Relationship of food frequencies as reported by parents to overweight and obesity at 5 years

Aim: To investigate if food frequencies are related to overweight/obesity in 5-year-old children.
Methods: During 1997–1999, 21 700 infants were invited to participate in ABIS (All Babies in Southeast Sweden), a prospective, cohort study. Participants were followed from birth (n = 16 058) to 5 years (n = 7356). Food frequencies reported by parents at 2.5 and 5 years were studied in the relation to overweight/obesity at 5 years using multiple logistic regressions. A p-value < 0.01 was considered statistically significant.
Results: At 2.5 years frequencies of intake of cheese were positively associated with overweight/obesity at 5 years while porridge, fried potatoes/french fries and cream/crème fraiche showed a negative association. When adjusting for known risk factors, porridge and fried potatoes/french fries remained negatively associated with overweight/obesity. At 5 years, chocolate and lemonade were positively associated with overweight/obesity whereas cream/crème fraiche, pastries and candy were negatively associated. Candy remained negatively associated to overweight/obesity after adjustment for potential confounders.
Conclusion: Food frequencies do not offer any simple explanation for overweight/obesity. Porridge at 2.5 years may protect against overweight/obesity at 5 years, while lemonade may contribute to overweight. Our finding that fried potatoes/french fries may protect against overweight/obesity is unexpected and must be interpreted with caution. These findings should be confirmed by prospective studies using objective recordings.     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in 5- and 12-year-old Finnish children in 1986 and 2006

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and the trends of overweight and obesity in Finnish 5- and 12-year-old children in 1986 and 2006.
Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study.
Subjects and methods: Anthropometric data were collected retrospectively from health examinations in Tampere and in three rural municipalities. The size of the 5- and 12-year-old cohorts were 2108 in 1986 and 4013 in 2006, respectively. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Overweight and obesity was estimated using the International Obesity Task Force cutoff values (ISO BMI).
Results: The prevalence of overweight (ISO BMI >25) and obesity (ISO BMI >30) in 5-year-old boys in 2006 was 9.8% and 2.5% and in girls 17.7% and 2.5%, respectively. At the age of 12 years, the corresponding figures in boys were 23.6% and 4.7% and in girls 19.1% and 3.2%. Between 1986 and 2006, the prevalence of overweight in 12-year-old children had increased 1.8 fold in boys (p < 0.001) and 1.5 fold in girls (p = 0.008). Overweight was significantly more common in rural than in urban areas.
Conclusion: During the last 20 years the prevalence of overweight has markedly increased in 12-year-old Finnish children, but remained nearly unchanged in 5-year-old children.     

上海市7~18岁学生1985至2014年的超重和肥胖流行趋势

目的：分析上海市1985至2014年7~18岁学生的超重和肥胖的动态变化趋势。方法：选取1985（n=14 677）、1995（n=7 916）、2000（n=15 270）、2005（n=7 492）、2010（n=14 301）和2014（n=15 423）年6次中国学生体质与健康调研上海地区资料进行分析。采用中国学龄儿童超重、肥胖BMI分类标准。结果：基于上海市6个区总调查样本量,以10年（1985、1995、2005和2014年）为1个周期,随年代增长上海市7～18岁男、女学生BMI P50百分位数曲线逐年提高,总体男生较女生提高更为明显,不同年龄组的男女生BMI均值呈上升趋势且均为男生高于女生。2014年上海市BMI和全国比较,P50男女生均高于全国水平,P85和P95男女生11和12岁前与全国水平重合,之后高于全国水平。与1985年比较,2014年上海市7～18岁男生超重检出率增加了11倍（19.3% vs 1.7%）,肥胖检出率增加了29倍（11.7% vs 0.4%）,平均增长率为12.3%;上海市7～18岁女生超重检出率增加了7倍（11.6% vs 1.5%）,肥胖检出率增加了31倍（6.4% vs 0.2%）,平均增长率为12.7%。各年龄组男生超重检出率14.3%~26.9%、肥胖检出率7.3%～17.0%,男生11岁超重和肥胖检出率最高;各年龄组女生超重检出率8.6%~14.0%、肥胖检出率2.8%～11.2%,女生7岁超重和肥胖检出率最高。男生各年龄段超重和肥胖检出率均高于女生。结论：上海市1985至2014年7~18岁学生超重与肥胖检出率持续增长。低年龄段男生超重流行程度较为严重,已处于国际高位水平。     

