用女贞、人参和大黄等属植物治疗脑出血

本品由1种女贞属植物、2种人参属植物和1种大黄属植物及载体组成。将女贞属植物和人参属植物混合于水中煮沸得到一溶液,大黄属植物单独于水中煮沸,两种溶液分别放冷、过滤,灭菌后混合;或将大黄属植物加到女贞和人参属植物的混合液中煮沸至少10min,放冷、过滤、灭菌。或人参属植物在醇中煮沸、过滤、浓缩提取液;女贞属植物于水     

一些挥发油的抗菌活性

本文研究了计二种植物挥发油的抑制细菌与霉菌的活性,并比较了不同菌种用琼脂扩散法和系列稀释法所得的结果。这廿二种挥发油是:1.伞形科茴芹属植物茴香油,2.菊科春黄菊植物春黄菊油,3.伞形科茴芹属植物(艹贡)蒿油,4.松科雪松属植物雪松油,5.藜科硷蓬属植物油,6.禾本科香茅属植物香茅油,7.樟科樟属植物肉桂油,8.石竹科麝香石竹丁子香油,9.伞形科胡荽属植物芫荽油,10.伞形科孜然芹属植物枯茗油,11.伞形科植物莳萝莳萝油,12.桃金娘科按属植物桉树油,13.伞形科茴香属植物茴香     

亚菊属植物挥发油的化学成分及其生物活性研究进展

目的综述国内外关于亚菊属植物挥发油化学成分及其生物活性的研究进展,为亚菊属植物药用价值的进一步开发和利用提供参考。方法查阅相关文献,对亚菊属植物挥发油的现有研究进行归纳总结。结果亚菊属植物挥发油化学成分主要为单萜、倍半萜类化合物,具有抑菌、杀虫等功效。结论亚菊属植物具有较高的药用价值,但部分亚菊属植物未有报道,药理作用机制尚不明确,后续应进一步加强有关研究。     

重楼属植物分类学研究进展

对重楼属植物的分类学研究进行了综述。重楼属的分类学主要从5个方面进行研究：根据传统的形态学特征进行分类,根据植物体的显微特征,根据植物中的特征性化学成分进行分类,针对植物中细胞的DNA进行分类,进行重楼属植物的分类学的亲缘关系的研究。通过各种手段对重楼属植物进行分类学亲缘关系的研究探讨,有助于从不同角度对重楼属植物的分类学亲缘关系进行探讨,为明确重楼属植物的分类学亲缘关系奠定了理论基础。     

紫金牛属植物皂苷类化学成分及其抗肿瘤作用研究进展

目的综述紫金牛属植物皂苷类化学成分及其抗肿瘤作用研究进展,为该属植物的研究提供理论依据。方法查阅近年来公开发表的论文,对紫金牛属植物皂苷类化学成分及其抗肿瘤作用进行概述。结果大量的研究证明紫金牛属植物中皂苷类成分具有抗肿瘤作用。结论紫金牛属植物具有良好的开发应用前景。     

锦鸡儿属植物化学成分及药理作用研究进展

目的探讨锦鸡儿属植物的化学成分及药理作用的研究概况。方法总结国内外发表的有关文献。结果至今已从豆科锦鸡儿属植物中分离得到各类化合物,该属植物具有较强的药理活性,值得深入研究。结论通过对该属植物的化学成分及药理作用的系统总结,以期为该属植物的深入研究和开发提供一定参考依据。     

菱属植物化学成分和药理活性研究

我国菱属植物资源较为丰富,其菱实在民间被广泛应用,具有很高的食用价值和药用价值,其中被丢弃的菱壳也显示出很多药理活性,通过对菱属植物的化学成分和药理活性进行综述,展望今后菱属植物的研究重点和应用前景,对菱属植物化学成分及其药理活性进行更深入的研究,并为今后合理开发利用该属植物资源提供依据.     

山柑属植物化学成分及药理活性研究进展

目的总结山柑属植物的化学成分及药理活性研究进展。方法通过系统文献调研,对山柑属植物的化学成分进行分类归纳,并对该属植物主要的药理活性研究报道进行综述。结果山柑属植物含有多种化学成分,主要有硫苷、生物碱、黄酮类、萜类、有机酸等;该属植物及其化学成分多具有镇痛、消炎、抗凝血、抗肿瘤、降血糖等药理活性。结论山柑属植物的开发利用主要是应用其抗炎、镇痛及抗凝血活性,对其他药理活性的研究利用相对较少;该属植物具有广泛的药理活性,如抗肿瘤、降血糖等,有广泛的应用和开发前景,对该属植物进行系统研究有较大意义。     

中国枸杞属植物资源概述

对我国分布的茄科枸杞属植物进行综述、从植物种类、资源分布、栽培品种等方面介绍枸杞属植物的资源现状,为枸杞属植物资源的开发利用打下一定的基础.     

