relate it with the observed adverse biological responses. The larvae were exposed individually to avoid density-dependent
effects of mortality on food ration and growth of the surviving larvae. In the growth test, mortality was low at sediment
concentrations ≤193 μmol TCP kg−1, but it increased sharply at the higher concentrations being 37 and 94% at 334 and 441 μmol kg−1 DW, respectively. The effect of sediment TCP concentration on larval mortality was highly significant (10-day LC50 337 μmol
TCP kg−1 dry sediment) in the growth test. In the emergence test, however, mortality was low (3–13%) at all concentrations. TCP did
not affect larval growth at the concentrations used. The concentration of TCP in the whole larvae after the 10-day exposure
was proportional to sediment concentration, being at highest 160 μmol kg−1 fresh weight. When the average body residues of TCP were below 80 μmol kg−1, mortality was low, but it increased when the body residue approached 100 μmol kg−1. After the 10-day exposure, the body residue, at which 50% of the larvae survived (CBR50) was 113 μmol g−1. TCP exposure accelerated larval development and the midges exposed to 171 and 324 μmol TCP kg−1 emerged earlier than those in the other concentrations or in the control sediment. In natural environments, sediment-associated
chlorophenolics are probably not a major environmental problem to benthic fauna because concentrations similar to that which
we observed to cause adverse effects to C. riparius (>60 mg kg−1 dry sediment) are rare.
Received: 15 June 1998/Accepted: 5 January 1999 相似文献
20.
Mehler WT Li H Pang J Sun B Lydy MJ You J 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2011,61(1):74-82
Few studies have been conducted examining the distribution of different-sized particles in sediment and its potential impact
on bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants. In the current study, three sediments composed of different particle
sizes, i.e., fine (0–180 μm), combined (0–500 μm), and coarse (180–500 μm), were used to evaluate the bioaccumulation potential
and toxicokinetic rates of four hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) including two polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB-101 and
PCB-118), a metabolite of an organochlorine insecticide (p,p′-DDE), and a polybrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) to the benthic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus. Two chemical approaches, Tenax extraction and matrix-solid phase microextraction (SPME), were also used to measure bioavailability
of the sediment-associated HOCs. The uptake and elimination rates of HOCs by L. variegatus from coarse sediment were greater than those from fine sediment, although the biota–sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs)
were not significantly different among sediments with different particle sizes. The freely dissolved HOC concentrations measured
by matrix-SPME were greater in coarse sediment, however, no difference was found in uptake and desorption rates for the matrix-SPME
and Tenax extraction measurements. Although BSAFs in L. variegatus were the same among sediments, kinetic rates of HOCs for organisms and freely dissolved HOC concentrations were lower in
fine sediment, suggesting that sediment ingestion may also play a role in organism uptake, especially for HOCs in fine sediment. 相似文献