基于不同体块指数筛查标准的2011年北京市儿童青少年超重和肥胖检出率比较研究

目的 描述2011年北京市7~18岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖的检出率,并比较基于不同BMI筛查标准的检出率的差异。方法 研究对象为2011年北京市中小学体检的7~18岁学龄儿童青少年。采用BMI作为评价超重和肥胖的指标。超重和肥胖筛查分别采用4种不同的国内（CN2010和WGOC）和国际（IOTF和WHO2007）标准。不同BMI筛查标准之间超重、肥胖检出率比较采用McNemar检验。结果 ①92 212名男女生BMI在P50、P85和P95上均显著高于全国水平(2009年“中国0~18岁儿童青少年体块指数的生长曲线”),男女生在对应百分位曲线上无交叉现象,男生BMI水平高于女生。②基于CN2010和WGOC标准,男生肥胖检出率分别为17.8%和18.2%,女生检出率分别为10.8%和10.9%;基于IOTF和WHO2007标准,男生肥胖检出率分别为12.9%和21.0%,女生检出率分别为6.0%和8.6%。③基于CN2010和WGOC标准,男生超重（含肥胖）检出率两标准间差异无统计学意义,均为36.0%,各年龄组差异亦不明显,但女生检出率CN2010标准高于WGOC标准（28.1％ vs 24.1%）,在7~15岁组差异较为明显,但在16~18岁组差异较小;与国际标准相比,基于国内标准的男生超重（含肥胖）检出率略高于IOTF标准,但却明显低于WHO2007标准,女生检出率超重（含肥胖）明显高于IOTF标准,但与WHO2007标准较为接近。④与基于WGOC标准的2004年北京市7~18岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖检出率相比,2011年超重和肥胖检出率显著增长,男女肥胖检出率分别增长5.8%和3.8%,超重（含肥胖）检出率分别增长9.3%和7.6%。结论 2011年北京市7~18岁学生中有1/3处于超重或肥胖状态。国内标准与国际标准存在明显差异,在反映中国儿童的超重肥胖流行状况时建议采用国内标准,而理想的国内标准应实现2～18岁的统一,并与成人接轨。     

Risk profiles for overweight/obesity among preschoolers

Background

The epidemic of overweight/obesity among U.S. children has led to an alarming increase in health-related consequences, including early-onset diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Recent research has identified the independent contribution of several maternal and child factors to the development of childhood overweight/obesity. Few studies, however, have examined risk profiles of childhood obesity.

Aim

This study used classification and regression tree (CART) analysis to examine the combined effect of maternal and child factors in generating risk profiles for overweight/obesity among preschoolers.

Study design

Data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) study were used. The sample was comprised of preschool children. CART and logistic regression models were built and compared.

Results

Children who were overweight/obese at two years of age had an increased risk of being overweight/obese at four years of age. Children born to overweight/obese mothers were more likely to be overweight/obese by age four, even if their BMI at two years of age was normal. Children with high birth weight (≥ 4000 g.) were also more likely to be overweight/obese at age four years if they were born to mothers with a normal pregravid BMI, but were of a lower socioeconomic status. Among preschoolers whose mothers were black or white and who had a high pregravid BMI, breastfeeding duration and parity played an important role in determining their risk of being overweight/obese.

Conclusions

Classification tree analysis confirms and extends current knowledge of preschool overweight/obesity by providing preliminary risk profiles that are structured within the context of prenatal and postnatal maternal and child characteristics.     

Is the prevalence of overweight and obesity declining among 4‐year‐old Swedish children?

Aim:  To investigate the trend in overweight and obesity prevalence among 4-year-old Swedish children.
Methods:  Height and weight data registered at the regular health check up at the child health centres in the county of Västerbotten during the years 2007/2008 (2225 boys and 2156 girls) were analysed and compared with data from 2002/2003 (2231 boys and 2176 girls). Overweight and obesity were estimated using the International Obesity Task Force cut-off values (ISO BMI).
Results:  In both boys and girls, overweight prevalence (ISO BMI > 25) decreased over the 5-year period, boys from 17.2% to 14.2% and girls from 22.3% to 19.0%. Among girls, there was also a decrease in obesity prevalence (ISO BMI > 30) from 5.7% to 3.1%.
Conclusion:  The result of this study indicates that the overweight and obesity epidemic among Swedish pre-school children may be levelling off.     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents in a county in Sweden