蔷薇属植物中的化学成分和药理作用研究概况

本文通过文献调研,对蔷薇属植物的化学成分进行分类整理总结,并对该属植物的药理作用进行归纳综述,为该属植物的进一步开发利用奠定基础。     

海桐果壳和种子脂肪酸成分研究

目的:分析并比较海桐果壳和种子的脂肪酸成分。方法:采用有机溶剂抽提海桐果壳和种子的挥发油,用KOH-NaOH溶液进行甲酯化,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法分离并确认二者的化学成分。结果:从2种样品中共鉴定出了13种脂肪酸,主要成分均为棕榈酸和油酸。结论:海桐果壳和种子均可作为保健型食用油而开发利用。     

海桐种子醇提物中挥发性成分的GC-MS分析及抗内毒素活性测定

目的：研究海桐种子乙醇总提取物(简称EESPTA)的挥发性成分及相对含量,考察其抗内毒素活性。方法：以水蒸气蒸馏法提取EESPTA的挥发性成分,用气-质联用技术分析鉴定,并用峰面积归一化法测定各成分相对含量,采用终点基质显色法鲎实验检测其对细菌内毒素的清除效果,考察其抗内毒素活性。结果：气-质联用技术共检测鉴定出32个色谱峰,占该挥发性成分总量的99.82% 。在EESPTA的挥发性成分中,1R,4S,7S,11R-2,2,4,8-四甲基三环[5.3.1.0(4,11)]十一碳-8-烯含量高达54.78%,其它含量较高的成分有2-亚甲基-胆甾烷-3-醇(7.27%)、蛇麻烷-1,6-二烯-3-醇(6.23 %)、4-甲基-5-癸醇(4.11%)、绿花白千层醇(3. 86%)、别香橙烯(3. 80%)、反式-2,3-二甲基丙烯酸(3. 50%)、二氢-噻喃-3,5-二醇-四氢-4-甲基-4-氮-二乙酸乙酯(2. 04 %)等成分。结论：EESPTA具有较明显的清除细菌内毒素作用,并呈浓度依赖关系。为进一步开发利用海桐药用价值提供了科学依据。     

A new triterpene and an antiarrhythmic liriodendrin from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pittosporum brevicalyx</Emphasis>

A new triterpene, 21-O-senecioyl-R₁-barrigenol (1) and 13 known compounds were isolated from the ethanol extracts of the leaves and bark of Pittosporum brevicalyx (Oliv.) Gagnep. Their structures were elucidated based on spectral data. The antiarrhythmic action of one furofuran lignan, liriodendrin (2), was tested on a model of CaCl₂-induced arrhythmia and compared with the effect of verapamil. The prophylactic administration of liriodendrin (2) was effective in prolonging latency of arrhythmia and reducing the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation from 75% to 25%. The overall mortality rate was significantly reduced by the prophylactic administration of liriodendrin from 87.5% to 25%. The antiarrhythmic effect of liriodendrin (5.0 mg/kg) was similar to that of verapamil (1.05 mg/kg). Thus, liriodendrin may be a potent suppressor of CaCl₂-induced arrhythmias.     

Mutagenic and Antimutagenic Activities in Philippine Medicinal and Food Plants

Abstract

In developing countries there is increasing interest and research in the area of herbal medicines as an approach to reducing costs of health care. The chemically complex nature of these medicinal preparations results in a significant increased risk of toxicity, including genotoxicity. A total of 138 medicinal plant preparations used in the Philippines have been examined for genotoxicity using various short term bacterial and mammalian tests. Of the plants examined only the following 12 exhibited detectable genotoxicity in any system: Alli um sativum L., Aloe barbadensis Miller, Archangelisa flava (L.) Merr., Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A. Gray, Capsicum frutescens L., Entada phaseoliodes (L.) Merr., Moringa oleifera K., Nfrium indicum Mill., Piper betle L., Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb) Benth., Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merr., and Plantaqo major L. Little is known about the chemical nature of the mutagenic agents in these preparations.

Some plants also contain substances which reduce genotoxicity either by acting directly on the mutagen (desmutagens) or by acting on the affected organism (antimutagens). Examination of Philippine food and medicinal plants has identified numerous plants which contain antimutagenic activity. The chemical nature of the antimutagens has not been established but it has been speculated that part of the activity could be related to the vitamin content.     

