冠状动脉支架内再狭窄的球囊成形术重复治疗及其随访结果

目的评价支架内再狭窄的再次血管成形术后,长期血管造影的随访效果。方法血管内再狭窄经再次血管成形术治疗并成功进行随访的１２９例病人共有１５６个病灶的血管造影随访资料进行分析。结果支架内再狭窄的病人成功行重复ＰＴＣＡ术者达９４％,成功完成血管造影随访的达９５％。重复血管成形术后的病人再狭窄率为２７％,病灶再狭窄率２９％。其中局限性病灶的再狭窄率为２０％,弥漫性病灶的再狭窄率达４４％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论支架内再狭窄的重复血管成形术成功率高,其长期再狭窄率不高,是一有效的治疗支架内再狭窄的方法。     

Effect of fellow involvement on colonoscopy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background and aimsThe effect of fellow involvement on colonoscopy outcomes is controversial. Thus, we evaluated this effect on adenoma detection rate (ADR) and on other colonoscopy quality indicators.MethodsMEDLINE and Cochrane central register of controlled trials were searched up to September 2018 for studies evaluating fellow-involved colonoscopies vs. attending physicians-only examinations in terms of colonoscopy outcomes. Primary outcome was ADR, while advanced ADR (AADR), mean number of adenomas per colonoscopy (MAC), cecum intubation rate (CIR) and adverse events rate comprised the secondary outcomes. The effect size on study outcomes was calculated using random-effects model and it is presented as Odds Ratio (OR) or Mean Difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsNineteen observational studies involving 34,059 patients (fellow-involved 16,875, attending physician-only 17,184) were included. Compared to the attending physician-only group, fellow involvement marginally increased ADR [OR (95%CI) = 1.12 (1.00–1.26); p = 0.06, I² = 76%]. Attending physicians with low-to-moderate ADR (<35%) benefited most from fellow’s participation [OR (95%CI): 1.26 (1.13–1.40) vs. 1.12 (1.00–1.26); p = 0.03 when ADR < 35% and OR (95%CI): 1.29 (1.13–1.46) vs. 0.95 (0.78–1.16); p = 0.01 when ADR < 30%, respectively]. Moreover, fellow-involved group had higher MAC compared to attending-only group [MD (95%CI) = 0.12 (0.04–0.20); p = 0.002, I² = 53%]. No benefit from fellow involvement was detected either for AADR, CIR or adverse events rate.ConclusionsFellow involvement during colonoscopy is associated with more adenomas detected per procedure and with higher ADR when the attending physician-only group ADR is less than 35%.     

Evolution of gastroenterology training

There have been rapid developments in gastro- enterology （GE） over the last decade. Up until the late 1980s, GE-training was incorporated in Internal Medicine training. The introduction of endoscopy has necessitated the need for additional training. Around the world different national boards have developed their own curricula which will be discussed in this paper. Emphasis will be placed on the curriculum recently introduced in The Netherlands. The internal medicine component has become a two-year requirement （Common Trunk） and the duration of training in GE has been extended to four years. Because of the growing complexity of GE, there are now four subspecialties： Interventional Endoscopy, Neuromotility, Oncology and Hepatology that trainees can choose from. These subspecialties each have predefined specific requirements. The World Gastroenterology Organization has drawn up a standard curriculum which can be of help to the boards in different countries. The curriculum emphasizes the knowledge and skill components. The curriculum also defines the training recommendations, the requirements of training facilities and competence evaluation of fellows and facilities, while less is said about research, finance and the number of gastroenterologists required. In the coming decades the curriculum will need to be revised continuously. Personalization of the curriculum will be the next challenge for the years to come.     

Competency-based Learning

Little is known about assessing or improving competency in Papanicolau (Pap) smear sampling among internal medicine residents. We hypothesized that a 3-part targeted resident physician educational program (educational presentation by a knowledgeable instructor, skills workshop, and peer comparison feedback) would be effective in increasing the quality of Pap smears obtained by internal medicine residents. We conducted a randomized, pre-post comparison study over a 16-month period to assess the effect of our educational intervention. We found no difference in baseline adequacy rates. Residents who received the intervention were twice as likely to obtain an adequate Pap smear. Our results suggest that a brief multifaceted intervention designed to improve the frequency with which internal medicine residents obtain endocervical cells while performing Pap smears is effective.     

Learning disability

Learning disability is common, affecting 1-2.5% of the general population in the Western world, and encompasses many different conditions. It usually leads to major functional impairment and lifelong need for support and interventions, not the least important of which are medical and health-care services. Rapid progress is being made in the understanding of the cause and pathogenesis of many learning disability syndromes, and these advances are likely to improve targeted interventions in the next decade. Many countries have abolished a learning disability specialty for medical professionals, but there is a great need to revive this niche of medical knowledge. We know little about quality of life and effects on families of people with learning disability, and research is needed to address these issues.     

Learning and memory

Memory is one of the most fundamental mental processes. Neuroscientists study this process by using extremely diverse strategies. Two different approaches aimed at understanding learning and memory were introduced in this symposium. The first focuses on the roles played by synaptic plasticity, especially in long-term depression in the cerebellum in motor learning, and its regulatory mechanism. The second approach uses an elegant chick-quail transplantation system on defined brain regions to study how neural populations interact in development to form behaviorally important neural circuits and to elucidate neurobiological correlates of perceptual and motor predispositions.