Overweight among young people in Sweden is increasing. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of overweight and obesity based on body mass index (BMI) values among children and adolescents. Overweight was defined as a BMI value > or = 91st percentile and obesity as a BMI value > 98th percentile on an international reference BMI curve. The study population included boys and girls from four age groups: 9, 12, 15 and 18 y. The data consisted of self-reported measures of height and weight that were obtained from questionnaires used in a cross-sectional study in December 1997. A validation study was performed using a part of the study population. A total of 7011 (81.7%) participants completed the questionnaire. The correlation between self-reported estimations and objective measures of height and weight was high in the oldest age groups (0.88-0.98), but lower in the 9-y-old age groups (0.37-0.72). These self-reported estimations in the 9-y-olds were excluded from further analysis. It was found that 12.3%, 11.6% and 11.4% of the boys in the 12-, 15- and 18-y-old age groups and 6.8%, 5.5% and 4.8% of the girls in the same age groups were overweight and 7.9%, 8.9% and 7.3% of the boys and 5.1%, 4.2% and 3.9% of the girls were obese. Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be high in the study population and is a serious public health problem. The prevalence of obesity was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 15-y-old boys living in rural areas than in city and town dwellers of the same age.     

Fitness levels of Greek primary schoolchildren in relationship to overweight and obesity

Objectives The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to provide estimates for overweight and obesity in a sample of Greek schoolchildren and to determine their possible relation with selected motor and health-related fitness parameters.Materials and methods The study sample consisted of 709 healthy children (328 girls, 381 boys, mean age = 8.9±1.6 years), living in the towns of Agios Stefanos (∼12 000 citizens) and Alexandroupolis (∼60 000 citizens), Greece. All pupils underwent anthropometric, motor and cardiovascular fitness assessments (Eurofit test battery). The body mass index (BMI) cut-off points adopted by the International Obesity Task Force were utilized for the assessment of overweight and obesity.Results 59.4% of the participants had a normal BMI, 25.8% were overweight and 14.8% were obese, without significant differences between genders.Discussions In general, the higher BMI categories were strongly associated with inferior performances in all fitness tests, except flexibility. This graded relationship was consistent for both boys and girls, although the statistical relationship between BMI categories and fitness performance varied by gender.Conclusions In conclusion, the findings of the current study offer some support to the reported high prevalence of childhood obesity in Greece and suggest that overweight and obesity are limiting factors for fitness performance in primary schoolchildren. The present data suggest that interventions promoting children’s health should, ideally, begin early in life and involve measures that simultaneously improve fitness and lower fatness.     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in primary school children in Port Said city

BackgroundThe highest prevalence rates of childhood obesity have been observed in developed countries, however, its prevalence is increasing in developing countries as well.ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary school children, aged from 6 to 12 years and to estimate risk factors of obesity and overweight, defined by body mass index (BMI).MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out at Port Said city during the second term of school year 2010/2011. The researcher took the anthropometric measurements inside the nurse’s room in the school and gave a questionnaire to the students to be answered by one of the child’s parents. The questionnaire included questions related to socioeconomic status, life style (physical activity and eating habits) and family history of overweight and obesity.ResultsEight hundred and fifty-two students participated in this study. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was 17.7% and 13.5% respectively. The rate of obesity was the highest at the age of 7–8 years (grade 2) and decreased with an increase in age, while overweight increased with an increase in age to be the highest at the age of 9–10 (grade 4) and 10–11 (grade 5). Socioeconomic class, faulty dietary habits, sedentary life, low level of physical activity and positive family history of overweight and/or obesity were significantly associated with student’s BMI.ConclusionThis study found a relatively high prevalence of overweight and obesity among children aged 6–12 years in Port Said city. Decreased rate of obesity with an increase in age in our study, signifies that faulty feeding habits were the highest at lower ages.     

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Danish preschool children over a 10-year period: a study of two birth cohorts in general practice

Aim: To determine change in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in preschool children, over a 10‐year period and to identify possible predictors of overweight in 5‐year‐old children. Methods: Anthropometric data from birth and routine child health examinations at 3 and 5 years of age performed in general practice were collected in 5580 children from two Funen birth cohorts (1992 and 2001, respectively) representing 48% of the total population at similar age. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was classified using the International Obesity Task Force definitions. Results: In a Danish representative survey of preschool children, the average body mass index (BMI) and prevalence of overweight and obesity did not vary significantly during the 10‐year period. No significant changes in mean birth weight were registered and mean BMI in the group of obese children did not increase. Overweight or obesity at 5 years was strongly associated with overweight and obesity at 3 years and with birth weight and gender. Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed to be stable over a decade in Danish preschool children without changes in mean BMI in the group of obese children. A strong association between overweight and obesity at 3 and at 5 years of age was detected.     