Antioxidant Activities of Some Cameroonian Plants Extracts Used in the Treatment of Intestinal and Infectious Diseases

Antioxidant activity test using two different methods namely 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2''-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothialozinesulfonate) diammonium salt free radical scavenging test has been carried out on three Cameroonian plant extracts used in the treatment of intestinal and infectious diseases: Pittosporum mannii Hook f. (Pittosporaceae), Vepris heterophylla R. Letouzey (Rutaceae) and Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill) Pierre ex Pax (Euphorbiaceae). Results of this study in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging test show that the ethyl acetate extract of P. mannii and the methanol extract of V. heterophylla exhibit high free radical scavenging activities with IC₅₀ values of 177.74 and 204.69 μg/ml, respectively while the methanol/dichloromethane (1+1) extract of R. heudelotii showed weak free radical scavenging activities as compared to Trolox (939.19 μg/ml) used as standard. In the same manner, 2,2''-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothialozinesulfonate) diammonium salt radical scavenging test of these extracts was in accordance of the result of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl test. The antioxidant properties of these extracts probably explain partly, the use of these plants in traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases and inflammations.     

Other common types of viral hepatitis and exotic infections

This chapter discusses two distinct sets of viruses which cause hepatitis. The first include common virus infections which cause mild hepatitis rarely in individuals with normal immunity but which may cause severe life-threatening hepatitis in the increasing number of patients with depressed cell mediated immune responses. The second comprise exotic virus infections which are prevalent in particular geographical areas and which frequently involve the liver with high mortality. For each of these viruses the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment are briefly reviewed.     

Medical treatment of primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition with elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH). The increase may be due to a) primary hyperparathyroidism which is caused by adenoma of one or more parathyroid glands or hyperplasia of all four glands, b) secondary hyperparathyroidism, which may be caused by deficiency in vitamin D or uremia, and 3) tertiary hyperparathyroidism, which most often is the result of a long-standing, severe secondary hyperparathyroidism, which has turned autonomous once the cause of the secondary hyperparathyroidism has been removed. Many new treatment options have been introduced in recent years. Cinacalcet is calcium sensing receptor agonist, which by stimulating the receptor decreases PTH and calcium levels. It may be used in primary hyperparathyroidism, secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by uremia, which may not be controlled with calcium and activated vitamin D. It may also be used in tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Newer analogues of vitamin D such as paricalcitol have also been introduced, which may have an advantage over traditional compounds such as alphacalcidol and calcitriol.     

Skin ultrastructure in senile lentigo

Senile lentigo is a common component of photoaged skin. It is characterized by hyperpigmented macules which affect chronically irradiated skin mostly after the age of 50. This study was undertaken to assess the morphology of senile lentigo on the dorsum of the hands. A systematic comparison between lesional and perilesional skin using histology and transmission electron microscopy was done to determine whether melanocytes or keratinocytes are affected in the evolution of lesions and which tissue structure is modified. The histology study showed that lesional skin is characterized by a hyperpigmented basal layer and an elongation of the rete ridges, which seem to drive deeply into the dermis. The epidermis contained clusters of keratinocytes, which retained and accumulated the melanin pigment. Electron microscopy studies showed important modifications in the lesional skin ultrastructure in comparison with perilesional skin. In melanocytes from perilesional and lesional skin, we observed normal size melanosomes at all stages of maturation in the cytoplasm and in migration within dendrites. No pigment accumulation was observed. However, the morphology of melanocytes in lesional skin revealed an activated status with numerous mitochondria and a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, which could reflect intense protein synthesis. In basal keratinocytes from lesional skin, we observed numerous melanosome complexes called polymelanosomes, which formed massive caps on the nuclei. Observations in colored semi-thin sections also revealed perturbed structures in the basal layer region, which could explain the skin perturbation. Indeed, we observed keratinocytes that presented important microinvaginations and pendulum melanocytes, which sank into the dermis, beneath the basal layer of keratinocytes. These cell modifications seemed to be due to a perturbation of the dermal-epidermal junction, which appeared disorganized and disrupted and could directly disturb the basal support of the cells.     

Application of microbial biotransformation for the new drug discovery using natural drugs as substrates

This review describes microbial transformation studies of natural drugs, its importance in correlating them with the corresponding metabolism (biotransformation) in animal system and in the structural modification of complex drug molecules, which are difficult to obtain synthetically. Emphasis is laid on the potential microorganisms, which mimic the pathways of mammalian metabolism and which involve in stereoselective, regiospecific and selective conversions of natural drugs to their derivatives by microorganisms, which are more useful and difficult to synthesize. This paper describes the present state-of-art, will elucidate the additional possibilities with microbial biotransformation of natural drugs, i.e., comparison of microbial transformation with mammalian metabolism and possibility of producing novel molecules, which are difficult to produce by other means.     

Avian Data Bases and their use in Environmental Assessment

The databases of the British Trust for Ornithology that can be used in environmental assessment are described. The most important ongoing surveys from this viewpoint are as follows: the Ringing Scheme which gives information on annual mortality, the Nest Record Card Scheme which provides data on reproductive success, the Common Birds Census which gives an index of population, the Constant Effort Sites which monitors productivity and survival and the Breeding Bird Survey which complements and is replacing the Common Birds Census. The use of these databases in unravelling the effects of intensive agriculture on avian populations is discussed. The use of these databases to monitor global warming is also considered.