Relationship between breast feeding duration and risk of overweight/obesity among Egyptian children

Background and aim

Breast feeding (BF); as risk factor for/or protective against childhood overweight/obesity; remains matter of debate. This study assesses relationship between BF duration, and development of overweight/obesity among Egyptian children, with respect for wide range of potentially confounding variables.

重庆城区婴幼儿超重与肥胖状况及影响因素的研究

目的：了解重庆城区婴幼儿超重与肥胖现况及其危险因素,为儿童肥胖早期干预提供依据。方法：采用分层整群抽样的方法,对生后1月龄的2139名儿童进行3、6、9、12和18月龄的生长监测、评估和问卷调查。以18月龄是否超重与肥胖为应变量进行多元回归分析。结果：（1）婴儿超重与肥胖检出率生后前半年增长迅速,6月龄达26.04%,之后逐渐降低,至18个月龄时为15.89%。（2）Logistic回归分析显示父亲营养状况、儿童出生时、6月龄、9月龄和12月龄的营养状况、3月龄喂养方式、12月龄蔬菜进食频次、18月龄甜饮料添加频次以及18月龄上床时间共9个因素与18月龄儿童超重与肥胖显著相关。结论：重庆城区婴幼儿超重与肥胖现状突出,存在多种因素共同作用,应给予早期综合干预。     

血清谷丙转氨酶与儿童超重、肥胖的关系

目的：探讨血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）与儿童超重、肥胖的关系。方法：对年龄7～18岁的2889例正常儿童及702例超重、肥胖儿童的资料进行分析,测量身高、体重、腰围、血压,检测空腹血糖、血脂、ALT、胰岛素等生化指标,计算胰岛素抵抗指数。结果：男童ALT水平高于女童。随着体重指数（BMI）的增加,男女童正常组、超重组、肥胖组ALT水平均逐渐增加。ALT与BMI、腰围、甘油三酯、胰岛素抵抗指数等相关。在超重、肥胖儿童中,男童ALT升高组BMI、腰围、血压、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、胰岛素抵抗指数均较ALT正常组高（P<0.05）;女童ALT升高组腰围、血压、胰岛素抵抗指数高于ALT正常组,而高密度脂蛋白降低（P<0.05）。结论：ALT与儿童超重、肥胖及其引起代谢异常如血脂异常、胰岛素抵抗相关。     

Parental perception of weight and weight-related behaviour in 2- to 4-year-old children in the eastern part of the Netherlands

Parental perception of weight status and weight-related behaviour of their toddler was determined through a questionnaire survey in child health care centres (CHCs). Complete data on weight, length, sex and age were available for 635 of 682 children (93.1%). The median age of the children was 37.0 months (range 24–56 months). Of all 635 children, 76.5% were normal weight, 16.2% underweight and 7.2% overweight. Parents’ perception of the weight of their child compared with their peers was moderately related to the actual weight status. Of the parents of overweight and underweight children, 87.0% and 89.3%, respectively, were not concerned. Only the parents’ perception of the amount of food eaten by their child was significantly related to the weight status. The primary goal of CHC workers should be to create parental awareness in case of their child being overweight or underweight and to support them in accomplishing a healthy lifestyle. An erratum to this article can be found at     

父母超重/肥胖与子代孤独症谱系障碍的关系

目的 探讨母孕前父母超重/肥胖与子代孤独症谱系障碍（ASD）发生的关系。方法 选取ASD儿童36名（ASD组）及性别、年龄与之相匹配的72名正常儿童（对照组）纳入研究。采用问卷调查的方式收集母亲孕前两组儿童父母身高、体重以及母亲孕期增重等信息,采用单因素和多因素logistic回归法分析母孕前父母超重/肥胖与子代ASD的关系。结果 ASD组母孕前父亲超重/肥胖的检出率高于对照组（56% vs 32%,P=0.018）。单因素和多因素logistic回归分析均显示母孕前父亲超重/肥胖是子代发生ASD的危险因素（分别OR=2.66、2.58,P < 0.05）。结论 母孕前父亲超重/肥胖是子代罹患ASD的独立危险因素,因此在母亲妊娠前,父亲的体重指数应控制在正常范围内,以减少子代ASD的发生。     

南京市中学生超重肥胖现状及影响因素的研究

目的了解南京地区青少年单纯性肥胖患病率,并进行相关危险因素分析,提出相应的干预措施。方法2016年10月,以南京市中学的在校学生为调查对象。采取整群抽样方法,随机抽选市区及郊区各一个区域,纳入共14所中学,将所选学校全部在校学生作为调查对象,共8695例。设计"青少年肥胖危险因素问卷调查表",调查学生基本情况、父母情况、饮食情况、运动情况、夜眠情况等,并对学生的身高、体重、腰围进行测量。采用体重指数(body mass index,BMI)作为结局变量,将学生分为正常体重组、超重组和肥胖组,分析超重及肥胖的影响因素。统计学分析采用χ^2检验和Logistic回归分析。结果有效问卷8522份(98.01%,8522/8695),超重及肥胖共1966例(23.07%,1966/8522)。男生与女生组的超重率、肥胖率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。初中生肥胖率高于高中生(P<0.05),两组间超重率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。单因素分析结果显示,超重肥胖的中学生中,11项指标的比例高于正常体重组,3项指标的比例低于正常体重组(P<0.05)。以上述14个差异有统计学意义的变量为自变量,以是否有超重或肥胖为因变量,进行Logistic回归分析,结果显示,不吃早餐(OR=2.306)、父亲未接受过正规教育(OR=1.277)、母亲未受过正规教育(OR=1.196)、祖父母均肥胖史(OR=1.131)、父母均肥胖史(OR=1.113)、出生体重≥4000 g(OR=1.113)为超重肥胖的危险因素。每天吃蔬菜/水果的数量在5种及以上(OR=0.958)为超重肥胖的保护因素。结论南京市中学生超重、肥胖的现状较为严峻。家庭遗传、出生体重较高、不吃早餐等因素与超重肥胖密切相关,建立良好的生活行为及饮食习惯是干预肥胖的有力措施。     

Trends in childhood and adolescent obesity prevalence in Oviedo (Asturias, Spain) 1992–2006

Aim: To analyse obesity and overweight prevalence trend in Oviedo (Spain) during the last 14 years.
Patients and Methods: Two cross-sectional studies were conducted in the same five public schools of the urban area of Oviedo in 1992 and 2004–06. One thousand one hundred sixty-five children and young adults between the age of 6 and 17 years were studied in 1992 and 1312 in 2004–06. Obesity and overweight were defined according to the International Obesity Task Force cut-off values.
Results: Body mass index (BMI) values (20.5 ± 3.6 vs. 20.1 ± 3.3 p = 0.02) and obesity prevalence (6.3% vs. 4.5% p < 0.05) were significantly higher in the 2004–06 cohort, while overweight prevalence showed a non-significant increase. Obesity prevalence increased in both sexes in the 6–11-year group. In adolescent females, a four-fold increase was observed, from 0.9% in 1992 (95% CI : −0.1 to 1.9) to 3.8% in 2004–06 (95% CI : 1.8–6). A slight non-significant decrease was observed in adolescent males (6.6% in 1992 to 5.8% in 2004–06).
Conclusion: Obesity and overweight are increasing in children and adolescents in Oviedo at a level similar to that observed in studies conducted in developed countries. This obesity epidemic is becoming an important public health issue.     

High prevalence of overweight and obesity among 6-year-old children in Finnmark County, North Norway

Aim: The aim was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among 6‐year‐old children in Finnmark, the northernmost county of Norway. Methods: This is a survey of 1774 children born during 1999 and 2000 from 18 of 19 child healthcare centres in Finnmark. Body mass index data extracted retrospectively in 2007 from health records at the age of 6 years were compared with international definitions of over‐ and underweight. The prevalence figures were further compared with socio‐demographic figures on municipality level. Results: Overall, 19% of the children were classified as overweight or obese; 5% were classified as obese. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher among girls (22%) than among boys (16%) (p < 0.01). The prevalence of underweight was 8% among both girls and boys. Despite large variations in the prevalence of overweight and obesity between municipalities (9–35%), no association was found with municipality figures on socio‐demographic factors. Conclusion: In the northernmost county Finnmark, the prevalence of overweight including obesity among 6‐year‐old children was somewhat higher than in previous surveys from Norway, especially among girls.